Ventilation Area Research Articles

FAKTOR RISIKO KONDISI LINGKUNGAN FISIK RUMAH DENGAN PENDERITA TB PARU

The results of survey on prevalence of TB in Indonesia in 2013-2014 from bacteriological confirmation in the population aged 15 years and over produced; The prevalence of smear-positive pulmonary tb per 1000.000 population aged 15 years and over is 257 (with a 95% confidence level 210-303), The prevalence of pulmonary tbwith bacteriological confirmation per 100.000 population aged 15 years and over is 759 (with 95% confidence interval 590-961), The prevalence of bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tb at all ages per 100.000 population was 601 (with 95% confidence interval 466-758), and the prevalence of tb of all forms for all ages per 100.000 population is 660 (with a 95% confidence interval 523-813), it is estimated that there are 1.600.000 (with a confidence interval of 1.300.000-2.000.000) people with tb in Indonesia (Kepmenkes, 2015). The characteristics of a healthy house in question include; adequate ventilation, lighting, occupancy density, and humidity. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the physical environment of the house and the incidence of pulmonary tb in Tiga Panah Disctrict, Karo Regency. Observational research with case control design. Cases are patients with pulmonary tb. Controls were non pulmonary tb patients. Samples were taken by simple random sampling as many 60 cases and 60 controls. Where the researchers measured the dependent variable first, while the independent variable was retrospectively to determine whether there was a risk of pulmonary tb incidence. Statistical test used was Chi-Square (bivariate analysis). The results showed that occupancy density, ventilation area, floor conditions, and lighting were risk factors for pulmonary tb. Occupancy density variable is the most dominant variable with the incidence of pulmonary tb with OR value 0.328 CI 0.154-0.695, p value 0.006. for this reason, Puskesmas Tiga Panah and Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Karo increase public knowledge about the area needed for each house to prevent pulmonary tb.

Simulation the effectiveness of heat recovery of the regenerative ventilator using different approaches

Today buildings should be designed for energy efficiency class not less than C. This requires ventilation with heat recovery. On the market, there are different compact heat recovery ventilation units for decentralized ventilation. Regenerative ventilators represent a promising area of effective ventilation with exhaust air heat recovery. They operate cyclically for the inlet and outlet of air. These kinds of ventilators should work in a blocked pair(s) – one for input and one for output in each pair. If not, the effectiveness will decrease. A mathematical model of the ceramic heat regenerator in the regenerative ventilator “Twin Fresh” by Vents has been created to improve the efficiency of its operation. In previous works, on the basis of two different approaches, the operation of the heat regenerator was simulated. The first one uses M. Mikheev’s formula for the Nusselt number. The second one is computational fluid dynamic simulation by SolidWorks Flow Simulation. The efficiency coefficients obtained as a result of the simulation had a significant difference – up to 66.5 %. The aim of the work is to find alternative methods for adequately determining the efficiency of the ventilator. A mathematical simulation was performed using a different formula from “Novyi spravochnik khimika i tekhnologa. Protsessy i aparaty khimicheskikh tekhnologii”. This formula takes into account the Grashof number. Values obtained are significantly different from both previous ones – up to two times. There is no information in the literature about the experimental conditions for determining the Nusselt number, which was used in the simulation. Therefore, we can’t assume, what approach is closer to the conditions of the ceramic regenerator. There is a need to conduct experimental studies to determine the efficiency of the regenerative heat exchanger.

Alarm Pengendali Asap Pada Ruangan Bebas Asap Berbasis Mikrokontroler Arduino

Smoke is air pollution that is very dangerous for human health. Therefore, in this study the authors designed and modeled a fan speed controller using a smoke sensor based on an Arduino microcontroller. In addition, smoke control alarms can also be used for monitoring in smoke-free rooms in order to prevent and at the same time provide a deterrent effect on people who smoke in places where smoking is prohibited. The method used is to process the data detected by the MQ2 smoke sensor, then display the amount or level of smoke in the room and its condition on the LCD/monitor. The comparison of the values on the sensor will be processed with the Arduino and the output of the Arduino will be input coding on the Arduino IDE software to control the fan speed performance as a response to exhaust air in the ventilation area of the room. The microcontroller process is in the program as a controller of all components, then coding will control all components according to the coding ordered in the microcontroller and voltage controller at the smoke sensor input and LCD and fan output. The results obtained from this research project are able to detect the state of the air in a smoke-free room from smoke and CO pollution from 0 ppm to = 256 ppm and this pollution can be reduced by adjusting the fan speed as room air ventilation to avoid the deposition of smoke in a smoke-free room. which is dangerous. So that the air in the room becomes cleaner and safer for health.

