Area Shrinkage Research Articles

Analysis of Surface Area Fluctuation of the Haramaya Lake using Remotely Sensed Satellite Imagery

Human’s unwise and ineffective exploitation behavior has caused losses of the vital natural resources, soil and water, which will definitely leave the future of the next generation in jeopardy. As a result of human intervention and natural causes most lakes in Ethiopia are shrinking in size while others are showing increase in volume. The intensive exploitation, beyond its regeneration rate, of the Lake Haramaya for water supply and agricultural purposes by the community within and outside its catchment boundary has led to its extinction. Although, some studies have been conducted on land use/land cover dynamics, the focus given to quantification of temporal variability lake surface area and the impact of weather variability on the lake water was inadequate. Hence, this study was conducted with the prime objective of mapping/quantifying the temporal lake surface area fluctuation using time series remote sensing images and investigating the impact of weather/climate variability on the lake. After acquiring Landsat images of the years 1985, 1995, 2003, 2010 and 2016 over the dry Haramaya Lake basin (path/row 166/54), the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were used for enhancing and extracting the open water surface of the lake. All of the enhanced images display a trend of decreasing lake surface water area with an average shrinkage of 23.6% between the year 1985 and up to its disappearance. After 2000 the lake surface area shrinkage was at its maximum which has a direct relation with the occurrence of dry weather as a result ofrelatively higher temperature and low rainfall between the years 2000 to 2003.

Changes in volume and geometry of the Austre Dahlfonna glacier (Spitsbergen island) in 2008–2019

Previously published geodetic mass balance data indicate glacier shrinkage in the Barentsburg area of Svalbard since the beginning of the 20th century on the decadal time scale. However, observations for shorter time spans allowing one to compute the inter-annual variability of the mass balance are scarce. The study presents results of ground-based GNSS and the GPR surveys of the Austre Dahlfonna glacier (2 sq km) located on Spitsbergen island, south of the town of Barentsburg. According to the GPR survey of spring 2019 at 50 MHz frequency, the area-averaged ice thickness was equal to 82 m, while the maximum was 170 m. The results confirm the polythermal structure of the glacier, with a layer of underlying temperate ice. Since the end of the Little Ice Age, the area of Austre Dahlfonna has halved. By comparing the GNSS survey results (the end of the melt season of 2019) with the co-registered archived remote sensing data (ArcticDEM strip of 2013 and S0 Terrengmodell of 2008), it was computed that, within the last 12 years (2008–2019), Austre Dahlfonna lost 16 % of its volume, which corresponds to a geodetic mass balance of –12.05 ± 0.85 m w. e. The mass loss in 2008–2013 (5.22 ± 0.37 m w. e.) was lower than in 2013–2019 (6.83 ± 0.48 m w. e.), which is in agreement with the ongoing direct measurements on the neighboring Austre Grønfjordbreen glacier and with the archipelago-wide mass-balance patterns. We demonstrate that the less intensive glacier mass loss, which occurred in 2005–2012 and was detected previously for the whole archipelago, definitely took place in the Barentsburg area as well. This time interval is characterized by the prevalence of a negative NAO phase (65 % of recurrence), which may indicate more frequent intrusions of colder Arctic air masses. This fact proves that the mass-balance variability of the Barentsburg area glaciers is governed in time spans of 5–10 years by regional-scale factors, presumably by shifts in the atmospheric circulation regimes.

Soil diazotrophic abundance, diversity, and community assembly mechanisms significantly differ between glacier riparian wetlands and their adjacent alpine meadows.

