Plantation Area Research Articles

The application of machine learning algorithms for assessing the maturity level of palm fruits as the prominent commodity in the Western-Southern Area of Aceh

The potential of palm oil plantations in Aceh is substantial, with the province ranking eighth in Indonesia for palm oil cultivation. Aceh boasts a vast oil palm plantation area of 470.8 thousand hectares, comprising 44% of Aceh's total plantation land. Palm fruit quality directly impacts palm oil production, emphasizing the need for consistent maturity levels. To address this, computer algorithms, especially machine learning, have been applied. This study introduces the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) Algorithm for palm fruit maturity determination. SOM's reliability in capturing dataset topology offers a diverse classification process, revolutionizing palm fruit maturity detection and optimizing palm oil production. This study uses 40 dataset consisted of 20 mature and 20 unmature palm fruit image as the basis data which then converted into RGB and HSV value with Matlab engine. The result of the study indicates that the SOM algorithm is capable of classifying the maturity detection with 100% precision result. The SOM algorithm is synthesized in a Graphical User Interface that is capable of reading and classifying the input data into the output cluster.

Penerapan Metode Vikor dalam Pemilihan Bibit Unggul Pohon Karet

Rubber plant is one of the plantation commodities that has an important role in economic activities in Indonesia. The need for rubber seeds continues to increase in line with the increase in the area of ​​smallholder rubber plantations and the government. Quality seeds are a community need in developing rubber plantations in Indonesia from year to year. The first step to get good rubber seeds is that rubber farmers need to use quality rubber seed planting material and are able to produce high latex. Given the very importance of seeds in determining quality rubber repair. With a Decision Support System with the vikor method to build a system that has the ability to be able to assist farmers in choosing superior rubber tree seeds with a system that is able to provide problem solving skills and communication skills for problems with semi-structured and unstructured conditions. This study uses the vikor method because this method is suitable for use in most real-time problems such as making decisions to find quality rubber tree seeds so that this research can be useful for rubber tree farmers in improving the quality of superior seeds.

Morphological relationship of coffee varieties (Coffea spp.) arabica and robusta in Pondok Gajah Experimental Garden Bener Meriah

Abstract Coffee is one of the plantation commodities with a high economic value among other plantation crops and plays an important role as a source of foreign exchange. Indonesian coffee is classified into two types of coffee, namely arabica coffee and robusta coffee. According to data from the Central Bureau of Statistics of Aceh Province (2019), the area of coffee plantations in Aceh reached 123,749 ha with a production of 68,493 tons. About 85% of the land area is planted with arabica coffee, while the rest is planted with robusta coffee. This study analyzes the morphological relationships of various Arabica and Robusta coffee plant varieties at the Gayo Experimental Garden, Pondok Gajah District, Bener Meriah Regency, Aceh Province. Samples of coffee varieties were selected by purposive sampling method. The morphological characters observed were 25 on stem organs, leaves, flowers, fruits, and beans. Data analysis was conducted using the NTSYS program and presented as a dendrogram. The results showed that eleven coffee varieties were grouped into four groups. The variety that has the furthest kinship is Mocca Yaman, with a coefficient value of 0.58. The varieties with the closest kinship are C 48 and C 49, with a coefficient value of 0.84. These two varieties have similarities in the 19 observed morphological characters.

The infiltration variability under oil palm plantation related to moss and understory vegetation covers in terrestrial and riparian sites in Jambi, Indonesia

Abstract The capacity and contribution of each understory vegetation group to infiltrate transmitted precipitation and moisten the soil are to be revealed. Recently, common findings on infiltration rate under oil palm are well reported, however, it does not include the role of each vegetation group to support water availability to the oil palm plantation. The specific objective of this study is to identify the role of each understory vegetation group consisting of moss and weeds on cumulative infiltration rate and infiltration capacity in the terrestrial area and riparian zone of oil palm plantations consisting of smallholder and corporate farmers in dry and rainy seasons. The total covering rate of both vegetation types amounted to 61.7%. In the active path of terrestrial area weed growth dominated the surface cover of oil palm plantations in both seasons, where the cover of weeds reached 67.8% and moss covers at the level of averagely 11.3%. The total covering rate by the vegetation was 79.1%, and 20.9% of the surface area was without any vegetative protection. In the riparian area, there was no evidence of the difference of infiltration rate measured in Ks both in the circle area and active path area, which reached very low at the value of 1.74-4.02 cm h−1 in the dry season and 3.29-3.88 cm h−1 in the rainy season. However, in the terrestrial area at the active path area, the Ks value reached an average of 12.13 cm h−1 in the dry season and 5.86 cm h−1 in the rainy season. The Ks-value in the oil palm circle in the terrestrial area showed no difference value, which was a very low category value ranging from 3.37-3.80 cm h−1. The cumulative value of infiltrated water during the first four hours in the riparian zone in the active path ranged from 10.35 to 18.52 cm. This value is lower than cumulative infiltrated water in the terrestrial area, ranging from 25.83-110.55 cm in the first 4 hours of infiltration time.

