Electrode Area Research Articles

Enhancing Epilepsy Seizure Detection Through Advanced EEG Preprocessing Techniques and Peak-to-Peak Amplitude Fluctuation Analysis

Objectives: Naturally, there are several challenges, such as muscular artifacts, ocular movements and electrical interferences that depend on precise diagnosis and classification, which hamper exact epileptic seizure detection. This study has been conducted to improve seizure detection accuracy in epilepsy patients using an advanced preprocessing technique that could remove such noxious artifacts. Methods: In the frame of this paper, the core tool in the area of epilepsy, EEG, will be applied to record and analyze the electrical patterns of the brain. The dataset includes recordings of seven epilepsy patients taken by the Unit of Neurology and Neurophysiology, University of Siena. The preprocessing techniques employed include advanced artifact removal and signal enhancement methods. We introduced Peak-to-Peak Amplitude Fluctuation (PPAF) to assess amplitude variability within Event-Related Potential (ERP) waveforms. This approach was applied to data from patients experiencing 3–5 seizures, categorized into three distinct groups. Results: The results indicated that the frontal and parietal regions, particularly the electrode areas Cz, Pz and Fp2, are the main contributors to epileptic seizures. Additionally, the implementation of the PPAF metric enhanced the effectiveness of seizure detection and classification algorithms, achieving accuracy rates of 99%, 98% and 95% for datasets with three, four and five seizures, respectively. Conclusions: The present research extends the epilepsy diagnosis with clues on brain activity during seizures and further demonstrates the effectiveness of advanced preprocessing techniques. The introduction of PPAF as a metric could have promising potential in improving both the accuracy and reliability of epilepsy seizure detection algorithms. These observations provide important implications for control and treatment both in focal and in generalized epilepsy.

Accurately prepared the large-area and efficiently 3D electrodes for overall seawater splitting

How to achieve accurately regulation of catalytic electrodes is the challenge of designing high-performance catalytic electrodes. In this work, large area, high stability and excellent conductivity electrode are prepared via one-step mild (298 K) electroplating method and precise control of electroplating parameters on nickel foam (FeNi@NF). The FeNi@NF electrode catalyst the hydrogen/oxygen evolution reaction (HER/OER) in simulate seawater (1.0 M KOH + 0.5 M NaCl), and achieves the current density of 100 mA cm−2 with only 287 mV and 323 mV overpotential. The alkaline electrolyzer drives 100 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting at a low voltage of 1.73 V. More importantly, the catalytic performance durable for more than 5 days at the industrial current density (1000 mA cm−2), and the designed large-area 25.0 cm2 catalytic electrode can achieve stable operation of industrial proton exchange membrane electrolyser. This preparation strategy provides a new idea for the current research of energy engineering and energy storage.

Tailoring the properties for composites based on xGNP, TiC and nursing their biocompatibility for wearable technologies

Recently, the balance of stiffness, response time, output voltage, and nursing their biocompatibility are hot research topics and thus developed in the present work. Here, the configurations show the importance of harvesting mechanical energy into electric energy through the piezoelectric mechanism. Some basic strategies to achieve this work's goal involve using stretchable and dielectric elastomers such as silicone rubber (SR) as host matrix to fabricate the device. Then, the addition of 2-dimensional reinforcing and electrically conductive fillers such as exfoliated graphene nanoplatelets (xGNPs) or Titanium carbide (TiC) into the SR matrix was fabricated. Results show that at 5 phr of xGNP-filled composites, the compressive load was ∼275 N for 1 sample, ∼550 N for 2 replicas, and ∼ 650 N for 3 replicas. Similarly, the stretchability was 92 % (unfilled), and at 5 phr, it was 114 % (xGNP), 154 % (TiC), and 106 % (hybrid filler). For an electrode area of 235.5 mm2 (3 replicas), the output voltage was ∼1.6 mV (xGNP), ∼0.95 mV (TiC), and ∼ 0.45 mV (Hybrid). Similarly, for an electrode area of 235.5 mm2 (3 replicas), the response time was ∼283 ms (xGNP), ∼297 ms (TiC), and ∼ 307 ms (Hybrid). The durability tests were also performed and the results show that the voltage drop was negligible from initial to final cycles. Finally, the biocompatible tests were performed. The results show that the samples tested in the present work are biocompatible and can be useful for wearables or as implants for biomedical applications.