Global warming can trigger dramatic glacier area shrinkage and change the flux of glacial runoff, leading to the expansion and subsequent retreat of riparian wetlands. This elicits the interconversion of riparian wetlands and their adjacent ecosystems (e.g., alpine meadows), probably significantly impacting ecosystem nitrogen input by changing soil diazotrophic communities. However, the soil diazotrophic community differences between glacial riparian wetlands and their adjacent ecosystems remain largely unexplored. Here, soils were collected from riparian wetlands and their adjacent alpine meadows at six locations from glacier foreland to lake mouth along a typical Tibetan glacial river in the Namtso watershed. The abundance and diversity of soil diazotrophs were determined by real-time PCR and amplicon sequencing based on nifH gene. The soil diazotrophic community assembly mechanisms were analyzed via iCAMP, a recently developed null model-based method. The results showed that compared with the riparian wetlands, the abundance and diversity of the diazotrophs in the alpine meadow soils significantly decreased. The soil diazotrophic community profiles also significantly differed between the riparian wetlands and alpine meadows. For example, compared with the alpine meadows, the relative abundance of chemoheterotrophic and sulfate-respiration diazotrophs was significantly higher in the riparian wetland soils. In contrast, the diazotrophs related to ureolysis, photoautotrophy, and denitrification were significantly enriched in the alpine meadow soils. The iCAMP analysis showed that the assembly of soil diazotrophic community was mainly controlled by drift and dispersal limitation. Compared with the riparian wetlands, the assembly of the alpine meadow soil diazotrophic community was more affected by dispersal limitation and homogeneous selection. These findings suggest that the conversion of riparian wetlands and alpine meadows can significantly alter soil diazotrophic community and probably the ecosystem nitrogen input mechanisms, highlighting the enormous effects of climate change on alpine ecosystems.

Fabrication and characterization of silicon nano-tip memristor for low-power neuromorphic application

In this work, a memristor using Si nano-tip bottom electrode has been fabricated and evaluated. Compared with the control device fabricated in a planar structure, the invented Si nano-tip device statistically demonstrates 400 times of area shrinkage and 3 and 8 times of current reductions in the low- and high-resistance states, respectively, owing to the effects of highly confined switching area on the operations of multiple-weak-filament (MWF)-type memristor. The results reveal the validity of structural scaling on the MWF-type memristors as effective as a material approach. Moreover, the fabricated Si memristor has been evaluated as a synaptic device via pattern recognition toward neuromorphic applications in consideration of interconnect resistance. The proposed Si memristor shows substantially reduced inference power consumption by an increase in resistances and improved accuracy by 5% compared with the control device.

Spatial and Temporal Variation and Prediction of Ecosystem Carbon Stocks in Yunnan Province Based on Land Use Change.

The function of ecosystems as carbon sinks has emerged as a key strategy for advancing the concept of "carbon neutrality" and "carbon peaking". Ecosystem carbon stocks are impacted by land use changes that alter ecosystem structure and function. We evaluated the ecosystem carbon stocks of Yunnan Province in different periods with the aid of the carbon stock module of the InVEST model, analyzed the relationship between land use type shift and ecosystem carbon stock changes, and combine them with the CA-Markov model to predict land use types in 2030. The results showed that between 1990 and 2020, changes in land use primarily affected cropland, grassland, and forested areas. The ecosystem's average carbon stock from 1990 to 2020 was 8278.97 × 106 t. The carbon stocks of cropland, grassland, and unused land decreased by 31.36 × 106 t, 32.18 × 106 t, and 4.18 × 106 t during 1990-2020, respectively, while the carbon stocks of forest land, water area, and construction land increased by 24.31 × 106 t, 7.34 × 106 t, and 22.08 × 106 t. The main cause of the increase in carbon stocks in the ecosystem in Yunnan Province throughout the process of land use type shift was the development of forest land area, whereas the main cause of the decline was the shrinkage of cropland and grassland areas.

Role of Intramuscular Connective Tissue in Water Holding Capacity of Porcine Muscles

This study evaluated the influence of intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) on structural shrinkage and water loss during cooking. Longissimus thoracis (LT), semimembranosus (SM) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles were cut and boiled for 30 min in boiling water, followed by detection of water holding capacity (WHC), tenderness, fiber volume shrinkage and protein denaturation. Compared with LT and SM, ST had the best WHC and lowest WBSF and area shrinkage ratio. The mobility of immobilized water (T22) was key to holding the water of meat. ST contained the highest content of total and heat-soluble collagen. On the contrary, ST showed the lowest content of cross-links and decorin, which indicate the IMCT strength of ST is weaker than the other two. The heat-soluble collagen is positively correlated to T22. The shrinkage of heat-insoluble IMCT on WHC and WBSF may partly depend on the structural strength changes of IMCT components rather than solely caused by quantitative changes of IMCT.