Water Soil Availability Prediction in Coffee Land Plantations with Remote Sensing

Abstract The availability of soil water is the basis of plant growth, so its availability is important key for coffee plants growing in South Malang. Climate change makes the availability of water for these plants a complex problem because changing temperature and humidity. Remote sensing is a fast and cheap way to predict water availability in coffee plantations with large land areas and rapid climate change. The aims of this research to estimate water soil availability in coffee land plantations to meet plant water needs. The water content in coffee plantations can be estimated by combining the vegetation index values with a combination of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Fractional Vegetation Cover (FVC), Land Surface Temperature (LST), and Land Surface Emissivity (LSE). The method used in this research is to make tentative maps obtained from overlays of all combining the vegetation index values. The selection of research locations is based on the area of the coffee plantation using the smallest pixel, with an area of 3.000.000 m square meters. Each location of the research location was carried out four times for sampling the soil moisture content. The results showed that the correlation value between water content and the estimation results had a correlation of 0.814, with a regression value of 0.663 and a probability value of 0.9226. This shows that it is possible to estimate the water content of coffee plantations using remote sensing made it easier for coffee farmers to take action based on actual conditions on the land.

Detection Of Peatland Coastline Changes Due To Land Use Change On Bengkalis Island, Riau, Indonesia

Abstract Beaches with peat soil material, especially in small island areas, are very vulnerable to coastline deterioration. Many things cause the back and forth of the coastline, including the occurrence of landslides of peat material towards the sea, commonly called Peat Bog Bursts. This research aims to reveal shoreline changes on the north and west coasts of Bengkalis Island using a remote sensing technology approach. As well as analyzing factors related to shoreline changes. The use of Landsat 8 and 9 images in 2013, 2015, 2017, 2019, 2021, and 2023 were processed on Google Earth Engine using the Canny method to produce shoreline data. Furthermore, modeling was carried out using DSAS (Digital Shoreline Analysis System) to analyze changes in the coastline and reveal the causes of coastal damage. There has been a conversion of land use from forests or fields to oil palm plantation areas on the west side of Bengkalis Island from 2004 to the present. Based on the modeling results, it was found that a Peat Bog Burst occurred in 2015 causing significant changes in the coastline until 2017. Sediments were deposited in the southern area of the west side of Bengkalis Island (Zone A).

Estimation of Oil Palm Tree Quantity Using Oil Palm Ecognition and SAGA GIS Based on UAV Imagery (Case Study: Dumai, Riau)

Abstract Oil palm is a plantation commodity in Indonesia that drives the growth of the national economy. The growth of oil palm is rapidly expanding every year, thus requiring efficient land monitoring strategies. Tree counting is one technique used to monitor current conditions in vast plantation areas. Utilizing UAV technology in agricultural mapping is the best option as a tool for capturing high-resolution aerial photos. The objective of this research is to automatically count the number of oil palm trees by comparing two methods and algorithms. GEOBIA (Geography-Based Image Analysis) and Deep Learning classification are methods used for automatic object counting. In this study, high-resolution aerial photo data was utilized, making object detection much more feasible. The research applied the Template Matching and Watershed Segmentation algorithm models in a sample area of 32.5 hectares divided into two blocks: Unknown-2 and E-1. It can be concluded that both methods, with their respective algorithm models, are sufficiently relevant for use in the automatic counting process of oil palm trees. This is evidenced by the accuracy test error values, which are not more than 15%, indicating that the counted oil palm tree results can be used for further data analysis.