Optimization of Contact Pad Design for Silver Nanowire-Based Transparent Heater to Improve Heating Characteristics.

Transparent heaters are gaining significant attention for applications such as antifog glass, smart windows, and smart farm greenhouses. A transparent heater basically consists of transparent conducting materials that serve as a heating area and contact pad electrode to apply power. To fabricate a transparent heater, materials with excellent light transmittance and low sheet resistance are required. Among various transparent conducting materials, such as Indium Tin Oxide (ITO), carbon nanotube (CNT), graphene, and silver nanowires (AgNWs), AgNWs are particularly favored due to their good electrical, optical, and mechanical properties. However, in order to improve the heating characteristics of transparent heaters, research is essential not only on improving the properties of transparent conducting materials but also on the design of contact pad electrodes that can uniformly improve current distribution. Here, we explore various shapes of contact pad electrodes for AgNW-based transparent heaters to improve current distribution. Shapes such as line, spot, twisted, and parallel-type contact pad electrodes are designed and investigated to optimize overall heating characteristics. We analyze the heating properties of these transparent heaters with various contact pad electrodes, demonstrating how their specific shape and size affect heating characteristics and uniformity. We also investigate the optimal shape of the contact pad electrode to minimize transmission loss through UV-VIS spectroscopy. As a result, we confirm that the shape of the contact pad electrode was important for simultaneously achieving high heating characteristics of 120 °C, good heating uniformity, and over 80% transparency in an AgNW-based transparent heater.

Resistive Switching Characteristics of NiO Thin Films Influenced by Changes in the Diameter of Nanometer-Scale Top Electrodes.

We investigated the forming, set, and reset voltages affected by the area of the top electrodes of a resistive random access memory (RRAM) capacitor fabricated by epitaxial NiO thin films. NiO RRAM capacitors with Au top electrode with a diameter of 100 μm showed typical unipolar switching characteristics. Au top electrodes with diameters of 10, 20, and 30 nm were formed on the surface of epitaxial NiO thin films by e-beam lithography. The forming, set, and reset voltages tended to decrease as the diameter of NiO RRAM capacitors with nanosized Au top electrodes decreased. As the area of the Au top electrodes increases, the volume of space in which the conductive filaments formed within the NiO RRAM capacitors can be formed becomes larger. This causes the conductive filament to be formed at relatively low energy, giving low forming voltages, while increasing the diversity of paths, causing a wide forming voltage distribution.

Elucidating the Performance Limitations of a 25 cm2 Pure‐Water‐Fed Non‐Precious Metal Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer Cell

AbstractAnion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolysis has emerged as a promising technology for producing hydrogen in a carbon‐neutral economy. To advance its industrial application, performance evaluations of non‐precious metal AEM electrolyzers with electrode areas of 25 cm2 were conducted. The focus was on pure water operation, achieving a current density of 0.26 A cm−2 at a voltage of 2.2 V. To gain a better understanding, the AEM electrolyzer was also operated in aqueous KOH, yielding 1.2 A cm−2 at 2.2 V. By adding a liquid electrolyte and by varying cell components, causes of the occurring performance limitations and ways to improve the AEM electrolyzer were identified. Electrochemical impedance analysis showed that the activation loss at the anode due to sluggish OER kinetics was the limiting factor at low current densities. At higher current densities, which is the operating range of interest for industrial application, the ohmic resistance from the membrane was the dominant factor limiting high performance in pure water operation.

Exploiting Micrometer-Scale Replication of Fungal Biotemplates for Multifunctional Uses in Electrochemistry and SERS Substrates.

In this paper, filamentous fungi have been used as biotemplates to integrate gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs) into the cell wall. A new chemical mechanism has been proposed to elucidate the assimilation of Au-NPs by fungi, considering the ionic current that arises in the function of fungal metabolism. After biological components were eliminated, mycelium-like gold microtubes have been obtained using different fungal species as precursors. Mycelium-like gold microtubes replicate the biological shape of fungi, presenting inherent multifunctionality. This work presents two promising applications for this material: high surface area electrodes for electrochemical experiments and substrates for SERS detection of organic molecules such as Rhodamine 6G.

