Area Of Irrigated Land Research Articles

Examination of Water Use and Social Vulnerability: A Comparison of Four Communities in Alachua County, Florida

It is projected that about 30% of the world’s major cities will face severe water stress and urban drought from 2050 if climate change continues and has the anticipated effects (Florke et al, 2018; www.wrcwebsite.azurewebsites.net). Socio-economic drought, meaning water shortage in urban life, can have significant effects on a city’s inhabitants, including health and quality of life. Social and economic factors play an important role in planning and decision making of a society (Zhang et al, 2020). The analysis investigated the relationship between socio-economic factors and the use of potable water, its associated impact on aquifer recharge, and potentially identifying major factors influencing water demand and resource sustainability. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and other measures were used for evaluating socio-economic factors. However, since SVI showed weak relationship with water use in the county and the neighborhoods, other socio-economic measures were assessed. Past research had found a correlation between water use and population, GDP, per capita income, electricity usage and irrigated land areas (Alacoma et al., 2007, www.usf.uni-kassel.de/watclim). Therefore, socio economic measures such as population density, household size, per capita income, and poverty rate and irrigation (with and without) potable water were analyzed to evaluate the relationship between water use patterns and these factors across the county and in the communities. The western communities had newer development and less parcels compared to the eastern with much older construction, which impacted their water use. Oakmont with separate reclaimed irrigation meter had lesser usage on potable water. Tioga on the other hand irrigated with potable water. Yearly SVI on a census tract level for the specific years of the study and other socio-economic measures such as population, per capita income, poverty, and household size were used in the analysis. The analysis was performed on four communities in Alachua County, Florida; two at the west and two at the east of the county. Socio-economic measures and physical features were evaluated for communities in the four locations to evaluate whether there is a relationship between water use patterns, spatial characteristics of development such as percent impervious and runoff, and measures of SVI. Spatial and basic statistics was used for this analysis. The western part of the county has had more intensive development in recent years compared to the eastern part of the county. The eastern communities have a high SVI and low potable water use per capita compared to the western communities. The number of households and population were the primary drivers of potable water use per census block. Percent impervious surface and runoff volume did not show any significant. relationship with a community’s SVI. At the parcel level, statistically significant differences were found between communities. For example, potable water use per parcel was lower in communities with high SVI. Keywords: water sustainability, urban water management, social vulnerability index, socio-economic factors, potable water use, aquifer recharge, reclaimed water use, runoff, imperviousness

Engineering-geological conditions of the Shirvan Steppe of the Kura-Aras Lowland of Azerbaijan Republic and the influence of the Upper-Shirvan Canal on it

Since 1950, the area of the Shirvan Steppe has been subject to numerous ameliora- tive measures, as well as the construction of a number of hydrotechnical facilities. Natural and anthropogenic effects have altered the level of groundwater, mineralization level, chemical composition, engineering-geological conditions, soil salinity, and chemical composition of soils. In order to reflect the engineering-geological conditions of the Shirvan Steppe, geological-hydrochemical sections were created in two directions, in the direction of groundwater flow (I-I) and the direction across the flow of groundwater (II-II). The analysis consid- ered the engineering-geological, physical-geographical, geomorphological, geological, and other conditions of the studied area before and after construction of the Upper Shirvan Canal. Along the route of the Upper Shirvan Canal, the research revealed the main soils as follows: loam, clay, gravel-pebble, sand, and loamy sand. The engineering-geological parameters such as minimum moisture capacity, hygroscopic moisture, volume, weight, density, porosity, and granulometric composition of the soils along the route of Ujar, Kurdamir, Goychay regions, and the Upper Shirvan Canal have been determined. Over the 70-year continuous operation of the Upper Shirvan Canal, settlements in the area of its influence expanded, thereby increasing the loading on the canal beyond the norm. As a result of damage to the concrete coatings of the canal, the quality of operation has decreased, some infrastructure located on it has ceased to function, and water losses from the canal have increased. In such conditions, it is important to study the formation of engineering-geological conditions resulting from natural and anthropogenic effects and to take preventive measures against negative impacts. During the reconstruction and subsequent operation of the canal to provide water to the newly irrigated land areas in the Shirvan Steppe, there should be taken into account the technogenic effects on the geological environment and relevant proposals of important scientific and practical importance regarding the reconstruction project.