Development of Integrated Coconut Agroindustry from a Circular Economy Perspective: A Literature Review

Abstract Indonesia is one of the world’s largest coconut-producing countries. In 2021, the coconut plantation area in Indonesia reached 3,374,347 hectares, resulting in a total production of 2,853,299 tons. Among the total coconut plantation area, 3,361,145 hectares (99.02%) are dedicated to smallholder plantations, involving 6,003,690 farming households. Therefore, coconuts play a significant and vital role in Indonesia. A circular economy approach prioritizes the effective utilization of resources, minimizing waste, and promoting material recycling to establish sustainable systems. The development of an integrated coconut agroindustry that applies circular economy principles by processing all parts of the coconut fruit to produce value-added products and reduce waste generated from the coconut processing process can create an efficient production cycle and minimize negative environmental impacts. In this paper, a comprehensive review of existing literature is conducted, focusing on the advancement of an integrated coconut agroindustry within the framework of a circular economy. Through maximizing the utilization of all parts of the coconut and enhancing value through innovative approaches, the integrated coconut agroindustry has the potential to play a substantial role in fostering economic growth, preserving the environment, and promoting societal well-being.

The Oil Palm Smallholders Corporation Model Based On Local Specifications In Jambi Province Toward Sustainability

Abstract The rapid expansion of oil palm plantation areas promoted poverty because of job creation and community welfare. However, oil palm still has substantial socioeconomic and sustainability implications, so an agricultural institution must support the palm oil business. The existing oil palm smallholder institutional is more pragmatic based on needs or meets the requirements to get assistance or facilitation from outside parties. The research objective is to create a model of integration and sustainability of institutional governance based on local specifications of the area. The research uses primary and secondary data sources. Based on the field institutional cooperation of smallholders involving cooperatives, smallholder groups in a corporation, and palm oil mills, supported by regulatory providers. The local government is responsible for establishing, developing, and institutional strengthening smallholders and financial funding support. In addition, it is also necessary to enter input with a Joint partnership program based on a Written Agreement that regulates the rights and obligations of each party, the partnership period, and other binding provisions, including the guarantee of the farmer’s Fruit Fresh Bunch (FFB) price. Institutions implemented following their functions and objectives based on local, and regional specifications to realize the sustainability of independent oil palm smallholders.

Inventarisasi Gulma di Beberapa Lahan Perkebunan Rakyat, Jawa Timur

Plantation crops are plants that can be cultivated for many years to come. East Java has numerous plantation crops, including apples, guava, oranges, cocoa, moringa, and sugarcane. Wild plants are commonly found around crops in plantation areas. Plantation crops are at risk from biotic disturbances caused by these plants, which requires adequate management. Knowing the dominant weeds in the region allows for effective control. Weed dominance is measured using a species IVI (Importance Value Index). The purpose of this study is to investigate how weeds spread throughout each plantation area. The quadrat technique is used to manage inventories. Three samples are collected from each land and measured according to a formula. The dominant weeds in each plantation land are as follows: apple=Cyperus rotundus, guava=Parietaria judaica, orange=Mikania scandens, cocoa=Persicaria odorata, moringa=Muhlenbergia schreberi, and sugarcane=Dactylotenium aegyptium. Control is based on weed groups, namely broad-leaved (Parietaria judaica, Mikania scandenes, and Persicaria odorata), as well as narrow-leaved (Muhlenbergia schreberi), and nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus). Weeds in the land may threaten crops, thus it must be managed. Controls have to conform to its principles so that they may be carried out properly and efficiently.

The Effect of Organic Fertilizer Type, Nutrient Composition, and Application Method on Tomato Plant Growth in Plantation Areas in the Cianjur Region of West Java

This study investigated the effect of organic fertilizer type, nutrient composition, and application method on tomato plant growth in the plantation areas of the Cianjur region, West Java. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) with factorial arrangements was employed, and data were collected using Likert scale ratings from 110 tomato plants. The analysis revealed significant differences in plant growth among different organic fertilizer types, with biofertilizers exhibiting the highest mean growth score. Moreover, fertilizers with balanced nutrient compositions resulted in superior plant growth compared to those with imbalanced compositions. Additionally, foliar spraying emerged as the most effective application method, promoting higher plant growth compared to broadcasting and banding methods. These findings highlight the importance of considering organic fertilizer characteristics and application techniques in optimizing tomato plant growth in agricultural systems.