Very high-resolution remote sensing-based mapping of urban residential districts to help combat COVID-19

Urban residential districts (URDs) are a major element in the formation of cities that are essential for urban planning. Regarding the COVID-19 virus, which remains variable in aerosols for several hours, airborne transmission tends to occur in areas of poor ventilation and high occupant density. Thus, ventilation capacity is an important factor influencing airborne transmission in URDs, which should be evaluated as part of efforts to fight COVID-19 and guide healthy city planning and implementation. Here, we develop and test systematic methods to map URDs in a typical city in northern China and quantify their ventilation capacity using very high-resolution remote sensing images. Four fundamental spatial forms of URD are identified in the research area: the point-group form, parallel form, enclosed form, and hybrid form. Our analyses indicate that the integrated ventilation capacities for well-designed URDs are nearly twice those of poorly designed URDs. Large variations in ventilation capacity are also observed within URDs, with up to 13.42 times difference between the buildings. Therefore, very high-resolution remote sensing data are fundamental for extracting building height and generating precise spatial forms, which can improve the micro-scale URD ventilation planning for the prevention of COVID-19.

Study of the effect of daily exposure to an electric insecticide vaporizer on the development of the body of white rats

Introduction. Electric insecticide vaporizer is a heating device, powered by the mains, when turned on this, the insecticidal agent, including the active substance, evaporates into the air of the treated room. The population uses an electric insecticide vaporizer during the warm season to destroy flying blood-sucking insects, which, in addition to epidemiological danger, creates psychological discomfort at night. Highly volatile pyrethroids are used as active ingredients in insecticidal electric vaporizer agents, which have an adverse effect on the nervous system, liver and urinary system. It is also becoming urgent the problem of air pollution indoor, especially for children. Materials and methods. Toxicological methods for assessing the danger of using insecticidal agents; biochemical methods for the study of blood serum. Results. There was studied a long-term inhalation effect of an electric insecticide vaporizer based on transfluthrin on the functional state of white rats. The agent was established to have an effect on the number of eosinophils in the blood, indicating to the development of allergic responses in the body of rats; affects the function of the nervous system, which confirms the literature data; disrupts metabolic processes in the liver, manifested in a change in individual indicators (carbohydrate, protein metabolism, creatinine synthesis). Limitations. In our study, there are no data on the study of organ tissues, nor have we studied the processes of cell damage as a result of oxidative stress. Conclusion. Based on the conducted studies, physiological and biochemical biomarkers of the effect of an electric vaporizer with transfluthrin were established. Continuous long-term use of electric insecticide vaporizer can have a harmful effect on the body. The use of these products in ventilated areas according to the consumption rate is safe. To identify the toxic effect of inhalation exposure to transfluthrin, 80 outbred white rats were examined in terms of parameters characterizing the functions of the nervous, respiratory systems, liver, kidneys, and peripheral blood composition.

Housing assessment in farms in the Northwest of Spain: main facility weaknesses and strengths.

The aim of this research communication was to examine and report the current situation of dairy farms in the province of Lugo (Galicia, Spain) regarding facility problems. We assessed the facilities of 168 free-stall dairy farms, housing in total 9228 Holstein cows in milk. Housing factors related to the resting area, circulation area, feeding area, ventilation area and milking area, as well as animal-handling features, were evaluated. Distance measurements were performed using a laser metre or a roll metric tape. A survey was conducted to gather information about cleaning and preventive protocols. Our results showed that most farms do not comply with the objective for cubicle measurements, width of the crossovers, type of flooring and presence of a quarantine pen, which may have a negative impact on the health and productivity of the animals. Therefore, to maximise the profits of the farm, the recommendations given in this study may be useful as a guide when building a new farm or remodelling the existing ones.