Deep cryogenic silicon etching for 3D integrated capacitors: A numerical perspective

One promising approach to increase the capacity density of integral microcapacitors, microsupercapacitors, and microbatteries is three-dimensional structure design, where electrodes are exposed in three dimensions instead of conventional in-plane electrodes. Such structures include nanowires, nanotubes, nanopillars, nanoholes, nanosheets, and nanowalls. In this work, a cryogenic silicon etching process suitable for fabrication of structures with high electrode area is proposed. A numeric model of this process is experimentally calibrated and used for pillar array structure sidewall area optimization. The use of adaptive Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg time integrator allows to achieve almost linear overall computation complexity as a function of simulated etching time, despite the linear increase in conductance computation complexity with depth. A rule for choosing optimal geometric structure parameters under technological constraints is formulated. An optimized trefoil-like structure is proposed, resulting in a total 5.5% increase in sidewall area with respect to the hexagonal array of circular pillars, resulting in 20.33 sidewall area per unit chip area for 30 min long etch or 31.80 for 60 min long etch.

Design of a molecularly imprinted polymer sensor modified with saffron-based copper nanoflowers for highly selective and sensitive determination of bortezomib

This work represents the first successful application of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based electrochemical sensor for the sensitive and selective determination of the first developed proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib (BOR). BOR is used for the treatment of multiple myeloma, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and mantle cell lymphoma. It shows its desired effect through the boronate group and can be administered intravenously or subcutaneously. The MIP-based electrochemical sensor design includes the integration of green-synthesized saffron-based copper nanoflowers (CuNFs) from Crocus sativus L. to increase the active surface area and porosity of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. 2-Acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (AMPS) was selected as the functional monomer along with other MIP components. Detailed characterizations of the developed CuNFs/AMPS/MIP-GCE sensor and CuNFs were performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The indirect measurement approach using 5.0 mM [Fe(CN)6]3–/4– solution was used to determine BOR in the linear range of 2.5 × 10−13 M − 2.5 × 10−12 M (0.25–2.5 pM). The LOD and LOQ values of the sensor obtained at the fM level (29 fM and 96.7 fM), which has a linear response in the commercial human serum sample in the same concentration range, emphasize its sensitivity (1.89 × 1013 and 2.14 × 1013 μA/M for standard solution and serum). The repeatability and reproducibility of the sensor were between 0.87 % and 2.17 %, showing its reliability. The successful performance of the sensor in the presence of metabolites belonging to BOR demonstrates its unique selectivity. The selectivity was demonstrated via relative imprinting factor (IF') values (higher than 3.5) against BOR's metabolites. The stability of the CuNFs/AMPS/MIP-GCE sensor was found to be 5 days.

A novel Co/Zn-ferrite molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical assay for sensing of gallic acid in plant extracts, wine, and herbal supplement.

In this study, a new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based sensor platform was developed for the electrochemical determination of gallic acid (GAL) in plant extracts, wine, and herbal supplements. Gallic acid is known for its natural antioxidant properties, which play an important role in preventing cell deterioration that can lead to various diseases. In addition, gallic acid has therapeutic potential due to its anticancer, antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective properties. Accurate analysis of gallic acid in complex matrices, in mixed samples where different components coexist, is necessary to evaluate the efficacy and safety of this compound. Cobalt ferrite-zinc-dihydro caffeic acid (CFO_Zn_DHCA) nanoparticles, sphere-like in shape and 5 ± 1nm in size, were incorporated into the MIP-based electrochemical sensor design to enhance the active surface area and porosity of the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. The functional monomer chosen for this study was aminophenyl boronic acid (3-APBA). In the GAL/CFO_Zn_DHCA/3-APBA@MIP-GCE sensor, which was developed using photopolymerization (PP), 3-APBA as a functional monomer was designed, and obtained in the presence of basic monomer (HEMA), cross-linker (EGDMA), and initiator (2-hydroxy-2-methyl propiophenone) by keeping it under a UV lamp at 365nm. It aims to detect GAL in real samples such as Punica granatum (pomegranate) peel, Camellia sinensis (green and black tea leaves), wine, and herbal supplements. Morphological and electrochemical characterizations of the designed GAL/CFO_Zn_DHCA/3-APBA@MIP-GCE sensor were carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The linear range for the determination of GAL using the indirect method (5.0mM [Fe(CN)6]-3/-4) was found to be 1.0 × 10-13M-1.0 × 10-12M, and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for standard solutions werecalculated as 1.29 × 10-14 and 4.29 × 10-14M, respectively. As a result of the study, the developed MIP-based electrochemical sensor was suitable for detecting GAL with high specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity. Recovery studies were performed to determine the practical applicability of the sensor, and the results were satisfactory. This innovative sensor platform stands out as a reliable and sensitive analytical tool for determining GAL.