Designing and Analyzing Properties of Socio-Culture and Perception from Livestock Farmers: An Evidence in Utilizing Oil Palm Plantation Land-Use of West Papua

This study aims to examine the socio-cultural productivity and perceptions of farmers in the utilization of free-rearing land in the oil palm plantation area in Manokwari. The research was conducted using survey methods and structured interviews with breeders who indulge livestock on oil palm plantations and other grazing lands. The results of the study show that socio-cultural productivity in the utilization of free-rearing land in the oil palm plantation area in Manokwari is still low. Factors such as the lack of knowledge and skills of farmers in managing free-rearing land and limited access to resources and information are the main obstacles in increasing productivity. Breeders' perceptions of the use of free-rearing land also vary. Some farmers see wasteland as an alternative feed source with the potential to improve livestock health and productivity, while others see it as an unproductive area and tend to be neglected. This perception is influenced by factors such as education level, farmer experience, and support from related parties. In order to increase socio-cultural productivity and utilization of wasteland in oil palm plantations, comprehensive efforts are needed. Increasing the knowledge and skills of breeders in managing free-rearing land, better access to resources and information, as well as the active role of related parties in providing assistance and support to breeders are key factors in achieving this.

Potensi Dan Prospek Industri Gula Aren Di Indonesia

Palm sugar produced from sugar palm plants is an alternative sugar to granulated (refinery) sugar produced from sugar cane plants. Recently, more and more consumers are switching from granulated sugar to palm sugar. However, because entrepreneurs are still traditional, efforts to meet changing consumer tastes still have many obstacles. This research aims to (1) determine the potential of sugar palm plants as; (2) analyze the prospects for the Indonesian small palm sugar industry in the future. The method for determining the research location was carried out purposively, namely the Republic of Indonesia, which is one of the largest palm sugar producers in the world. This research was carried out from March 2024 to May 2024. This research was carried out using a survey approach and used secondary data, especially BPS publication data. To find out the prospects for palm sugar in Indonesia, it is explained using simple linear regression. Meanwhile, the analysis of plant potential is explained descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively. The research results show that sugar palm cultivation in Indonesia has great potential, especially because sugar palm plants do not require complicated growing requirements. Almost all areas in Indonesia can be planted with palm trees. The availability of land in Indonesia is quite extensive, has hydrological and conservative functions. There is a traditional farming culture in cultivating palm sugar. The results of regression analysis using time series data from 1992 to 2020 show that the development of land area, which is a manifestation of farmers' response to demand for palm sugar, shows an increasing trend. With ß of 1,046.5, it shows that on average every year there is an increase in the area of ​​sugar palm plantations of 1,046.5. Meanwhile, from the production aspect, the results of the regression analysis also show a significant increasing trend with ß of 2,575.4, which shows that from the production aspect there has been a significant increase in production, namely 2,575.4 tonnes each year. Furthermore, it can be concluded that the potential for palm tree development is quite good and the prospects for the palm sugar industry in Indonesia are quite bright.

Utilizing Multi-Source Data and Cloud Computing Platform to Map Short-Rotation Eucalyptus Plantations Distribution and Stand Age in Hainan Island