Mechanisms of bar adjustments in the Jingjiang Reach of the Yangtze River in response to the operation of the Three Gorges Dam

Dams alter downstream river flow and sediment regimes, causing significant changes in river morphologies. The middle Yangtze River downstream of the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) has experienced rapid erosion in recent years, and the associated morphodynamic changes have negatively impacted the riverbank stability, navigation waterways and ecological functioning. Earlier studies have analyzed recent channel adjustments in the Yangtze River; however, our understanding of changes in the bar morphodynamics remains incomplete. In this study, we collected and analyzed flow and sediment data (1991–2016) and river bathymetry data (1975–2017) and investigated the mechanisms of bar adjustments along the Jingjiang Reach in the post-TGD period. The results indicate that most steady bars with a higher elevation and better vegetation coverage have experienced lateral erosion, while their elevations have remained stable overall. The unvegetated migrating bars with a lower elevation have experienced severe surficial erosion and area shrinkages. A new assessment method of the dominant discharge range on downstream bars is provided after dam closure. The dominant discharge range that determines bar adjustments corresponds to the flow stages between the submersion of migrating bars (∼12,500 m3/s) and the overtopping of vegetated steady bars (∼27,500 m3/s) in the Jingjiang Reach. A quantitative relationship exists between bar erosion in response to changed dominant discharge regimes and sediment decline. The significant bar erosion after the operation of the TGD can be attributed to the increased flow duration and the sharp decline in the suspended sediment concentration (SSC) of the dominant discharge range, and changes in SSCs play a primary role. The bar area will decrease by ∼0.003 km2 when the annual cumulative duration of the dominant discharge increases by one day and by ∼0.234 km2 when the annual average SSC of the dominant discharge decreases by 0.01 kg/m3. Furthermore, vegetation encroachment and colonization play a positive role in stabilizing bar morphologies and limiting surficial erosion, whereas vegetation soley cannot prevent the lateral erosion of steady bars. These findings suggest that multiple controls of discharge, sediment and vegetation on the evolution of fluvial bars and have important implications for river management and ecological evaluation in response to the operation of large dams.

Identifying priority areas of Four Major Chinese carps’ species in the Pearl River basin based on the MaxEnt model

The Pearl River basin (PRB) is an important producing area and the gene pool of wild resources of Four Major Chinese carps (FMCC). However human activities and climate changes causes the area shrink of the river network in PRB, the pollution aggregation, the serious habitat destroy of aquatic organisms, and the threat of biological resources and their living environment. Based on the accurate location and distribution data of FMCC from the literature and the field survey report of 2015–2016, this study used the MaxEnt model to predict the hot spot distribution area of FMCC in PRB. The simulation results show that the distribution of FMCC in the PRB gradually increases from the upper reaches to the middle and lower reaches. According to the MaxEnt model, the hot spots of FMCC in the PRB are mainly distributed in the south reaches and the lower reaches of the southeast. The model simulation also demonstrates that the hottest spots for the distribution of FMCC species in the PRB are the Yujiang basin, the Qianjiang basin and the lower reaches of the Xijiang basin. This study can provide the scientific guidance for the protection and the restoration of FMCC species in the PRB.

Leather buffing dust in brick production: Solid waste management in tanneries

In leather processing, the generation of buffing dust is an indispensable solid waste. It contains chromium, synthetic oil, dyestuffs, and tanning agents. Management of buffing dust has become a great challenge for the leather industry. This study aims to use buffing dust in brick production and examine the effects of incorporating buffing dust into the physicomechanical, environmental, and morphological properties of produced bricks. In this experiment, bricks were produced conventionally by mixing buffing dust in different ratios ranging from 0% to 12% (wt.) with the clay, and the bricks were fired in a kiln at 1000 °C. Results indicate that 4% buffing dust incorporated bricks showed the maximum compressive strength (12.02 MPa), as well as other engineering properties - water absorption, weight loss on ignition, area shrinkage, bulk density, efflorescence test results - were also in the acceptable range according to ASTM and Bangladesh Standards. Scanning Electron Microscope images imply that buffing dust played an important role in the structure of fired bricks. The NEN 7345 and TCLP leaching tests of fired bricks showed that the leached amount of heavy metals was insignificant and far below the permissible limit. Thus using buffing dust incorporated bricks is quite feasible and will reduce environmental pollution as well.