Impact Deposition of a Single Droplet of Low-Melting-Point Alloy as the Top Electrode for Organic Photovoltaics.

Top electrodes of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are usually thermally evaporated in the vacuum, which is non-continuous and time-consuming and has been the bottleneck for the OPV fabrication process. Printable top electrodes that are free of vacuum, high temperature, and solvents will make OPVs more attractive. Low-melting-point alloys (LMPAs) are promising candidates for printable OPV electrodes thanks to the merits of matching work functions, high electron conductivity, high environment stability, and no need for post-treatment. Here, LMPA electrodes are directly deposited on OPVs by simply falling a single LMPA droplet onto the substrate. The LMPA droplet spreads to form a thin film with a smooth interface intimately contacting the substrate. The electrode area can be tailored by adjusting the droplet diameter or the Weber number, which is the ratio of inertia to surface tension. The interface morphology is mainly affected by the contact temperature. The degree of oxidation and charges on the droplet can also influence the electrode area and interface morphology. OPVs with droplet-impacted LMPA electrodes exhibit power conversion efficiencies of up to 16.17%. This work demonstrates the potential of single-droplet impact deposition as a simple method for printing OPV electrodes for scalable manufacturing.

LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a-based impedimetric biosensor powered by Fe3O4@Au-(S-polyA-S)-Au for detection of SARS-CoV-2.

Alow-cost, lab-made polytetrafluoroethylene micro-cell, equipped with three electrodes, wasd evelopedfor the impedimetric detection of SARS-CoV-2. The gold working electrode was modified with a double-ended thiolated poly-adenine probe, which was conjugated with magnetic Fe₃O₄@Au nanoparticles (Fe3O4@Au-(S-polyA-S)-Au). After the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) of viral RNA, the single-guide RNA (sgRNA), specifically bound to the SARS-CoV-2 target sequence, activates Cas12a. Cas12a then cleaved the immobilized probe. As a result, the magnetic Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles were released and adsorbed onto the gold electrode surface, using an external magnet. This process increased the physical surface area of the gold electrode, facilitating redox ion ([FeIII/II(CN)6]3-/4-) electron transfer. The decrease in the charge transfer resistance was utilized for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Our LAMP-CRISPR/Cas12a-based impedimetric biosensor, powered by Fe3O4@Au-(S-polyA-S)-Au, demonstrated impressive capabilities, including a remarkable detection limit of 0.8 aM (0.48 copies/µL) and a linear range of 0.01 to 36.06 fM.

Effects of tree species pore structure characteristics and CO2 activation on the performance of their derived carbon electrode for supercapacitors

Herein, we investigated the effects of tree species selection on the specific surface area and electrochemical properties of wood-derived carbon electrodes. The SEM, Raman spectra and aperture distribution test results showed that compared with BCW and ZCW, CW had a more complex hierarchical porous structure and more defects. The N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms and electrochemical test results showed that CW had the largest specific surface area and the best electrochemical performance, with a specific surface area of 495.3 m2g−1 and an areal capacitance of 3079 mF cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2. The specific surface area and electrochemical properties of ACW, ABCW and AZCW electrodes obtained by CO2 activation were significantly improved compared with CW, BCW and ZCW electrodes. Among the activated electrodes, the ACW electrode had the highest specific surface area (558.4 m2g−1) and the highest areal capacitance (3727 mF cm−2 at 5 mA cm−2).

