Area Of Shanghai Research Articles

Nonagricultural emissions enhance dimethylamine and modulate urban atmospheric nucleation

Gas-phase dimethylamine (DMA) has recently been identified as one of the most important vapors to initiate new particle formation (NPF), even in China’s polluted atmosphere. Nevertheless, there remains a fundamental need for understanding the atmospheric life cycle of DMA, particularly in urban areas. Here we pioneered large-scale mobile observations of the DMA concentrations within cities and across two pan-region transects of north-to-south (∼700 km) and west-to-east (∼2000 km) in China. Unexpectedly, DMA concentrations (mean ± 1σ) in South China with scattered croplands (0.018 ± 0.010 ppbv, 1 ppbv=10−9 L/L) were over three times higher than those in the north with contiguous croplands (0.005 ± 0.001 ppbv), suggesting that nonagricultural activities may be an important source of DMA. Particularly in non-rural regions, incidental pulsed industrial emissions led to some of the highest DMA concentration levels in the world (>2.3 ppbv). Besides, in highly urbanized areas of Shanghai, supported by direct source-emission measurements, the spatial pattern of DMA was generally correlated with population (R2 = 0.31) due to associated residential emissions rather than vehicular emissions. Chemical transport simulations further show that in the most populated regions of Shanghai, residential DMA emissions can contribute for up to 78% of particle number concentrations. Shanghai is a case study for populous megacities, and the impacts of nonagricultural emissions on local DMA concentration and nucleation are likely similar for other major urban regions globally.

Monitoring and analysis of ground subsidence in Shanghai based on PS-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR technologies

Shanghai is susceptible to land subsidence due to its unique geological environment and frequent human activities. Traditional leveling techniques are not sufficient for monitoring large areas of land subsidence due to the time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive nature of the process. Furthermore, the results of conventional methods may not be timely, rendering them ineffective for monitoring purposes. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology is a widely used method for monitoring ground subsidence due to its low cost, high efficiency, and ability to cover large areas. To monitor the surface sink condition of Shanghai over the past 2 years, monitoring data were obtained through the technical processing of 24 images from Sentinel-1A data covering Shanghai from 2019 to 2020 using the Persistent Scatterer (PS-InSAR) and Small Baseline Subset (SBAS-InSAR) technique. The ground subsidence (GS) results were extracted via PS and SBAS interferometry processing, while Shuttle Radar Topography Mission data were used to correct the residual phase. According to PS and SBAS methods, the maximum ground subsidence in the study area reached 99.8 mm and 47.2 mm, respectively. The subsidence rate and the accumulated amount of subsidence derived from the monitoring results revealed the urban area in Shanghai to be principally characterized by uneven GS, with multiple settlement funnels being found to be distributed across the main urban area. Moreover, when compared with the historical subsidence data, geological data, and urban construction distribution data, the individual settlement funnels were observed to correspond to those data concerning the historical surface settlement funnel in Shanghai. By randomly selecting GS time-series data regarding three feature points, it was determined that the morphological variables of the GS remained largely consistent at all time points and that their change trends exhibited a high degree of consistency, which verified the reliability of the PS-InSAR and SBAS-InSAR monitoring method. The results can provide data support for decision making in terms of geological disaster prevention and control in Shanghai.

Process decomposition of expanded rural housing at the rural–urban fringe: evidence from 27,034 buildings in Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China