Semiparametric Regression Models and Applicability in Agriculture

Parametric regression models assume that the dependent variable is a linear relationship with the independent variables and the form of the relationship is known. Nonparametric regression methods are applied in cases where the relationship type is not known or assumptions cannot be provided. However, when there is more than one independent variable, some of the independent variables may be in a linear relationship with the dependent variable, while some may be in a nonlinear relationship. In order to model these variables, semiparametric regression models, which are a combination of parametric and nonparametric regression methods, are used. In this study parametric, nonparametric and semiparametric regression models, parametric estimates, fit statistical values of the models, confidence intervals and standard error values were calculated. As a result of the analysis, the parameters of the milking unit and the quarantine area among the parametric variables, the operation area, the ventilation area, the number of ventilation, the quarantine area, the infirmary area, the manure pit and the distance to the center among the non-parametric variables were found to be statistically very important (P

Increased regional ventilation as early imaging marker for future disease progression of interstitial lung disease: a feasibility study

ObjectivesIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disease with a poor prognosis and a highly variable course. Pathologically increased ventilation—accessible by functional CT—is discussed as a potential predecessor of lung fibrosis. The purpose of this feasibility study was to investigate whether increased regional ventilation at baseline CT and morphological changes in the follow-up CT suggestive for fibrosis indeed occur in spatial correspondence.MethodsIn this retrospective study, CT scans were performed at two time points between September 2016 and November 2020. Baseline ventilation was divided into four categories ranging from low, normal to moderately, and severely increased (C1–C4). Correlation between baseline ventilation and volume and density change at follow-up was investigated in corresponding voxels. The significance of the difference of density and volume change per ventilation category was assessed using paired t-tests with a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. The analysis was performed separately for normal (NAA) and high attenuation areas (HAA).ResultsThe study group consisted of 41 patients (73 ± 10 years, 36 men). In both NAA and HAA, significant increases of density and loss of volume were seen in areas of severely increased ventilation (C4) at baseline compared to areas of normal ventilation (C2, p < 0.001). In HAA, morphological changes were more heterogeneous compared to NAA.ConclusionFunctional CT assessing the extent and distribution of lung parenchyma with pathologically increased ventilation may serve as an imaging marker to prospectively identify lung parenchyma at risk for developing fibrosis.Key Points• Voxelwise correlation of serial CT scans suggests spatial correspondence between increased ventilation at baseline and structural changes at follow-up.• Regional assessment of pathologically increased ventilation at baseline has the potential to prospectively identify tissue at risk for developing fibrosis.• Presence and extent of pathologically increased ventilation may serve as an early imaging marker of disease activity.

Superblock transformation in Seoul Megacity: Effects of block densification on urban ventilation patterns

The superblock urban planning model is a response to mass rapid urbanization with large migration to big cities commonly seen in many Asian megacities. This paper investigates the evolution and transformation of superblocks in Gangnam District in Seoul during a period of intense urbanization between 1980 s and 2020 s, and its effects on urban ventilation environment. Four superblocks were selected, and mapping studies, CFD wind simulation analysis and field measurements were performed to identify areas of poor ventilation using minimum wind velocity criteria (<1.0 m/s). Significant changes in urban form are: a) average 43% increase in site coverage ratio from 1980 s to 2020 s; b) edge densification of large and taller buildings along superblock perimeter; and c) inner-block densification of low and mid-rise buildings within narrow street networks. It is found that large areas of inner block with little open space experience poor ventilation with air flow passing over much of these dense areas. Perimeter densification of tall buildings and inner grid discontinuous streets demonstrated to worsen the ventilation conditions. Winds from large perimeter roads are blocked from reaching inner areas forming a walled effect as seen from more than 67% of poor ventilation areas occurring in the inner-block areas. Although ventilation has worsened with densification maximum block velocities has increased between 8 and 50% with high velocities of more than 6 m/s occurring at perimeters near large edge roads. Superblocks with wider through roads and large ground-level open space of recent building redevelopments improves surrounding ventilation and allows for winds to reach further into the block. Superblocks as large living blocks must be allowed to breathe through increasing porosity not only along the perimeter but also by adding voids within inner areas to become a healthy, livable, cross-connected compact urban planning model.

Abnormal dynamic ventilation function of COVID-19 survivors detected by pulmonary free-breathing proton MRI.