Low noise signal processing for electrochemical biosensor using narrow bandwidth filter

Abstract Biosensor has an important role in several domains, including medical and environmental applications. The improvement of biosensor measurement system therefore offers a better measurement quality. The objective of this work is the development of the signal processing of electrochemical biosensor for advanced analysis and use. The noise of electrochemical sensor is considered rather higher than the other sensor due to many factors such as electrode area, solution velocity, and particle size in solution, which affect adsorption-desorption process. Moreover, the sensor signal processing also makes contribution to noise level. Therefore, it must be reduced and suppressed to obtain better measurement result. In this paper, a bandwidth optimisation method is proposed and used to improve measurement quality. The system is realized with a transimpedance circuit and low-pass and high-pass filter, so that it offers low noise characteristics. The developed proposed system has provided better improvement than the standard electrochemical biosensor system. The noise of the system can be suppressed to be lower up to 14.3% of the standard transimpedance circuit. This development is promising to give better biosensor measurement.

Optimizing power generation in sediment microbial fuel cells through multi-electrode configurations

BackgroundSediment microbial fuel cells (SMFCs) are efficient platforms for electricity generation and organic/inorganic material removal from sediment. The use of multi-electrode systems is vital for enhancing power and current generation while ensuring stability under bioturbation processes. MethodsThis study investigates the influence of anode and cathode configurations on the performance of various SMFCs with constant total electrode area and identical sediment. We specifically analyzed the impact of one, two, four, and eight graphite electrodes as anodes and cathodes in four SMFC setups. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and impedance tests were conducted to assess performance. Significant findingsResults show that the four-anode configuration exhibited increased current generation, while having four cathodes improved performance according to impedance tests. However, using eight cathodes led to decreased power and increased ohmic resistance due to cathodic restriction. SMFC A, with eight anodes and four cathodes, achieved a peak power output of 394 μW, while SMFC B, with four anodes and cathodes, reached a maximum current of 1600 μA. These values represent significant enhancements compared to single-anode setups with the same electrode surface area. This study highlights the potential for improving SMFC performance through strategic multi-electrode configurations.

Segmented catalyst layer with varied catalyst loading to improve the cost performance of proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell, a numerical investigation

In this work, a steady-state, three-dimensional and non-isothermal numerical model for a proton exchange membrane electrolysis cell (PEMEC) is established. Based on this model, the distribution of catalyst loading is specifically designed according to the flow characteristics of both parallel and serpentine channels. In general, the catalyst loading is progressively reduced from inlet to outlet along the flow direction to match the local water content, leading to an innovative segmented catalyst layer which has not been studied yet for PEMEC applications. The electrochemical behavior of different segmentation schemes is investigated by comparing their polarization curves normalized by either electrode area or catalyst loading, while other physical fields such as velocity, pressure, water mole fraction and temperature distributions are also characterized. The numerical results reveal that a reasonable distribution of catalyst can reduce its amount of usage while still maintaining most of the PEMEC performance. In other words, the cost performance is significantly improved. This is mainly attributed to the full use of uneven water distribution in the flow channel, which improves the catalyst utilization efficiency significantly. This strategy is proved to be effective for both serpentine and parallel channels, ensuring a broad application prospect.

Bifurcation and dynamics of periodic solutions of MEMS model with squeeze film damping

In this paper, we study the oscillations of an idealized mass–spring model of micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) with squeeze film damping. The model consists of two parallel electrodes separated by a gap d: one of them is fixed, and another one is movable and attached to a linear spring with stiffness coefficient k>0. The oscillation, under the influence of AC–DC voltage V(t)=vdc+vaccos2πTt, is ruled by the following singular differential equation my′′+[A(d−y)3+Ad−y]y′+ky=θ0A2V2(t)(d−y)2.Here, y is the vertical displacement of the moving plate (y is always assumed to be less than d), m>0 is its mass, A>0 is the electrode area, and θ0>0 is the absolute dielectric constant of vacuum. Taking d as the parameter, we show the existence of saddle–node bifurcation of T-periodic solutions to the equation in the parameter space. This answers, from certain point of view, the open problem proposed by Torres in his monograph, see Torres (2015, Open Problem 2.1, p. 18). Further, we prove that the equation has exactly two classes of T-periodic solutions: as d tends to +∞, one of them uniformly tends to +∞ at the rate of d, while the minimum values of the second class tend to, or cross, 0.