PurposeFaced with the challenges of rural population decline, combined with the widespread expansion of homesteads in rural areas, local Chinese governments hope to strictly control and minimize rural housing land. Accurately decomposing the process of rural housing expansion and revealing its driving factors will be helpful for land-use regulation by the government.Design/methodology/approachIn this study, an unusually rich dataset of rural housing registration from Pudong New Area in Shanghai is employed. The study aimed to decompose the fragmented accumulation process and its expansion determinants on rural housing assets. The dataset covers all samples of rural households and housing plots at 72 surveyed villages in six towns.FindingsHousing offers profitable capital and earning assets to villagers at the urban fringe, so they have a powerful incentive to build and expand more. The results of this analysis showed that the expansion of rural housing is largely due to the haphazard construction of auxiliary rooms by villagers, especially on plots of arable land that are adjacent to their houses that have been stealthily converted into auxiliary rooms and sheds. Low costs and weak penalties have led to an increase in rent-seeking expansions to rural houses. Houses with the smaller initial areas, families with more laborers and household heads, and the proximity of villages to downtown with convenient living services were the main driving factors for expanding houses. A concerted effort is needed to control the disorganized and unlicensed expansion of housing. This effort should include formulating areas for free use by villagers, high taxes on overused areas, serious penalties for unlicensed housing expansion and effective land-use planning.Research limitations/implicationsAn understanding of the expansion status and control measures related to rural houses in Shanghai provides an important reference that can help to guide the formulation of rural housing policies, and the sustainable development of cities worldwide. Of course, this study cannot generalize about housing distribution and expansion status worldwide based on the study area in China, because China's land tenure policies are unique. But land registry data exists that makes research like this feasible. There is a need to carefully examine the detailed housing distribution in each country before it can be decided on how best to address the disorderly increase in rural housing stock, and promote the reduction of rural residential expansion.Originality/valueFirst, the process of rural housing expansion by using an unique dataset which covers ten thousands of samples is revealed. Second, the results have policy implications for reducing the amount of idle and inefficiently rural homestead. The focus is on rural housing growth and its driving factors in Shanghai, and the villagers' motivations for housing expansion are explored.

Linking social-ecological management and ecosystem service bundles: Lessons from a peri-urban agriculture landscape

Peri-urban ecosystems especially peri-urban agriculture play an important part in multiple dimensions of both rural and urban sustainability and resilience. Yet such ecosystems on which diverse services depend are not given the commensurate concerns like city themes, and thus the lack of understanding about the interdependence characteristic within ES variation and the driving mechanism of socio-environmental factors limits effective ecological policymaking and urban-rural planning. In this study, we provided a framework revealing the complicated relationship of ecosystem services in a peri-urban area in southern Shanghai, China which is dominated by agricultural landscapes. Our findings stem from a combination of mapping quantification, statistical approaches and GIS-based techniques. The results showed that the provisioning services show trade-offs to some extent with regulating and cultural services. Six distinct ecosystem service bundles are identified and they are shaped by numerous site-specific characteristics which foster the orientation of ecosystem service management toward multifunctionality. We concluded that the spatially explicit information with GIS-based trade-off analysis is an efficient way to uncover the complicated relationships among various ecosystem services. The optimization of land cover forms and landscape characteristics is required for the sustainable management of agricultural landscapes. Ecosystem service bundles incorporating landscape features and differentiated perceptions of local residents provide rich evidence for the formulation of sustainable cultural land management strategies. They should be regarded as an indispensable element in developing both city and rural planning and multifunctional management.

Transprostranstvennoe peremeshchenie yazykovyh znakov: yazykovoj landshaft mezhdunarodnogo zhilogo rajona v Shanhae

With globalization and internet technology, human diversity and linguistic heterogeneity have become one of the most significant features of contemporary urban society. This article examines the dynamics of multilingualism in the megacity and the interaction between language and space, using the example of linguistic landscapes in public spaces in Shanghai. The article shows that the linguistic landscape in public spaces includes text, multimodal signs and language technologies. In addition, the linguistic landscape is characterized by spatial layering.

Study on the Distribution of Fresh Food Support System—An Example of Shanghai during the Epidemic Closure of 2022

One of the key indicators to measure the sustainability and resilience of a city during a public health crisis is how well it can meet the daily needs of its residents. During the COVID-19 lockdown in Shanghai in 2022, e-commerce shopping and delivery became the most important method for ensuring the city’s material supplies. This article uses the distribution data of a fresh e-commerce platform’s pre-warehouse and static population distribution data to establish a basic material supply system evaluation model for the city and explore its resilience potential. Focusing on the central urban area of Shanghai, this study uses a population heat map with geographic coordinates to reflect the static distribution of residents and obtains the distribution data of the e-commerce pre-warehouses. Using kernel density analysis, the relationship between the pre-warehouses and the residents’ needs is established. Through analysis, it was found that the supply capacity of fresh food in different areas of Shanghai during the lockdown could be categorized as insufficient, adequate, or excessive. Based on these three categories, improvement strategies were proposed. Finally, this article suggests establishing a scientific supply security system to promote urban sustainability and prepare for future challenges.

Resilience assessment and obstacle factor analysis of urban areas facing waterlogging disasters: a case study of Shanghai, China.