ObjectivesTo visualize and quantitatively assess regional lung function of survivors of COVID-19 who were hospitalized using pulmonary free-breathing 1H MRI.MethodsA total of 12 healthy volunteers and 27 COVID-19 survivors (62.4 ± 8.1 days between infection and image acquisition) were recruited in this prospective study and performed chest 1H MRI acquisitions with free tidal breathing. Then, conventional Fourier decomposition ventilation (FD-V) and global fractional ventilation (FVGlobal) were analyzed. Besides, a modified PREFUL (mPREFUL) method was developed to adapt to COVID-19 survivors and generate dynamic ventilation maps and parameters. All the ventilation maps and parameters were analyzed using Student’s t-test. Pearson’s correlation and a Bland-Altman plot between FVGlobal and mPREFUL were analyzed.ResultsThere was no significant difference between COVID-19 and healthy groups regarding a static FD-V map (0.47 ± 0.12 vs 0.42 ± 0.08; p = .233). However, mPREFUL demonstrated lots of regional high ventilation areas (high ventilation percentage (HVP): 23.7% ± 10.6%) existed in survivors. This regional heterogeneity (i.e., HVP) in survivors was significantly higher than in healthy volunteers (p = .003). The survivors breathed deeper (flow-volume loop: 5375 ± 3978 vs 1688 ± 789; p = .005), and breathed more air in respiratory cycle (total amount: 62.6 ± 19.3 vs 37.3 ± 9.9; p < .001). Besides, mPREFUL showed both good Pearson’s correlation (r = 0.74; p < .001) and Bland-Altman consistency (mean bias = −0.01) with FVGlobal.ConclusionsDynamic ventilation imaging using pulmonary free-breathing 1H MRI found regional abnormity of dynamic ventilation function in COVID-19 survivors.Key Points• Pulmonary free-breathing1H MRI was used to visualize and quantitatively assess regional lung ventilation function of COVID-19 survivors.• Dynamic ventilation maps generated from 1H MRI were more sensitive to distinguish the COVID-19 and healthy groups (total air amount: 62.6 ± 19.3 vs 37.3 ± 9.9; p < .001), compared with static ventilation maps (FD-V value: 0.47 ± 0.12 vs 0.42 ± 0.08; p = .233).• COVID-19 survivors had larger regional heterogeneity (high ventilation percentage: 23.7% ± 10.6% vs 13.1% ± 7.9%; p = .003), and breathed deeper (flow-volume loop: 5375 ± 3978 vs 1688 ± 789; p = .005) than healthy volunteers.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00330-022-08605-w.

HUBUNGAN PERILAKU DAN LINGKUNGAN RUMAH DENGAN TB PARU DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS PANYABUNGAN JAE

ABSTRACT&#x0D; Pulmonary tuberculosis or pulmonary tuberculosis is a contagious infectious disease that attacks the lungs and bronchi. This disease is caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis which spreads through the air of human respiratory discharges. In 2017, the figure of Case Notification Rate / CNR (new case) of pulmonary TB (+) in North Sumatra was 104.3 / 100,000 population and Mandailing Natal District became an area second place with CNR of 187 / 100,000 population. One of the factors that can affect the recovery of pulmonary TB include behaviors such as knowledge, attitudes and actions as well as the environment such as ventilation area and occupancy density. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of behavior and home environment to the incidence of pulmonary TB in Panyabungan Jae Public Health Center in 2019. This type of research uses analytic survey method with cross sectional approach. The sample in this study were 56 people taken by total sampling technique. The results showed that the majority of respondents have less knowledge, negative attitudes, actions are not good, the area of ​​ventilation of the house does not meet the requirements and the density of dense occupancy with the majority of the occurrence of pulmonary TB. Bivariate test results found that there is a relationship between knowledge (p = 0.003), attitude (p = 0.010), actions (p = 0.013), ventilation area (p = 0.003) and density (p = 0.017) with the incidence of pulmonary TB in the Panyabungan Jae Public Health Center. It is expected that the community in the Panyabungan Jae Puskesmas area will be more active in carrying out the examination and treatment of new TB and following the management of pulmonary TB provided by health care workers. The next researcher is expected to be able to develop research on the factors that cause pulmonary TB in a region

To what extent can urban ventilation features cool a compact built-up environment during a prolonged heatwave? A mesoscale numerical modelling study for Hong Kong