Structural transitions on Si(1 1 1) surface during Sn adsorption, electromigration, and desorption studied by in situ UHV REM

Using in situ ultrahigh vacuum reflection electron microscopy, we have studied structural transitions on the Si(111) surface induced by Sn deposition up to 2 ML coverage (1 ML = 7.8∙1014 cm−2) and by Sn desorption at substrate temperatures T = 200–860 °C. We have shown that Si–Sn intermixing in the adsorption layer during Sn deposition onto the Si(111)-(7 × 7) surface at T > 650 °C leads to the shift of the monatomic steps in the step-up direction, and there is formed a mosaic (√3×√3)-Sn phase. The electromigration of Sn adatoms induced by DC resistive heating has been shown to redistribute adsorbed Sn layer and to cause local (√3×√3)-Sn ⇔ “1 × 1”-Sn structural transitions on the surface. We have estimated the lower bound of the Sn adatom positive effective charge on the Si(111) surface qeffSn ≥ 0.001∙e. During AC annealing, the rate of desorption-induced “1 × 1”-Sn domain area shrinkage has been measured as a function of substrate temperature, and the activation energy of Sn adatom desorption has been estimated to be 2.5 ± 0.1 eV.

Specific Surface Area Evolution and Shrinkage Control of Pre-Sintered Nickel Clusters

This study prepared pre-sintered clusters with fine nickel powders and proposed an effective method to predict and control the sintering shrinkage based on cluster size. Experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of the pre-sintering temperature and cluster size on the specific surface area and morphology of pre-sintered clusters as well as to validate the availability of the proposed shrinkage prediction method. The results show that the specific surface area decreases with an increasing pre-sintering temperature and slightly oscillates with an increasing cluster size. The linear shrinkage ratio is inversely proportional to the cluster size and decreases with an increasing pre-sintering temperature, which begins to drop rapidly at 500 °C and decreases from 19.05% to 3.18% at 800 °C. The experimental results are quite approximate to the predicted values, which strongly prove the availability of the proposed shrinkage prediction method.

Monitoring the spatiotemporal change of Dongting Lake wetland by integrating Landsat and MODIS images, from 2001 to 2020

Dongting Lake wetland provides critical ecological functions in the Yangtze River Basin, however its landscape pattern has changed during the past 20 years due to both climate change and the human activities such as the operation of the Three Gorges dam (TGD). Numerous studies have used remote sensing technology to monitor such changes. However, most of studies were conducted at low spatial resolutions (250–1000 m) or low temporal resolutions (few images per year), which can introduce a degree of unreliability as regards the associated conclusions. To thoroughly analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of Dongting Lake wetland, high spatiotemporal resolution images from 2001 to 2020 have been produced by a modified version of the flexible spatiotemporal data fusion method (cuFSDAF 2.0) developed in this paper. This method is able to retrieve both phenology and land-cover changes both quickly and accurately. In addition, a tailored category by category extraction mapping method (CCEMM) is proposed to reliably classify wetland cover types. The mapping results show that the water area expanded by 66.43 Km2 in the wet season, and shrank by 132.86 Km2 in the dry season, between and including the years, 2001 to 2020. It appeared that the water area in the dry season declined obviously from 2003 to 2010 due to the operation of the TGD and is gradually stabilized after 2010. The reed area increased by 279.59 Km2 and the grass area decreased by 220.46 Km2 in the dry season, from 2001 to 2020. The shrinkage of the water area in the dry season may be one of the main factors driving reeds to occupy the previous grass growth area.

Sublimation and Diffusion Kinetics of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) Single Crystals by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM).

In this article, we report the in-situ nanoscale experimental measurement of sublimation rates, activation energy of sublimation, and diffusion coefficients of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) single crystals in air using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The crystals were prepared by slow evaporation at 5 °C using acetone-dissolved TNT. The mass loss was calculated by monitoring the shrinkage of the surface area of layered islands formed on the surface of the TNT crystals due to sublimation upon isothermal heating at temperatures below the melting point. The results suggest the sublimation process occurs via two-dimensional detachment of TNT molecules from the non-prominent facets on the crystal surface which imitates the nucleation and crystal growth process. Sublimation rates are one order of magnitude smaller than previously reported values. However, the calculated activation energy (112.15 ± 3.2 kJ/mol) and temperature-dependent sublimation rates agree well with the reported values for TNT thin films and microcrystals determined by UV-vis absorbance spectroscopy and quartz crystal microscopy (QCM) (90–141 kJ/mol). The average diffusion coefficient is (4.35 × 10–6 m2/s) which is within the range of the reported theoretical values with an average of 5.59 × 10–6 m2/s, and about 25% less than that determined using thermogravimetric analysis for powder TNT.