Do changes in land use and climate change overlap? An analysis of the World Bank Data

AbstractLand use change (LUC), including deforestation, agriculture, and urbanization, is a major contributor to climate change (CC). This change in land use has impacts on food, water, and energy systems, creating a complex interconnected web of issues. This study aimed to investigate the global link between LUC and CC from 1990 to 2012. Using time‐series data from the World Bank, LUC was represented by irrigated land, arable lands, and forest areas, while CC was represented by CO2 emissions. Moreover, the relationship between economic growth in high‐income and low‐income countries and LUC and CC was examined in this study. Based on the findings of this study, in low‐income countries, the intensity of LUC is higher in comparison with high‐income countries. Meanwhile, CO2 emissions are increasing in middle‐income and high‐income countries. Economic growth is closely related to CO2 emissions in countries with different levels of income. The study indicated that managing land use is of high importance to mitigate CO2 emissions globally. According to the findings, recent LUC has shown more obvious effects on ecological variables than CC. Although LUC is not inherently directly related to CC, humans change land use, especially in terms of land management, to adapt to CC, and these changes will inevitably bring many environmental impacts. This study contributes significantly to advancing the understanding of the complex relationship between CC and LUC, emphasizing the need for integrated approaches in policy development. These measures are crucial to achieving resilience and meeting global CC reduction targets.

Статистический анализ землепользования в Удмуртской Республике

The authors of this work conducted a statistical analysis of land use in the Udmurt Republic in 2011-2022. The dynamics of land areas by category is given. The study found that the largest decrease in farmland area occurred in the first half of the period under review. Over the 12 years studied, the area of this category decreased by 7.5 thousand hectares. The rate of reduction is 6.6 thousand hectares/10 years, i.e. every 10 years the category of agricultural land decreases by 6.6 thousand hectares. Every 10 years, the land area of settlements increases by 1.8 thousand hectares, which indicates an increase in the urban population and an increase in the number of urban residents. By 2022, the area of land occupied by settlements increased to 204.3 thousand hectares. The area of industrial and other lands is increasing at a rate of 4.2 thousand hectares in 10 years. For 2022, the area of industrial land amounted to 42.9 thousand hectares. For 2011-2022, the area of the analyzed category increased by 4.6 thousand hectares. In 2016, the land area of specially protected natural areas increased by 17.3 thousand hectares (from 1.9 to 21.6 thousand hectares), since the lands of the forest fund were transferred to this category. The area of forest land decreased from 2046.8 to 2029.4 thousand hectares. Over the 12 years under consideration, the land area of the water fund decreased by 0.5 thousand hectares, the maximum area was in 2011 and amounted to 29.2 thousand hectares. Starting from 2011 and ending in 2022, the total area of reserve land remained relatively stable (19.5-20.7 thousand hectares), the changes do not exceed 1.2 thousand hectares. As of 2022, the area of irrigated land of the Udmurt Republic amounted to 18.2 thousand hectares, and drained - 23 thousand hectares. Over the past 11 years, the area of good irrigated land has increased by 5.9 thousand hectares, the areas of satisfactory and unsatisfactory land have decreased by 4.6 thousand hectares and 3.8 thousand hectares, respectively.

Occurrence of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Tolerance in Rice: A Multigene Approach

A sustainable food system ensures food security and nourishment for future generations. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) requires emergence stress tolerance for successful cultivation in germination and early establishment stages. According to the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) study, rice is one of the most important worldwide cereal crops and a staple food for more than half of the world’s population. Over the past few years, drastic climatic changes have been subjected to many abiotic and biotic stresses. Global estimates express that a total of 1000 million hectares of cultivated land is affected by abiotic and biotic stress. Besides this around 30% of the irrigated land area is also disturbed. This review discusses the mechanisms of stress-tolerant variants and understanding the recent developments of complex tolerance phenomena. Here, we have compiled the logical pieces as evidence of successful applications of potent molecular tools for boosting stress tolerance in rice, their prospects and limitation. This information would help researchers better understand the genetic enhancement of stress tolerance in rice.

Construction and application of urban water resources spatial equilibrium model: A case study of Ulanqab City

ABSTRACT Evaluating the water resources spatial equilibrium (WRSE) is the foundation for scientifically planning the construction of an optimized water resource allocation system and achieving the high-standard development of the China Water Network Project. To elucidate the characteristics of WRSE variation in Ulanqab City, this study explored a novel WRSE assessment model based on connection number and the subtraction set pair potential method. The results indicate that: (1) there exists a mismatch between the distribution of water resources in Ulanqab City and its socio-economic development. In 2020, the Gini coefficients of water resources total quantity concerning resident population, gross domestic product (GDP), industrial output value, and irrigated land area were 0.48, 0.48, 0.51, and 0.28, respectively. (2) From 2011 to 2020, the overall WRSE level in Ulanqab City showed an increasing trend year by year. Among them, the WRSE levels in six counties improved, while Jining District consistently remained at a low equilibrium state due to the prominent contradiction between water supply and demand. (3) In the future, Ulanqab City can further enhance the WRSE level by promoting the reuse of recycled water, intensifying groundwater pollution control, and implementing a quota management system for agricultural water use.