Recent advances in numerical tools and data for the study of urban microclimates have helped to evaluate countermeasures for urban heat in heterogeneous and high-rise cities such as Hong Kong. Thus, two ventilation strategy designs, point ('oases') and linear ('corridors') features, were numerically simulated during a typical heatwave using the multi-layer coupled MesoNH-SURFEX-TEB mesoscale atmospheric model. These strategies proved to be effective at night with respect to thermal comfort but caused a localised increase in heat stress during the day in the ventilated areas, which were less shaded. There was no significant deterioration in the wind performance around the developments that were redesigned to accommodate the displaced population due to the construction of the ventilation features; however, an improvement was observed in thermal comfort during the daytime. The simulated impacts were relatively localised, suggesting the importance of increasing porosity across the entire urban fabric. The corridors, especially when built along the axis of the prevailing winds, exhibited better ventilation at the pedestrian level than the oases. Nevertheless, the oases remain interesting features in the context of progressive urban ventilation planning that involve the implementation of isolated, connected, and eventually a network of features to provide benefits at the megalopolis scale.

ANALISIS FAKTOR RISIKO KONDISI FISIK RUMAH TERHADAP PENYAKIT TB PARU DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS BARENGKRAJAN KABUPATEN SIDOARJO TAHUN 2020

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The high rate of pulmonary TB in the working area of ​​the Barengkrajan Health Center can be caused by the physical conditions of the house such as the type of wall, type of floor, ventilation area, lighting, temperature, humidity, and house occupancy density that does not meet the requirements of 17.9% (2,386 houses). The purpose of the study was to analyze the risk factors for the physical condition of the house on pulmonary TB in the Barengkrajan Health Center Work Area. The method used is observational with an analytical approach and case control design. The sample size is 32 cases and 32 controls using simple random sampling method. Data were analyzed using odds ratio. The results showed that the OR for the type of wall was 0.873, the OR for the type of floor was 1.696, the OR for the ventilation area was 1.457, the OR for lighting was 2.647, the OR for humidity was 1.64, the OR for the density of occupancy was 2.896, and the OR for conditions was large. physical house is 2,707. The risk factors for the occurrence of pulmonary TB are the physical condition of the house, type of floor, lighting, humidity, and residential density of the house, and those that are not risk factors for pulmonary TB are the type of wall, ventilation area, and temperature.

The Value of Pulmonary Bedside Ultrasound System in the Evaluation of Severity and Prognosis of Acute Lung Injury.

Objective To evaluate the value of pulmonary bedside ultrasound system in the assessment of severity and prognosis of acute lung injury (ALI). Method Seventy-two ALI patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of our hospital from April 2019 to April 2021 were selected as subjects. The changes of lung ultrasound score (LUS) and parameters at D1, D2, and D3 after admission were analyzed (LUS, oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE-II), and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score). Pearson correlation analysis was used to assess the relationship between LUS and PaO2/FiO2, APACHE-II score, and SOFA score at D1, D2, and D3. Logistic regression analysis was used for influencing factors for the prognosis of ALI patients. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to analyze the predictive value of baseline LUS, PaO2/FiO2, APACHE-II score, and SOFA score for the prognosis of ALI patients. Result LUSs at D1, D2 and D3 showed an increasing trend with the increase of disease severity (P < 0.05). From D1 to D3, LUS, PaO2/FiO2, APACHE-II score, and SOFA score showed a downward trend (P < 0.05). LUS was negatively correlated with PaO2/FiO2 at D1, D2, and D3 but positively correlated with APACHE-II score and SOFA score (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for age, PaO2 and PaCO2, an increase in baseline LUS, APACHE-II score, SOFA score, and a decrease in PaO2/FiO2 were independent risk factors for death at 28 d in ALI patients (P < 0.05). ROC curve showed that LUS, PaO2/FiO2, APACHE-II score, and SOFA score were combined to predict the prognosis of ALI patients with the highest AUC value of 0.920, corresponding sensitivity of 88.89%, and specificity of 95.56%. Conclusion LUS can evaluate the change of pulmonary ventilation area in ALI patients, further evaluate the severity of the disease, and effectively predict the prognosis of patients.