In recent years, accelerated global warming, rainstorms, typhoons, and other natural disasters have been frequently observed, bringing immeasurable direct and indirect economic losses to urban areas. Determining how to further enhance the resilience of urban areas has become an important topic in economic and social development. Therefore, based on waterlogging scenarios, this study uses a more accurate research method combining the subjective evaluation AHP (analytic hierarchy process) method and objective evaluation TOPSIS (Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) method to evaluate the urban resilience of 16 districts of the Shanghai megacity as the research objects and divides the resilience grade results using the ArcGIS natural breakpoint method. The results show that (1) the overall resilience of all districts in Shanghai needs to be further improved. Among the 16 districts in Shanghai, Pudong New Area has the highest urban resilience level. There are more areas with moderate and above-moderate resilience levels, while some areas with low and moderate resilience levels are distributed mainly in the downtown area of Shanghai. (2) Through the analysis of obstacles to the development of urban resilience in the districts of Shanghai, such obstacles tend to be the same under the waterlogging disaster scenarios. Compared to ecological and social policy resilience indices, economic resilience indices and infrastructure resilience indices significantly impact the resilience of urban districts under waterlogging scenarios. The above conclusions can not only help improve the direction of urban resilience governance in various districts of Shanghai but also provide empirical theoretical experience for the resilient construction of urban areas in the future.

Locating and Sizing Planning of Electric Vehicle Battery-swapping Stations Considering User Path Selection

According to the characteristics of an electric vehicle’s charging mode and considering the user path selection, a two-level programming optimization model of EV battery-swapping station locating, and sizing planning is established. The daily power exchange demand load is predicted, and the service area of the battery-swapping station is divided by the Voronoi diagram. The upper model optimizes the location, and the optimized number of battery-swapping stations is passed to the lower model to realize the constant volume optimization. Finally, the feasibility and rationality of the optimization model of EV battery-swapping station locating and sizing planning are verified by a demonstration planning area in Shanghai.

Evaluation Methods and Optimization Strategies for Low-Carbon-Oriented Urban Road Network Structures: A Case Study of Shanghai

It is generally believed that the development of mass transportation is an effective and practical path by which to promote low-carbon development. As a form of infrastructure for the development of bus transits, urban road networks directly affect the planning and operation of a bus network. Existing studies have shown that urban road networks affect the layout effect of bus transit from aspects such as the topological network structure characteristics. Based on the existing foundation of research, this study aims to address evaluation methods for quantitative research on the topological structure of road networks, emphasizing that the topological structure characteristics are an important attribute affecting the morphological characteristics of the road network and also a key attribute affecting low-carbonization orientation. Furthermore, this study proposes an evaluation method for the low-carbon friendliness of urban road network structures and constructed a numerical comparison matrix. On this basis, the actual case of the central urban area of Shanghai was selected to conduct an empirical analysis of the evaluation of the low-carbon friendliness of the road network structure. Based on the street (township) as the regional unit scale, four types of evaluation results were obtained, corresponding to different levels of low-carbon friendliness. Based on the above analysis results, a low-carbon-oriented road network structure optimization strategy in Shanghai’s central urban area was further proposed to (1) develop countermeasures for low-carbon transportation development according to local conditions; (2) emphasize the key role of intersection forms in optimizing topology; (3) improve the connectivity level of important road sections; (4) encrypt the road network density in high-density development areas; (5) and combine this with other form of green transportation development to improve low-carbonization levels.

Measurement report: Production and loss of atmospheric formaldehyde at a suburban site of Shanghai in summertime

Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO) is an important trace gas that affects the abundance of HO2 radicals and ozone, leads to complex photochemical processes, and yields a variety of secondary atmospheric pollutants. In a 2021 summer campaign at the Dianshan Lake (DSL) Air Quality Monitoring Supersite in a suburban area of Shanghai, China, we measured atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) by a commercial Aero-Laser formaldehyde monitor, methane, and a range of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). Ambient HCHO showed a significant diurnal cycle with an average concentration of 2.2 ± 1.8 ppbv (parts per billion by volume). During the time period with the most intensive photochemistry (10:00–16:00 LT), secondary production of HCHO was estimated to account for approximately 69.6 % according to a multi-linear regression method based on ambient measurements of HCHO, acetylene (C2H2), and ozone (O3). The average secondary HCHO production rate was estimated to be 0.73 ppbv h−1 during the whole campaign (including daytime and nighttime), with a dominant contribution from reactions between alkenes and OH radicals (66.3 %), followed by OH-radical-initiated reactions with alkanes and aromatics (together 19.0 %), OH-radical-initiated reactions with oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs; 8.7 %), and ozonolysis of alkenes (6.0 %). An overall HCHO loss, including HCHO photolysis, reactions with OH radicals, and dry deposition, was estimated to be 0.49 ppbv h−1. Calculated net HCHO production rates were in relatively good agreement with the observed rates of HCHO concentration change throughout the sunny days, indicating that HCHO was approximately produced by oxidation of the 24 hydrocarbons we took into account at the DSL site during the campaign, whereas calculated net HCHO production rates prevailed over the observed rates of HCHO concentration change in the morning/midday hours on the cloudy and rainy days, indicating a missing loss term, most likely due to HCHO wet deposition. Our results suggest the important role of secondary pollution in the suburbs of Shanghai, where alkenes are likely key precursors for HCHO.