Fabrication of Chitosan-Loaded Multifunctional Wool Fabric for Reactive Dye Digital Inkjet Printing by Schiff Base Reaction.

Improving the development of high-value multifunctional wool fabrics was essential to satisfy diverse needs. Considering the various characteristics of chitosan macromolecules, herein, a padding-cross-linking process was adopted and then multifunctional wool fabrics with outstanding printing effects, shrink resistance, and antibacterial properties were fabricated. The test results showed that chitosan macromolecules loaded successfully on the wool fiber surface by Schiff base reaction. Wool fabrics changed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic due to the existence of chitosan macromolecules. The color strength (K/S value) of the reactive dye inkjet-printed wool fabric was greatly increased from 20.48 to 26.6. The area shrinkage of final samples was 2.53%, which was exceedingly lower than that of the original wool (10.96%). Moreover, the chitosan macromolecules with reactive amino groups endowed wool fabrics with certain antibacterial properties against E. coli and S. aureus. Generally, this study provided guidance for manufacturing multifunctional digital inkjet-printed wool products in mass production.

ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFICIENCY OF PADDY PRODUCTION TO FULFILL THE NEEDS OF THE POPULATION IN PADANG CITY YEAR 2020 TO 2025

This study aims to see; changes in the use of agricultural land (rice fields), population growth, the carrying capacity of lowland rice agricultural land to meet the food needs of the population, and projecting food needs (rice) for the residents of Padang City from 2020 to 2025 as well as analyzing the level of food sufficiency (rice) based on land change patterns agriculture, then see how the growth rate of food production and population growth rate in the city of Padang. The research method used in this research is descriptive quantitative. Spatial data is processed by Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and demographic formulas process population data. The land's carrying capacity is obtained from the comparison between available land, production, and population. The results of this study indicate the shrinkage of the agricultural land area of 100.86 ha/year. The most extensive agricultural land depreciation range occurred from 2010 to 2011. The population growth ratio of Padang City between 2000-2010 was successfully reduced to 1.57 per year, with a population increase of 112,779 people or 15.64%. The population growth of Padang City is in the range of 1.57 and is not supported by the growth of lowland rice production. In 2025, the city of Padang is still classified as a class III region (σ < 1) or an area that has not been able to meet its own food needs (self-sufficiency). Land shrinkage and a decrease in harvested area and productivity have caused the carrying capacity of paddy fields in Padang City to continue to decline.Keywords: Sufficiency, Rice Production, Population Needs

The effect of spatial–temporal characteristics of rainfall on urban inundation processes

AbstractThe spatial–temporal characteristics of rainfall is one of the important elements affecting urban inundation. In this work, the effect of spatial–temporal characteristics of rainfall on urban inundation processes was investigated. To solve the problem that it is difficult to acquire the spatial–temporal characteristics of rainfall, the weather generator model was used to generate rainfall data in accordance with the climatic conditions of the study area. Then, precise rainfall data with 1 km2 spatial resolution and 5 min temporal resolution were obtained through the downscaling method. Finally, the GAST hydrodynamic model was used to simulate the urban inundation processes under different rainfall scenarios. The simulated results show that the inundation area and the inundation water volume increase with the rainfall spatial–temporal heterogeneity, and the inundation peak time lags behind. The impact of rainfall spatial–temporal heterogeneity on inundation weakens as the rainfall return period prolongs. When the rainfall spatial heterogeneity increases, the high‐risk inundation area enlarges, while the low‐risk inundation area shrinks. The temporal distribution of rainfall exerts the greatest impact on the inundation peak time. The research results can help researchers understand the key effects of the spatial–temporal characteristics of rainfall on urban inundation, and obtain relatively reliable simulated inundation results even without detailed information of the spatial–temporal characteristics of rainfall.