Simulation study on the effect of air supply and exhaust terminals to coughed droplet diffusion in NPI ward

The numerical (CFD) method is applied in this paper to investigate the nonuniformity of temperature and airflow filed, the spatial and temporal distribution of coughed droplet under stratum ventilation and mixing ventilation in the negative pressure isolation (NPI) ward. The influence of exhaust terminals number and location on the diffusion process of coughed droplet is analyzed under heating mode. The results show that the relative pollutant concentration in the breathing area of stratum ventilation is lower than that of mixing ventilation. When the air exhaust terminals are high from the ground and the number are small, it is more conducive to reduce the infection risk of medical staff. The deposition rate and suspension rate of stratum ventilation are higher than that of mixing ventilation, and the escape rate is lower. When the number of exhaust outlets is large and the location is high, the nonuniformity coefficient is the smallest and the deposition rate is the largest, which are 0.668, 0.029 and 91.4% respectively. The escape rate is higher when the number of exhaust outlets is small and the location is high, and the suspension rate is higher when the number of exhaust outlets is large and the location is low, which are 27.9% and 1.11% respectively.

Analysis of the Effect and Role of Indoor Environmental Quality in the COVID-19 Transmission

Infectious diseases such as COVID-19 have some risk factors. One of the most important factors is the environment. This research focused on risk factors concerning the house environment. This study aimed to evaluate the parameters of the 'healthy house' environment in controlling the spread of COVID-19. This study used environmental quality, namely ventilation, humidity, brightness, temperature, and personal space area as house environment parameters. The location of the study is Coblong District, Bandung City. The χ2 test of independence was used to show the significance between environmental parameters required for the healthy house and disease transmission. The study found that one house environment parameter (ventilation) are significantly related to indoor transmission rate in recovered patients' houses (p = 0.021). Pearson correlation coefficient r was also investigated for each element of environment factor on the indoor transmission rate. Ventilation was found to be the most significant parameter correlated with indoor transmission (r = –0.522, p = 0.002). Personal Space Area also observed to have a significant correlation with indoor transmission rate (r = 0.459, p = 0.008). Humidity, brightness, and temperature were observed to have no significant correlation with indoor transmission rate (p = 0.309, 0.735, and 0.953, respectively. Linear regression is used to further investigate and predict the indoor transmission rate with significant environmental parameter as predictor. The linear regression model showed that 27.3% of indoor transmission rate variability are caused by its relationship with ventilation, the predictor used in the model.

Relationship of the Physical Environment with the Incidence of ARI in Toddlers

Factors that are closely related to the occurrence of ARI is the physical environment that does not meet health requirements. The group that has a high risk of being exposed to Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is toddlers as a vulnerable group because they have more time at home and their immune system is quite weak than adults. This study is aim to at studying the correlation between physical environment with the incidence of ARI toddlers in Kandai Health Center Area, Kendari City. This type of study is analytic with a Cross-Sectional Study plan. The study population was 1.576 people and the sample was 94, using Accidental Sampling. Data testing utilizes the Chi-Square test. Chi-Square test results obtained ventilation (p-value=0.001 and phi value=0.359), population density (p-value=0.002 and phi value=0.348), smoke holes (p-value=0.025 and phi value=0.255), floor types (p-value=0.040 and phi value=0.236) and wall types (p-value=0.012 and phi value=0.282). It means that there is a correlation between ventilation area, population density, smoke holes, wall type and floor type with the occurrence of ARI in toddlers in the Kandai Health Center area, Kendari City. It is expected that the relevant health agencies to play a more role in increasing public knowledge through counseling to reduce the number of cases of ARI disease in toddlers.

Meta Analysis: Relationship of Tuberculosis Patient Contact, Density And Ventilation Area With Tuberculosis Events

Tuberculosis is one of 10 causes of death in the world. In 2018 TB sufferers in Indonesia reached 840 thousand people, the third-highest figure in the world after India and China. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between contact with tuberculosis patients, occupancy density and ventilation area with tuberculosis’ incidence. This study used meta-analysis, the articles’ sources were from Google Scholar, PubMed and DOAJ published from 2011-2020. There were 12 articles that met the conditions for contact-free variables with tuberculosis patients, 12 articles of occupancy density, and 10 articles of ventilation area variable. The results were contacting with tuberculosis patients had 5.93 times more of getting tuberculosis compared to people who had no contact with tuberculosis patients, people who lived in densely populated areas were 2.41 times more getting tuberculosis compared to people living in occupancy that is not crowded, people who live in dwellings with a non-standard ventilation area were 2.14 times more getting tuberculosis when compared to people who live in an area where the ventilation area meets the standard. The conclusion of this study is tuberculosis patient contact, occupancy density, and ventilation area with the incidence of tuberculosis have a significant relationship.