Metal-driven bacterial community variation in urban and suburban park soils of Shanghai, China

Urban greenspaces, including parks, provide essential ecosystem services, and in which soil bacteria play vital roles in nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration, pollutant degradation, and promotion of the mental and physical well-being of residents. However, how did the bacterial distribution respond to the varying environmental variables along with urbanization in park soils remain unclear. In this study, by using Illumina Miseq sequencing combined with geochemistry analysis, the bacterial community structure and their response to soil variables were investigated in 30 parks from urban and suburban areas in Shanghai, China. The results showed that the soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), phosphorous (TP), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), bioavailable potassium (AK), sulfur (AS), copper (ACu) and zinc (AZn) were significantly higher in urban park soils than suburban park soils. In contrast, the soil pH, EC, and bioavailable magnesium (AMg) in suburban park soils were significantly higher than those in urban park soils. Bacterial Shannon diversity was higher in suburban park soils than that of urban parks. Bacterial community structure between urban and suburban park soils showed a significant difference. Chloroflexi KD4-96, Chthonomonadetes, and Bacteroidia were significantly higher in suburban park soils, while Bacilli, Chloroflexi JG30-KF-CM66, and Clostridia were significantly enriched in urban park soils. The results of the Mantel test revealed that various metal concentrations, including Cd, AZn, Zn, ACu, Cu, Cr and AMg, had a significant impact on the bacterial communities in urban park soils, while Cd and K were determined to be the most influential factors shaping the bacterial communities in suburban park soils. The results of this study will help to further understand how the bacterial community responds to environmental variables in the city ecosystem.

An approach of localizing MOVES to estimate emission factors of trucks

Freight has become one of the major contributors to air pollution. This research proposes a method to systematically estimate truck vehicle emissions at the road segment level through localizing MOVES, a widely-used vehicle emission estimation model. We first design a protocol of converting percentage values of rotating speed and torque of engine to second-by-second vehicle speed to accommodate the differences between driving cycles adopted in local emission standards and those used in MOVES. In order to identify the best model year for estimating emissions under different local emission standards, we propose an approach of comparing emission outcomes rather than emission factors, considering the differences in unit used between MOVES and emission standards. To calculate road segment level emission factors, we weight original factors by integrating vehicle fleet information which contains the shares of vehicles under different emission standards and at different ages. We apply the approach to a major freight corridor area in Shanghai and calculate emission factors by air pollutant, average speed of road sections, and road type. Dynamic emissions of each road section per hour are calculated to reflect the spatial distribution of truck emissions. The research outcomes may help local departments, especially in developing countries, better estimate freight vehicle emissions and make policies correspondingly to control their impacts on public health.

Analysis on temporal variation law of ozone pollution and meteorological driving factors in Pudong New Area of Shanghai

AbstractIn order to deeply understand the influence of meteorological drivers on ozone (O3) pollution during the high season and explore O3 pollution control options, we analyzed the temporal variation characteristics of O3 pollution based on the ambient air observation data of Pudong New Area, Shanghai from 2020 to 2021, studied the influence of meteorological drivers on O3 pollution, and explored seasonal emission reduction options based on the results of EKMA (Empirical Kinetics Modeling Approach) curves. The results show that the seasonal O3 concentration variation is spring > summer > autumn > winter; relative humidity, temperature and wind speed are the main meteorological drivers of O3 pollution; the cross‐regional transport of high O3 concentrations and precursors from the south and southwest has a strong influence on the local O3 concentration; Pudong New Area is in the “VOCs control zone” during the O3 pollution period in May. Therefore, it is important to control the production and emission of local VOCs and to strengthen the synergistic control of O3 and its precursors between regions for the control of spring O3 in Pudong New Area.