Short-rotation eucalyptus plantations play a key positive role in the forestry economy due to their fast-growing and high-yielding properties. However, some studies have suggested that eucalyptus plantations introductions may have negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems’ stability. In order to precisely and promptly determine the influence of eucalyptus plantations on soil characteristics and hydrological processes, based on the rotation change rules of eucalyptus plantations, this study combined the continuous change detection and classification and spectral mixture analysis (CCDC-SMA) algorithm and the random forest (RF) algorithm to map the distribution and stand age of short-rotation eucalyptus plantations in Hainan Island. First, the forest distribution map was used to mask out the rubber plantations, and forest disturbances were extracted through the CCDC-SMA algorithm to determine the potential short-rotation eucalyptus plantations distribution. Second, using CCDC-SMA algorithm fitting coefficients, field surveys, original spectral bands, vegetation indices, and digital elevation models (DEM) as inputs to the RF algorithm, short-rotation eucalyptus plantations distribution maps were created and evaluated based on Google Earth images. Finally, the stand age of the newly mapped short-rotation eucalyptus plantations was estimated based on the breakpoints of the CCDC-SMA algorithm. The results showed that the producer, user, and overall accuracies of the 2022 short-rotation eucalyptus plantations map were estimated at 0.95, 0.95, and 0.94, respectively, and the validation R2 of the estimated stand ages was at 0.97. The eucalyptus plantations in Hainan Island had a total area of roughly 9.93 × 104 ha in 2022. Danzhou City had the highest planting area of eucalyptus plantations, followed by Changjiang County, Chengmai County, and Lingao County. It was worth noting that the eucalyptus plantations were mostly located in places with low altitudes (<200 m) and flat slopes (<10°). Approximately 43.91% of eucalyptus plantations were located in the three major watersheds. In addition, the 1-year-old eucalyptus plantations accounted for the highest areal percentage of 30.58%. These datasets are valuable tools to aid sustainable production, ecological assessment, and conservation of eucalyptus plantations.

Fluctuation Price Sell Palm Farmers and Impact Socioeconomic Society Farmer Palm Oil in Rokan Hilir Regency Province Riau

Oil palm is the prima donna commodity of plantation crops in this area. Based on data from the Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, in 2023, Riau Province was recorded as having an oil palm plantation area of 2.87 million hectares or 20.68 per cent of the total area of oil palm plantations spread across 26 provinces in Indonesia. Riau Province occupies the first position as the province in Indonesia which has the largest area of oil palm plantations in Indonesia. In the 11 year period (2011-2021), the area of oil palm plantations in Riau Province increased by 49.07%. This research discusses the impact of fluctuations in the selling price of palm fruit on the socio-economic conditions of palm oil farming communities in Rokan Hilir Regency, Riau Province. The research was conducted using primary data and secondary data, as well as descriptive analysis methods. The research results show that fluctuations in the selling price of palm fruit have a significant impact on income, employment and social conditions of the community. Based on these findings, it is recommended that the Government can provide offers and encourage the development of derivative products from palm oil to maintain the stability of farmers' selling prices for palm oil. This research provides important insights for government policy in improving the welfare of oil palm farming communities in the region.

A Contribution to the Flora of Udaipur Forests in Champaran District, North Bihar

The paper relates to a floristic account of Udaipur forests in Champaran District, North Bihar. The vegetation can be broadly classified as follows: Deciduous forest, Evergreen forest, Vegetation in plantation and open areas and Aquatic vegetation. A floristic analysis is presented and a systematic enumeration appended. The occurrence of Arnebia hispidissima DC. in Udaipur fotests constitutes a new record for Bihar state.

Integrated Supervised Classification of LULC in Identifying Musang King Durian Illegal Farming Location

Musang King Durian (MKD) is in high demand due to its unique taste and aroma; hence, some opportunistic farmers grow it on a large scale. The issue arises when some MKD is planted on encroached land in remote places, making it impossible for local authorities to locate them. This study proposes to examine the changes in land use land cover (LULC) within the Benom Permanent Forest Reserved area that were reported to have land invasion activities caused by illegal MKD plantations between 2019 and 2022 using Sentinel imagery. The objectives were to investigate the location of illicit MKD farming at Mount Benom based on the interpretation of LULC changes and Normalized Different Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis. ArcGIS and eCognition Developer software were used for data processing and analysis to identify water bodies, bare land, green areas, forests, and potential illegal MKD plantings (PIDP) areas. Between the years 2019 and 2022, it was found that there has been a significant rise in water bodies (36%), green areas (34%), and forests (19%). However, the potential illegal MKD plantation area fell by 59%, while bare land declined by 35%. These downsizing changes might occur due to illegal MKD destroyed operations executed in 2019 by the forestry department in Raub, Pahang. Keywords: illegal farming, image classification, land use land cover, supervised classification

Modeling Forest Above-Ground Biomass of Teak (Tectona grandis L. F.) Using Field Measurement and Sentinel-2 Imagery