Comparison of three kinds of self-expandable metallic stents induced granulation tissue hyperplasia in the rabbit trachea

To compare stent-induced granulation tissue hyperplasia of bare (SEMS), polyurethane-covered (PU-SEMS) and electrospun nanofibre-covered (EN-SEMS) self-expandable metallic stents in the rabbit trachea. Twenty-seven rabbits were randomly assigned to 3 groups that received SEMS, PU-SEMS or EN-SEMS. Computed tomography and sacrifice were performed as scheduled. Haematoxylin–eosin and Masson’s trichrome staining protocols were performed for pathological analysis. The data for tracheal ventilation area ratio, qualitative histological scoring, number of epithelial layers, and thicknesses of papillary projection and submucosa were documented and statistically analysed. All stents were successfully placed under the guidance of fluoroscopy without complications. Post-stenting 3 and 7 days, computed tomography revealed that the fully expandable EN-SEMS was similar to the SEMS and PU-SEMS. The mean stented tissue score in the SEMS group was higher than those of both the PU-SEMS and EN-SEMS groups at 3 days post-stenting. The pathological findings suggested that there was no papillary projection formation 3 days after stent placement. The thickness of papillary projection in the SEMS group was significantly higher than those of the PU-SEMS and EN-SEMS groups at 7 days post-stenting. After stenting 4 weeks, the tracheal ventilation area ratio of SEMS, PU-SEMS and EN-SEMS was 0.214 ± 0.021, 0.453 ± 0.028 and 0.619 ± 0.033, respectively. There were significant between-group differences. In conclusion, the stent-induced granulation tissue formation in EN-SEMS is less severe than that of PU-SEMS and SEMS. EN-SEMS has smaller radial force, and the tracheal ventilation ratio after stent placement better than that of PU-SEMS.

Acute reduction of erector spinae muscle cross-sectional area is associated with ICU-AW and worse prognosis in patients with mechanical ventilation in the ICU: A prospective observational study.

Background:To investigate the values of erector spinae muscle cross-sectional area (ESMcsa) loss for diagnosing intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICU-AW) and predicting the 60-day survival status in patients with mechanical ventilation.Methods:Patients who were admitted into the intensive care unit (ICU) and received invasive mechanical ventilation therapy from June 2018 to June 2020 were selected. And they were divided into an ICU-AW group and a non-ICU-AW group, which were compared based on the ESMcsa and The British Medical Research Council muscle strength score (MRC-score) on the 1st and 7th day of ICU admission. The receiver operating characteristic curve was employed to measure the values of the ESMcsa Loss and ESMcsa Loss Ratio on the 7th day in order to diagnose ICU-AW in patients with mechanical ventilation. The survival curves of the patients were plotted to analyze the ESMcsa Loss Ratio values for predicting the 60-day survival status.Results:A total of 104 patients were enrolled, they were divided into the ICU-AW group (n = 56) and the non-ICU-AW group (n = 48). The mechanical ventilation time, ICU stay time, and hospital stay time of the ICU-AW group were all significantly higher than those of the non-ICU-AW group. On the 1st day, no significant difference in the ESMcsa or MRC-score between the 2 groups of patients was observed. On the 7th day, the ESMcsa and MRC-score of the ICU-AW group were significantly lower than those of the non-ICU-AW group. The ESMcsa Loss and ESMcsa Loss Ratio were both significantly negatively correlated with the MRC-score. The ESMcsa Loss and ESMcsa Loss Ratio on the 7th day were both valuable for the prediction of ICU-AW in patients with mechanical ventilation (areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.904, 0.835, and 0.889, P < .001). The survival rate of the patients in the high- and low-ESMcsa Loss Ratio groups were 60.0% and 80.0% (P < .05).Conclusions:As suggested by the ESMcsa Loss Ratios of the patients with mechanical ventilation on the 7th day of ICU admission, it offers a desirable objective indicator for the diagnosis of ICU-AW, and provides certain values for predicting the 60-day survival status of patients with mechanical ventilation in the ICU.