The deposition mapping of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in megacity Shanghai, China.

The deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) has far-reaching impacts on Earth's surface system and human health. However, a comprehensive understanding of PAHs' deposition in a high urbanized area is still lacking because of limited field measurements data and rough resolution of current models. In this research, a deposition map of PAHs with a resolution of 2×2km in megacity Shanghai, China was established. Gridded annual total deposition of PAHs from July 2020 to June 2021 ranged from 385 to 10,631ng/(m2·d), with a mean value of 2,611ng/(m2·d). The highest PAHs deposition was found over the downtown Shanghai, which received 4.3 times the deposition flux of outlying areas. About 77 % of area in Shanghai was dominated by wet deposition which accounted for 62 % of total deposition in Shanghai. The total deposition showed a trend of summer>fall>spring>winter, which was similar to that of the amount of rain. Source apportionment and geographically weighted regression analysis showed that built-up land and human activities are key driving factors of PAHs' deposition in Shanghai. Our results suggest that intensive human activities could alter the PAHs deposition distribution in Shanghai, and improve the understanding of PAHs' environmental behavior in high urbanized area.

Vehicular Ammonia Emissions Significantly Contribute to Urban PM2.5 Pollution in Two Chinese Megacities.

Ammonia (NH3) plays a vital role in the formation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Prior studies have primarily focused on the control of agricultural NH3 emissions, the dominant source of anthropogenic NH3 emissions. The air quality impact from vehicular NH3 emissions, which could be particularly important in urban areas, has not been adequately evaluated. We developed high-resolution vehicular NH3 emission inventories for Beijing and Shanghai based on detailed link-level traffic profiles and conducted atmospheric simulations of ambient PM2.5 concentrations contributed by vehicular NH3 emissions. We found that vehicular NH3 emissions shared high proportions among total anthropogenic NH3 emissions in the urban areas of Beijing (86%) and Shanghai (45%), where vehicular NH3 was primarily emitted by gasoline vehicles. Local vehicular NH3 emissions could be responsible for approximately 3% of urban PM2.5 concentrations during wintertime, and the contributions could be much higher during polluted periods (∼3 μg m-3). We also showed that controlling vehicular NH3 emissions will be effective and feasible to alleviate urban PM2.5 pollution for megacities in the near future.

LCZ method is more effective than traditional LUCC method in interpreting the relationship between urban landscape and atmospheric particles

Landscape classification methods significantly impact the exploration of the mechanism of the relationship between landscapes and atmospheric particulate matter. This study compared the local climate zones (LCZs) and traditional land use/cover change (LUCC) landscape classification methods in explaining spatial differences in concentrations of atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and explored the mechanisms involved in how landscape elements affect atmospheric particulate matter. This was done by establishing a PM2.5 and PM10 land use regression (LUR) model of LCZ and LUCC landscapes under low, typical, and high particle concentration gradients in urban and suburban areas. The results show that under an LCZ classification system, the number of patches in the urban area of Shanghai was 548 times higher than that of a LUCC system. Moreover, LCZs were successfully established for LUR models in 12 scenarios, while only five models were established for LUCC, all of which were suburban models. The R2 of the LUR model based on the LCZ landscape and atmospheric particulate matter was mostly higher than that of the LUCC. For unnatural landscapes, the LUCC demonstrated that an urbanized environment positively affects the concentration of atmospheric particles. However, the LCZ analysis found that areas with high-density buildings have a positive effect on atmospheric particles, while most areas with low-density buildings significantly reduced the number of atmospheric particles present. Generally, compared with the traditional LUCC landscape classification method, LCZ integrates Shanghai's physical structure and classifies the urban landscape more accurately, which is closely related to the urban atmospheric particulate matter, especially in the urban area. Because the low-density building area has the same effect on the particulate matter as the natural landscape, the use of low-density buildings is recommended when planning new towns.