Implications of uncontrolled water withdrawal and climate change on the water supply and demand gap in the Lake Tana sub-basin

This study evaluates the implications of multiple climatic and non-climatic factors on the water resource of the Lake Tana sub-basin, Ethiopia. The study focuses on three drivers: land use change, irrigation expansion, and climate change (CC), and their impact on the current and future water availability across the sub-basin. The study uses a random forest (RF) machine learning classifier in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform to detect land use land cover change (LULC) and for mapping the actual irrigated-area. The Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation and temperature data were used with station data to evaluate the implication of CC on the water availability of Lake Tana sub-basin. The supply-demand relationship was done for Gumara catchment within Tana sub-basin as an experimental site. Based on the LULC analysis, plantation, cropland, bare lands, built-up, and wetland showed an increasing trend, while forest, bush land, and grassland showed a decreasing trend. The increasing rate of crop land in the expense of natural forest, shrub land, grassland may cause runoff/flood, high soil erosion, and lower rate of groundwater recharge. The actual irrigated area mapping analysis shows a widespread irrigation near the Lake Shore and upstream parts of the sub-basin. The climate change analysis shows an increasing trend of potential evapotranspiration during the irrigation period attributed to increase in maximum temperature. The rising of potential evapotranspiration during the irrigation period creates a water shortage in the study and future periods as the crops need more water for growth. The estimated stream flow for Gumara catchment shows an increasing trend for the future period. The supply-demand relationship of the catchment shows an uneven distribution of water in the Gumara catchment both in the current and future periods resulting in unbalance abstraction of irrigation water. The study reveals that climate change, land cover change, and uncontrolled expansion of irrigated land area are likely to increase the unmet demand by increasing irrigation water demand, and this can cause conflict of interest between the users. Therefore, sustainable water resource management practices such as land management practices, and adaptive management of irrigation should be applicable to prevent or reduce the occurrence of conflict over the water demand.

Assessment of the consequences of the destruction of the Kakhovska hpp dam on irrigated lands in the zone of influence of the Kakhovsky water reservoir

According to preliminary estimates by scientists of the Institute of Land Use of the National Academy of Sciences, it was established that the area of irrigated agricultural land, which is in the zone of influence of the Kakhovsky Reservoir, including the occupied territories, amounted to 1,267.8 thousand hectares, of which about 500 thousand hectares had potential irrigation. The need for a more detailed study of the spatial identification of irrigated lands has been proven. The area of irrigated land in the area of influence of the Kakhovsky Reservoir was clarified by spatial comparison and digitization of: irrigation schemes, boundaries of land plots, boundaries of irrigated fields according to indices of vegetation and soil moisture using GIS technologies and remote sensing of the Earth. This makes it possible to calculate the area of agricultural land, the irrigation of which will be complicated due to the destruction of the dam of the Kakhovska HPP and changes in the Kakhovsky reservoir. In the future, it is important to determine and evaluate the impact of hostilities and other negative phenomena of armed aggression in this region on land use and infrastructure. Based on a preliminary analysis of hydrography and water channels, the scientists of the Institute of Land Use of the National Academy of Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences determined administrative districts whose land irrigation depended on the Kakhovsky Reservoir. It is proposed to introduce the accounting of reclaimed land, as well as land affected by hostilities in the cadastre. We believe that monitoring of irrigated and drained lands, and lands that will be returned to circulation after the elimination of the effects of hostilities, should be an element of land monitoring.