An efficient approach for EMG controlled pattern recognition system based on MUAP identification and segregation

An Electromyography (EMG) based pattern recognition system constitutes various steps of signal processing and control engineering from signal acquisition to real-time control. Efficient control of external devices largely depends on the signal processing steps executed before the final output. This work presents a new approach to signal processing using Motor Unit Action Potential (MUAP) based signal decomposition and segmentation. An MUAP is a neurological response during muscle contraction. Due to the higher contact area of surface electrodes, MUAPs from multiple muscles are captured. An MUAP generated from a single muscle usually has identical waveshapes and similar discharging rates and usually lasts for 8–15 ms. These are known as primary MUAPs. The proposed algorithm identifies and uses the primary observed MUAPs for feature extraction and classification. Firstly, noise signals are eliminated by a determined noise margin, which also separates the active muscle movement signals. Next, a novel MUAP identification algorithm is implemented to detect the MUAP trains. Then, identified primary MUAPs are used to make segments with variable widths to extract feature vectors. Based on the correlation score of all the primary MUAPs, the segmentation is performed, which results in segmentation width varying from 110–200 ms. The achieved segmentation width is lesser than the conventional overlapping and non-overlapping methods — the proposed approach results in a 20 to 50% reduction in the segmentation width. Four different classifiers are tested during the machine learning stage to investigate the performance of the proposed approach. The obtained feature sets are then used to train the Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), K-Nearest Neighbor (kNN), Decision Tree (DT), and Random Forest (RF) classifiers. The classifiers are tested with precision, recall, F1 score, and accuracy. The kNN and DT classifiers performed better than the LDA and RF classifiers. The maximum precision and recall are 100% while the maximum achieved accuracy is 98.56%. The comparative results show higher accuracy even at lower segmentation widths than the conventional constant window scheme. The kNN and DT classifiers provide a 5% to 15% increment in accuracy compared to the constant window segmentation-based approach.

Finite Element Analysis of Electrostatic Coupling in LISA Pathfinder Inertial Sensors

In the LISA Pathfinder (LPF) mission, electrostatic noise can reach the femto-Newtonian level despite the fact that the LPF’s sensors are equipped with potential shielding. Most of the existing simulation studies focus on the electrostatic edge effect and related fields, while the simulation study of the patch effect is neglected. For that reason, this paper analyzes the basic principle of electrostatic noise and constructs a simulation model for studying the coupling effects of a TM’s residual charge and stray bias voltage. The patch effect and other perturbation factors are simulated by the simulation model with finite element operation, focusing on the suppression effect of the protective ring on the edge effect, the realization of the patch effect in the simulation model, and the possible influence. The results show that electrode area and the spacing between the electrode and the TM together limit the suppression effect of the protective ring on the edge effect. The spatial and temporal variations of the patch effect significantly affect the distributed electric field between the electrodes and the TM, as well as the charge distribution density of the TM. In the worst-case scenario of LPF electrostatic input parameters, the electrostatic noise is about 1.03 × 10−15 m/s2/√Hz at 1 mHz, which is about 6% different from the expected performance estimate. Finally, considering the limitations of multiple environmental factors on the inertial sensors, the present model will be useful to explore the interactive effects of multi-field coupling and to further investigate the impact of low-energy electron charging on the performance of the inertial sensors.

Carbonized porous zeolitic imidazolate framework as promising electrode for electrochemical supercapacitors

In order to manufacture effective supercapacitors with improved electrochemical performance, it is imperative to investigate greater surface area electrode materials. This work describes the development of a cost-effective method for the carbonization of porous zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF8) to utilize as electrode of electrochemical supercapacitors. The electrode materials were prepared by synthesizing highly porous ZIF8-P followed by pyrolysis at 500 °C (ZIF8-P-500). The pyrolysis of ZIF-8 significantly strengthened the porous behavior by maintaining their hexagonal particles and obtaining high surface to volume ratio. The measurements using constant current charge/discharge (GCD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were used to evaluate the electrochemical capacitance characteristics of the synthesized ZIF8-P based electrode. The supercapacitor assembly using the optimized ZIF8-P electrode exhibited a high specific capacitance of ∼423.9 Fg–1 with exceptional cycle stability by maintaining capacitance of ∼86.7 % from its initial capacitance after 5000 cycles. Thus, the results indicate that the ZIF8-P based supercapacitor offers a compelling path for creating porous carbon electrodes from MOFs using low cost pyrolysis for advancing supercapacitor technology.