Land Use Transformation Based on Production−Living−Ecological Space and Associated Eco-Environment Effects: A Case Study in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration

We investigate the eco-environmental effects and the driving factors of transforming the production–living–ecological space (PLES) land use function and offer a scientific foundation for developing regional territorial area and environmental preservation. Eco-environment quality index and ecological contribution ratio are used to analyze the spatial–temporal evolution characteristics and eco-environment effects of land use transformation in the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA) over the three time periods of 2000, 2010, and 2020, and the geographic detectors are used to analyze the factors that influence the spatial difference of eco-environment quality (EEQ). The findings indicate the following: (1) The land use transformation of YRDUA is primarily shown in the shrinkage of the production land area, the stability of ecological land, and the rapid increase of living land. The area of ecological land, such as water, forest, and pasture, has remained relatively steady from the perspective of secondary land types. In contrast, the area of urban and rural living land has significantly increased. (2) Most land use environment comprises the lower-value zone, accounting for about 50%. The area of the low-value zone has continued to rise owing to the rapid urban and rural living land development, tending to continuous growth. (3) Both the ecological improvement and degradation trends are present simultaneously, although the ecological improvement trend is less prominent than the environmental degradation trend. The primary factor is improving the eco-environment by transforming agricultural production land into forest, water, and ecological pasture land. The degradation of the regional EEQ is mostly due to the occupation of agricultural production land by urban and rural living land. (4) Considering natural elements such as altitude, precipitation, and slope, the extent of land use impacts the EEQ. The combination of several factors has changed the EEQ of the YRDUA. The effect of any two elements is stronger than that of a single factor.

Light‐tunable optical cell manipulation via photoactive azobenzene‐containing thin film bio‐substrate

Live real-time study of the local and collective cellular biomechanical responses requires the fine and selective manipulation of the cellular environment. One innovative pathway is the use of photoactive bio-substrates such as azobenzene-containing materials, which exhibit specific photomechanical properties, to optically trigger the local, mechanical stimulation of cells. Mechanically stimulated cells exhibit major morphological modifications and area shrinkage, which are dependent on the illumination. This demonstrates the capabilities of photomechanically active substrates to study the phenomena resulting from the mechanical interaction of cells with their environment.

Monitoring Long-Term Wheat Cultivation and Climatic Drivers for Land Use Change: A Case Study Using Remote Sensing at Thakurgaon Sadar in Bangladesh

The present study uses Remote Sensing techniques to monitor long-term wheat cultivation in Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila. Multi-spectral Landsat images from 1999 to 2019 at five years intervals were collected at the maximum growth stage of wheat. The images were processed by QGIS, ArcGIS, and R software with the random forest supervised classification. The findings revealed that images were classified and separated the crops successfully due to cloud-free images and pure pixels. The results show that the wheat area was decreased from 1999 (16349 ha) to 2019 (9161 ha). It was due to the transformation of the wheat area into other crop areas. The shrinkage rate of wheat areas was much higher (10.93 %) in 1999-09 than in 2009-19. It was due to a sudden decline in blast disease during 2005-09 and increased again. The shrinkage of the wheat area has been driven mainly by climate change influencing profitability. Prolonged hydrological drought introduced maize and potato in the wheat area. The benefit-cost ratio decreased gradually in wheat but increased in maize and potato. The study demonstrates that remote sensing is an effective method for wheat crop area monitoring. This study will help us understand the status of long-term wheat cultivation.
 Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 13(1&2): 25-37, 2020

Poverty Reduction Analysis of Foreign Tribe Communities in Kutai Kartanegara Regency

Rural poverty is a very complex synthesis, both in terms of the potentially poor population, the type of poverty and the process that causes poverty itself. Based on these arguments, this study aims to show that the treatment of regional development programs in poverty alleviation efforts cannot actually be carried out uniformly. This study is intended to provide an analytical model to increase the productivity of the poor with a certainty that rural poverty is unique and specific, by approaching isolated tribal groups. The research uses a case study approach, what policies are most effective to increase the productivity of the poor, isolated tribes, data collection for the unit of analysis is carried out using the PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) method to explore the problems developed in participatory research, where researchers only act as facilitator while community groups and tribal tribal institutions play an active role in analyzing and assessing the problems they experience. The results of the study confirm that the policies that need to be implemented in an effort to increase the productivity of the isolated tribal community are carried out through several alternative policies, namely; rehabilitation of forest resources, increasing human resources of isolated tribes, as well as controlling the shrinkage of potential cultivated areas