Salinization of irrigated agricultural lands in the Altai Territory

Introduction. The Altai Territory is the leader among the subjects of the Siberian Federal District in terms of the area of arable land, of which more than 80% is located in the zone of unstable moisture. Irrigation predominates among agricultural hydrotechnical land reclamation in the region. The area of irrigated land is 69 thousand hectares, of which almost 10 % have varying degrees of salinity in the root layer. Prolonged irrigation of land and non-compliance with irrigation technologies can lead to salinization of lands in irrigation systems. The purpose of the research: spatio-temporal assessment and clustering of salinization of irrigated lands in the context of municipal districts and agrochemical zones: steppe, forest-steppe and foothills. Material and methods. In Russia, all irrigation systems have uniform rules for collecting data on the state of land, conducting soil-salt surveys and laboratory processing of their results. The research material was observational data on the salt regime of lands in irrigation systems of the Altai Territory for 2013-2022, data from annual state monitoring of lands, information on irrigated lands and the technical condition of reclamation systems from the reclamation cadastre. The research methods were general scientific methods (analysis and synthesis), applied mathematical methods (regression and cluster analysis), scientific methods of hydraulic engineering agricultural reclamation. Results and discussion. Based on the reclamation cadastre data, an analysis of the state of irrigated agricultural land was carried out according to the degree of salinization. A model of the dynamics of the area of highly and very highly saline lands was constructed, statistical assessments of the quality of the model were checked, and the average rate of annual increase in the area of lands subject to salinity was determined. An analysis has been made of the most possible causes of salinization on irrigated lands, which include high levels and salinity of groundwater, high salinity of water used for irrigation. Calculations were carried out, among other things, for agrochemical zones: steppe, forest-steppe and foothills. The dynamics of areas with different groundwater levels, groundwater salinity and irrigation water were assessed. Based on data for the beginning of 2015 and 2022, a cluster analysis of the regions of the Altai Territory was carried out according to the degree of salinization of irrigated agricultural lands. The dynamics of changes in the number of regions and the area of irrigated land in clusters is analyzed. In conclusion, the calculation results are summarized and general conclusions are drawn about the dynamics and possible reasons for changes in the studied indicators. The results can be directly used by government authorities and organizations of the reclamation complex of the Altai Territory.

PROBLEMS OF THE RECLAMATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT COMPLEX THE LOWER DON IN THE CURRENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Long-term climatic changes have led to a decrease in the water content of a number of Russian rivers. In the pool of R. The Don phase of low water content has been going on since 2007. In addition, due to climate warming, significant fluctuations in the intra-annual hydrological regime are observed. The climatic situation and high anthropogenic pressure on water resources complicate the conditions for the development of irrigated agriculture. At the same time, there is an obvious need to increase the area of irrigated land on the Lower Don. The authors of the article propose a number of measures that contribute to the effective development of the Nizhny Don water management complex against the background of water scarcity. The possibility of replenishing the flow of the Don River is considered. In the conditions of the Azov-Don basin, a geoinformation web-based decision support system for integrated management of the reclamation and water management complex developed at the Federal Scientific Center for Hydraulic Engineering and Melioration named after A.N. Kostyakov can be used. The proposed hydrodynamic model of the Lower Don can be used in order to form optimal modes of operation of the Tsimlyansk hydroelectric complex in the interests of agricultural and fisheries water users.

Ecosystem health risk assessment of lakes in the Inner Mongolian Plateau based on the coupled AHP-SOM-CGT model

The ecosystem health risk assessment of lake basins can provide a crucial foundation and support for the sustainable development of ecosystems in the arid regions of northern China. This study adopts the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework to select evaluation indicators, and utilizes a coupled model of the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP)-Self-Organizing Mapping Neural Network Algorithm (SOM)-Combinatorial Game Theory Algorithm (CGT) to determine the weight values of each indicator, and ultimately calculate the Ecosystem Health Index (EHI) of a typical lake basin from 1990 to 2020. AHP and SOM are employed to determine the subjective and objective weights of the evaluation indicators, respectively. While, the CGT is used to establish a balance between these two weights. This ensures that the final weight values embody both the subjective preferences of the decision-makers and the objective characteristics inherent in the data. The calculations show that the EHI of the basin fluctuated from a healthy state (69.8) in 1990 to a sub-healthy state (47.0) in 2020, although the dominant factors influencing EHI varied across different stages, the decline in the Driver and Impact health indices emerged as the primary reason for the decrease in EHI. Before 2009, driven by socio-economic development, the area of irrigated land and water withdrawals in the basin increased significantly, which led to an increase in ecosystem pressures, resulting in a rapid decrease in EHI. After 2009, the increase in per capita water resources and water-saving irrigation facilities reduced the pressure on the ecological system. the increased ecological water use and afforestation area improved the ecosystem’s status, leading to an increase in the vegetation cover within the basin and a gradual upward trend in EHI.