Over the last few decades, remote sensing has emerged as a dependable and cost-effective method for collecting precise data on forest biophysical parameters, aiding in sustainable forest management and global initiatives to combat climate change. This research aimed to develop a model for estimating the above-ground biomass (AGB) of Teak (Tectona grandis L. F.) by combining field measurements with Sentinel-2 earth observation data. The study took place in 36-year-old teak plantation areas within the Sagarnath Forest Development Project in Nepal’s Sarlahi district. Field measurements were conducted using a destructive systematic sampling method, employing 10 × 10 m2 sample plots, and the volume of logs was determined using Newton’s formula. A total of 30 sample plots were used for calibration, while 10 were utilized for validation purposes. The findings revealed that the average AGB per plot was 814 kg (equivalent to 81.4 t ha−1), with a minimum value of 716 kg (71.6 t ha−1) and a maximum value of 1,060 kg (106 t ha−1). The study utilized five independent variables, namely, the Red band, Green band, Blue band, near-infrared (NIR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) values from Sentinel-2 imagery data, to develop estimation models. Among the 12 models examined, model M10 proved to be the best fit for accurate AGB estimation (adjusted R2 = 0.9809, RMSE = 0.01269, AIC = −170, and p-value = < 8.39e−21). The equation of the best-fitted model was ln (AGB) = A + B × Red + C × Green + D × Blue2 + E × ln (NIR) + F × ln (NDVI), providing an accurate estimate of AGB. Model validation involved a t-test comparing the observed and calculated AGB values for ten sample plots, demonstrating no significant difference (p-value = 0.3662 > 0.05). This model has the potential to facilitate AGB biomass calculations and carbon stock estimates for teak plantations of similar age groups.

Identification of Tourism-Based MSME Marketing Management Strategies

Sugihwaras Village is a village located in Ngancar District, Kediri Regency. The Sugihwaras Village area includes plantation areas, forestry areas and the Mount Kelud Tourism Area, which means that some economic activities take place in the agricultural and tourism sectors. A well-known agricultural commodity is pineapple with a typical mainstay product, namely "kelud “Madu” pineapple". The superiority of commodities and the implementation of tourism activities in the Mount Kelud Tourism Area has created new job opportunities, namely Kelud “Madu” Pineapple Traders. In practice, Kelud “Madu” pineapple traders are part of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and as an aspect of Tourism Amenities to support tourism activities in the Mount Kelud Tourism Area. The Kediri Regency Government also supports the potential of “Madu” pineapple in Sugihwaras Village by holding a Pineapple Festival to develop and commercialize the potential of kelud “Madu” pineapple. However, the government's objectives are still not in line with the conditions of MSMEs selling kelud “Madu” pineapples. Therefore, this research seeks to examine marketing management by Kelud “Madu” pineapple traders as supporters of the Mount Kelud Tourism Area. This research uses a qualitative method with an exploratory descriptive approach. Data collection techniques use interviews, observation and documentation. Data analysis consists of data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research results show that marketing by kelud “Madu” pineapple traders is considered to be quite good in terms of potential, personal, operational, relationship and interaction management. The obstacles encountered by kelud “Madu” pineapple traders are related to the provision of facilities, high purchasing prices, and declining sales. Efforts made by the government include organizing festivals and community training, but there is a need for capital assistance for traders.

Conserving biodiversity in coffee agroecosystems: Insights from a herpetofauna study in the Colombian Andes with sustainable management proposal

Amphibians and reptiles are important indicators of ecosystem health, yet their populations are declining worldwide due to habitat loss and climate change. Agroecosystems, such as coffee plantations, can provide important habitat for these species. We conducted field surveys in the Sumapaz region of Colombia to identify the habitat structural variables that influence the diversity and abundance of herpetofauna in coffee crops. The canonical correspondence analysis revealed that abundance of leaf litter, leaf litter moisture, shade percentage, plantation area, and plantation age category were the most important variables for determining herpetofauna diversity. Our findings suggest that shaded coffee plantations can sustain herpetofauna diversity, and maintaining a thick layer of leaf litter is critical for establishing complex and structured animal communities. This study proposes a set of sustainable agricultural management principles to promote the existence of amphibians and reptiles in coffee crops. By adopting these practices, it is possible to prevent the decline in the population of amphibians and reptiles due to the expansion of the agricultural frontier, as seen in other coffee-growing regions. The findings of this study contribute to a better understanding of how to balance agricultural production and biodiversity conservation in the context of agroecosystems.