Human papilloma virus infection and its associated risk for cervical lesions: a cross-sectional study in Putuo area of Shanghai, China

ObjectiveTo investigate the human papilloma virus (HPV) infection status, main subtypes and age distribution characteristics of women in the Putuo area of Shanghai.MethodsA total of 13,936 subjects were enrolled in this study. These subjects were 15–89 years old, with a mean age of 41.68. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction technology was used to detect 21 types of HPV.ResultsA total of 2,500 subjects with HPV infections were detected in 13,936 cervical exfoliated cell specimens (total infection rate 17.9%). There were 15 people aged below 20,486 people aged 21-30,876 people aged 31-40,484 people aged 41–50, 338 people aged 51–60, and 301 people aged > 60. In total, 1,893 (75.7%) subjects had a single type of HPV infection, 424 (16.9%) had a double infection, and 183 had triple or more infections (7.4%). The top 6 subtypes of HPV infection in the Shanghai Putuo District were HPV 52 (3.81%), HPV 58 (2.46%), HPV 16 (2.43%), HPV 53 (2.30%), HPV 81 (1.74%) and HPV 39 (1.5%). The number of high-risk HPV infections was 1,978, and the total infection rate was 14.19%. The number of intermediate-risk HPV infections was 578, and the total infection rate was 4.15%. The number of low-risk HPV infections was 338, and the total infection rate was 2.43%.ConclusionThe top 3 populations with HPV infection rates in the Putuo District, Shanghai, were ≤ 20 years old, older than 60, and 21–30 years old. The infection rate of HPV in cervical outpatient clinics was significantly higher than that of other departments. The 9-valent vaccine is recommended for HPV vaccination in this area.

Examining the association between the built environment and active travel using GPS data: A study of a large residential area (Daju) in Shanghai.

Automobile dependence and physical inactivity have become common health challenges for residents in large suburban residential areas. Limited literature has examined the associations between the built environment and active travel in such residential areas and the differences in these associations among residents from different neighborhoods. To avoid inaccurate results potentially derived from residence-based measures, we adopt a mobility-based approach for environmental exposure assessment. Using GPS data from 530 trips made by 98 participants in a large residential area in Shanghai, we investigate the relationships between neighborhood types, pollution perceptions, built environment features and active travel. The results indicate that residents in affordable and relocation housing make fewer active trips than those in market-rate housing, while the built environment seems to mitigate this difference. Sports facilities promote active travel while commercial facilities and road intersections discourage it. We identify significant interactions between the percentage of green space and neighborhood type, as well as floor area ratio and air pollution perception. Interventions promoting active travel include active-travel-friendly design for commercial facilities and road intersections, the provision of more sports facilities, a careful increase in floor area ratio, and the provision of more green space that is attractive to residents from different neighborhoods.

Effect of existing residential renovation strategies on heating and cooling load in Shanghai

To provide a reference for the renovation of Shanghai’s existing residential districts, this study quantifies and compares the relationships between common renovation strategies, microclimate, heating and cooling loads. These common strategies include improving the greening rate (G), improving the reflectivity of pavement (P), improving the reflectivity of wall materials (W), and improving the reflectivity of roof materials or applying green roof (R). These strategies are applied to a typical model extracted from existing residential areas in Shanghai, China. ENVI-met and EnergyPlus are combined to simulate the microclimate represented by the average meteorological parameters in front of building surfaces and the building heating and cooling load on a typical meteorological day in winter and summer. The results show that applying microclimate data around target building contributes to a significant difference in air conditioning load in both summer and winter. For summer, G, W, and R reduced their total cooling load, whereas P increased this parameter. R contributed the most significant decrease in the total cooling load, followed by W, and G contributed the least. G3P1W3R3 and G1P3W1R1 were the scenarios with the lowest and highest cooling load. The total cooling load under G3P1W3R3 was 136 kWh (12.7%) less than that under G1P3W1R1. For winter, P and applying green roof (R4) reduced the heating load of the target building, whereas G, W and improving roof reflectivity (R2, R3) increased it. G1P3W1R4 and G3P1W3R3 were the scenarios with the lowest and highest heating load. The heating load under G1P3W1R4 was 145 kWh (14.5%) less than that under G3P1W3R3.

Analysis of Bird Habitat Suitability in Chongming Island Based on GIS and Fragstats

With the development of society, the degree of human exploitation of nature is becoming more profound, which makes the fragmentation of the global environment more serious, leading to the reduction of species' Lebensraum and having a huge negative impact on the survival and development of various species. In this paper, we select the Chongming Island area in Shanghai as the study area and use the landscape pattern analysis and suitability analysis methods to comprehensively analyze the characteristics of the habitat pattern in this area as well as the suitability impact on the local birds. The research results show that the fragmentation of local habitats has decreased, but the connectivity between patches is low, and the changes in bird populations are relatively stable, showing a stable and positive trend.