Application of innovative technologies in increasing the efficiency of irrigated land use

The article emphasizes the importance of the wide application of innovative and resource-saving technologies in practice in crop irrigation systems. The current situation in the water sector of the economy requires a radical improvement of the state's water management policy. The country is struggling to adapt to the new market conditions of agricultural management. Therefore, the management of the system remains difficult, water users are not interested in rational use of water, the technical condition of water management and hydro-reclamation systems is deteriorating, huge areas of irrigated land are out of economic circulation. Emerging problems in the water sector reduce the competitiveness of agricultural products and lead to high costs for the production of crop production. Therefore, it has been established that the issues of effective and rational use of land and water resources currently belong to the most important problem of socio-economic development of society. This is due to the fact that the food security of any state and the standard of living of its population are directly related to these factors. In order to solve the problem, the main available resources were proposed, that is, ways to use land and water resources with maximum productivity and efficiency, increase irrigated land in agriculture and save irrigation water. To analyze the factors influencing the efficiency indicators of total irrigation costs, a correlation and regression analysis of the usefulness of cotton products was carried out.

Weather shocks, irrigation development and poverty: evidence from rural Northeast Thailand and Central Vietnam

ABSTRACT Water is critical for agriculture in developing countries and climate change has created more extreme weather events. In this study, we examine the role of villages’ year-round irrigation in ensuring households’ irrigation to cope with weather shocks and investigate the effects of irrigation on income and poverty of rural households. Our results show that the availability of villages’ year-round irrigation significantly increases the share of irrigated land area at the household level, which leads to higher crop income and household income, and lower poverty. Therefore, developing year-round irrigation is recommended.

Simulation of slotting conditions on irrigated lands in the south of Russia under increasing climate change

The article considers the results of numerical studies on the improvement of existing tillage tools, namely, the improvement of the technical parameters of the furrower, which will improve the water-physical properties of irrigated lands in southern Russia with increasing climate change. Every year, the areas of irrigated land are reduced as they are exposed to natural (for example, rains; floods; surface runoff; diversity of soil cover, the influence of micro- and macrorelief) and anthropogenic (for example, non-compliance with irrigation norms, crop rotation composition, soil cultivation rules; introducing incorrect doses of fertilizers; exclusion of technological operations in order to save resources) factors. In this regard, the solution to the problem of preserving the agro-resource potential of the lands is relevant, and its solution guarantees the food security of Russia. Numerical modeling of dangerous loadings of the technical parameters of the slotter-furrower has been carried out, the types and types of equipment have been selected, their parameters have been calculated, as well as the organization and technology of tillage processes.

QUANTITATION OF RETURN COLLECTOR-DRAINAGE WATER FROM THE IRRIGATED AREAS IN ARID ZONES

The article deals with the study of the dependence of return collector-drainage water from the large irrigated areas on the volume of water withdrawal for irrigation purposes and the total area of crops. The task is solved in the context of irrigated lands in the Bukhara region of Uzbekistan. Three variants of calculation were performed using an objective method of equalizing and normalizing correlations. Equations of normalized regression are obtained that characterize the relationship between the collector-drainage runoff, the volume of water intake from the Amu-Bukhara canal and the area of irrigated land. Their total multiple correlation coefficients are rather high. Based on the third variant of these equations, a calculated nomogram was plotted. The accuracy of the nomogram was assessed. The results showed that it can be used both for calculation and forecast of collector-drainage runoff from the large irrigated land areas in arid zones.

Impact of Water Management Activities to Transform the Natural Environment on Groundwater Production for Irrigation

In the presented article, materials for a long-term period on the parameters of river runoff are considered, existing and prospective irrigation is characterized, such as the area of irrigated land, the total supply of irrigation water, the efficiency of irrigation systems, infiltration of irrigation systems. The value of the total change in the incoming items of the groundwater balance for the period 1985-2000 is calculated.

Transformation of Water Consumption and Sanitation in the Russian Part of the Transboundary Ural River Basin

Aim. Study of the transformation of water consumption and wastewater disposal in the Russian part of the Ural River basin. Ural in 1995-2020 due to changing socio-economic and technological conditions.Materials and Methods. The data of state statistical reporting (form 2-TP (vodkhoz)) for the period 1995-2020 were used. Materials of the AllRussian Agricultural Census of 2016, collections of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Russian Federation, "Agro-industrial Complex of Russia", on the commissioning of irrigated lands, the regional Department of Land Reclamation and reports on the state and environmental protection for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation were consulted. The study was carried out on the basis of a systematic approach using the following methods: (1) analytical (collection and systematization of primary information); (2) special (tables compiled, charts constructed; (3) statistical data processing and comparative analysis.Results. It was revealed that from 1995 to 2020 water intake in the Russian part of the Ural River basin to meet the needs of the population and the economy was reduced by 2.4 times. The average daily specific water consumption per 1 inhabitant has decreased in all regions. The water cycle coefficient in the basin increased from 73 to 88%. In recent years, an increase in the area of irrigated land has begun.Conclusion. There has been a noticeable reduction in water consumption and wastewater disposal in the Russian part of the Ural River basin. This is mainly due to the decline in industrial and agricultural production, as well as the development of circulating water supply in industry and the introduction of water-saving equipment in housing and communal services.

Salinisation of Reclaimed Agricultural Land in the Altai Territory: Cluster Analysis

The Altai Territory occupies a leading position among the constituent entities of the Siberian Federal District in terms of arable land, of which more than 80% are located in the zone of unstable moisture. Irrigation is the predominant form of agricultural hydraulic reclamation in the region. The area of irrigated land is about 69 thousand hectares, of which almost 10% of the area has varying degrees of salinity in the 0‑100 cm layer. Prolonged irrigation and non-compliance with irrigation technologies can lead to salinisation of land. In the Russian Federation, all irrigation systems havecommon rules for collecting data on soil condition, conducting soil salinity surveys and laboratory processing of field research material. The analysis of irrigated agricultural land by the degree of its salinisation was carried out according to the data of the land reclamation cadastre for the period from 1 January 2013 to 1 January 2022. A model of the dynamics of highly and very highly saline areas was built, statistical estimates of the quality of the model were checked, and the average annual rate of increase in the area of saline areas was determined. The most likely causes of salinisation in irrigated areas were analysed. These are high groundwater levels and groundwater salinity, and high salinity of water used for irrigation. An analysis of the most likely causes of salinisation in irrigated areas was carried out, including high groundwater levels and salinity, and high salinity of water used for irrigation. The dynamics of areas with different groundwater levels, different salinities of groundwater and irrigation water are given. Based on the data from the beginning of 2022, a cluster analysis of the regions of the Altai Territory was carried out according to the degree of salinisation of agricultural land. The quality of the clustering was checked.

Performance management assessment in agriculture organisations (using factorial parameters case of Albania)

The relevance of the study is determined by the need to identify solutions to increase the productivity of agricultural and food enterprises in Albania and to improve their production. The purpose of the study is to analyse the production of agricultural and food products, the level of remuneration of agricultural workers, the impact of state financial assistance on production volumes, and to provide proposals for increasing productivity in the agricultural sector. The methodological approach is based on: statistical analysis, the analogy method, graphical method, method of logical generalisation. The key findings are the substantiation of the expediency of mechanisation in the production of agricultural products, and an increase in the budgetary financial support and the wages of employees to boost the productivity of agricultural enterprises, reducing the dependence on imported goods and increasing the export of Albanian agricultural products to the world markets. The authors confirmed that to enhance the productivity of agricultural and food enterprises, it is necessary to focus on raising the wages of workers, mechanising production, and expanding the area of irrigated land. This will raise the competitiveness of Albania's agricultural and food products to a new level and increase its exports to the world markets. The findings of the study and the conclusions formulated on their basis are of practical importance for the managers of agricultural and food enterprises in Albania when developing measures to increase the productivity of workers, as well as for the government of the country when approving the areas of financial support for economic activities

Global transfer of salinization on irrigated land: Complex network and endogenous structure

Increasing globalization intensifies land redistribution via global supply chains. Interregional trade not only transfers embodied land but also displaces the negative environmental impact of land degradation from one region to another. This study sheds light on land degradation transfer by focusing on salinization directly whereas previous studies have extensively assessed the land resource embodied in trade. To analyze the relationships among economies under interwoven embodied flows, this study integrates complex network analysis and input-output method to observe the endogenous structure of the transfer system. By focusing on irrigated land with higher crop yields than dryland farming, we make policy recommendations on food safety and proper irrigation. The results of the quantitative analysis show that the total amount of saline and sodic irrigated land embodied in global final demand are 260978.23 and 424291.05 square kilometers respectively. Salt-affected area of irrigated land is imported by not only developed countries but also large developing countries such as Mainland China and India. Exports of embodied salt-affected land in Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Turkmenistan are pressing issues, accounting for nearly 60% of total exports from net exporters worldwide. It is also demonstrated that embodied transfer network has a basic community structure of three groups due to regional preference in agricultural products trade.