Coastal Areas Research Articles

Factor associated with diarrhea incidence in coastal area Bungkutoko, Kendari, Indonesia

Diarrhea is a health problem that has not been resolved until now, even this disease is the main cause of death in toddlers both globally and nationally. Diarrhea cases in the Nambo Health Center work area, Kendari City have continued to increase over the past 3 years. Bungkutoko is one of the sub-districts located in the coastal area of ​​Nambo District, Kendari City. Coastal areas include areas with inadequate sanitation access, with problems including the availability of clean water, toilets and other basic sanitation facilities that can be factors causing diarrhea. This study aims to determine the factors related to the incidence of diarrhea in the coastal area of ​​Bungkutoko. An observational analytic with cross sectional design was conducted in this study. This study was carried out in June 2024 in Bungkutoko Village, Kendari City, Southeast Sulawesi Province. The sample consisted of 70 respondents obtained using non-probability sampling, accidental sampling techniques. Data were collected using questionnaires and observation sheets, then processed and analyzed using a computer program. Data were analyzed bivariately using chi square test and fisher exact (if not eligible for chi square test) with 95% confidence level (α = 0.05). The results showed there was a relationship between water treatment before drinking and the incidence of diarrhea (p-value = 0.03), and there was no relationship between hand washing behavior (p-value = 0.09) and the condition of waste disposal sites (p-value = 0.25) with the incidence of diarrhea in the coastal area of ​​Bungkutoko, Kendari City. Therefore, it is expected that the community can process drinking water before consuming it to avoid diarrhea.

Groundwater conservation zone model to support sustainable tourism in coastal areas: A case study in Parangtritis Village, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Groundwater conservation zone model to support sustainable tourism in coastal areas: A case study in Parangtritis Village, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Microplastics in Sediments and Antique Ark Cockles (Anadara antiquata) from Surabaya Coastline, East Java

Microplastic contaminating the environment has become a global issue and is known to be found in marine biota. Surabaya coastline is the main area of community activities, thus contributing to the release of microplastics into the environment. Antique Ark cockle (Anadara antiquata) as bivalve is susceptible to microplastic contamination from the surrounding environment. This study aims to determine the abundance and characteristics of microplastics in A. antiquata and sediments collected from mangrove-covered area of Gunung Anyar (MGA) and coastal area of Bulak District (BLK). The number of microplastics in cockles was found higher in BLK (5,1 particles/individual) compared to MGA (2,3 particles/individual). Fiber (BLK = 64.13%, MGA = 54.64%) and fragment (BLK = 35.87%, MGA = 45.36%) were found in cockles, fiber was found to be dominating in cockles from both locations. The number of microplastics in sediment was also higher in BLK (361, 31 particles/kg dry weight) compared to MGA (170,82 particles/kg). Fragments (52.45%), fibers (47.19%), and pellets (0.25%) were found in BLK. Meanwhile, the microplastics found in MGA are fragments (51.10%), fibers (46.26%), filaments (2.20%), and pellets (0.44%). Fragments are dominating in both locations. Mann-Whitney test shows a significant abundance between microplastics found at BLK and MGA from sediment and cockles.

Identifying mechanisms of tropical cyclone generated orographic precipitation with Doppler radar and rain gauge observations

The tropical cyclone (TC) generated orographic precipitation frequently causes severe floods and landslides over coastal and land areas, but its underlying processes remain largely unresolved. This study explored this issue using a high-density rain gauge network and Doppler radar observations to investigate an intense orographic precipitation event over Da-Tun Mountain (DT) in northern Taiwan associated with Typhoon Meari (2011). Detailed examination of observations and the quantification of precipitation enhancement showed that the seeder–feeder mechanism, rather than the widely known upslope lifting mechanism, was a primary contributor to heavy precipitation. Smaller-scale, landfalling convective elements embedded within TC background precipitation and their interactions with DT also influenced the degree of orographic enhancement of precipitation. These rapidly evolving scenarios represent a secondary contributor to the modulation of precipitation intensities. The results from the study provide important insights into the relative importance of the different processes of orographically enhanced precipitation for TCs.

The Impact of Differential Settlement on Sloshing Dynamics in Coastal Zone Storage Tanks Under External Excitation: Implications for Sustainable Development

Large storage tanks situated in coastal areas are vulnerable to environmental hazards, with earthquakes being one of the most destructive forces threatening their structural safety. Additionally, differential settlement can significantly alter conditions in the tank, including the inclination, thereby changing the direction of external applied excitation forces and affecting the liquid sloshing response. To investigate the coupled effects of structural settlement and external excitation, model tests were conducted in series to analyze liquid sloshing behavior in a tilted tank subjected to harmonic excitation. The results revealed that the liquid response under combined environmental loads displayed distinct characteristics compared with that under single excitation. While the inclination angle had minimal influence during the unstable sloshing stage, it became crucial during the stable stage, particularly for third-order resonant responses, leading to intensified sloshing. More specifically, as the tilt angle of the storage tank from 0° to 8°, the steady-state wave height at third-order resonance increased by approximately 69%. This highlights the amplified risks to the structural stability and safety posed by differential settlement. Furthermore, variations in steady-state wave heights due to differential settlement conditions were investigated. The water level elevation along the tank walls varies as the inclination angles increase, which leads to potential risks to the stability of liquid storage under forced motion, especially under symmetric structural designs, and increases the likelihood of structural instability, oil spills, and other coastal disasters. These results provide valuable insights into the safety risks and sustainable utilization of coastal infrastructure, serving a basis for assessing and mitigating the risks associated with structural settlement and seismic excitations.

The The Potential of Pantai Indah Kemangi for Marine Tourism in Kendal

Background: Kendal Regency has significant potential in the tourism sector, particularly in marine tourism. One of the iconic beaches is Pantai Indah Kemangi, located in Jungsemi Village, Kangkung District. Pantai Indah Kemangi needs to be developed to maximize its potential as a tourism industry hub. Objective: The purpose of this research is to analyze the potential of Pantai Indah Kemangi as a marine tourism destination in Kendal. This study identifies the factors that support the development of this beach as a potential tourist destination. Method: This research employs a descriptive qualitative research method, with data collected through interviews, secondary data analysis, and field observations. Result: Pantai Indah Kemangi has great potential to develop as a leading marine tourism destination in the North Coast region. This area can stimulate local economic growth, especially with the development of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Jungsemi Village. The local government has also undertaken reforestation around the beach by planting sea pines, emphasizing environmental sustainability and the coastal ecosystem. Discussion: Pantai Indah Kemangi has significant potential to become an iconic marine tourism destination in the North Coast (Pantura) area. However, to optimize this potential, the road access needs to be revitalized to accommodate larger vehicles, and adequate lighting should be added. Conclusion: Pantai Indah Kemangi has made a substantial contribution to the development of marine tourism in Kendal, attracting both local and out-of-town tourists. Therefore, to ensure the continued growth of this tourist area, more effective promotion and improved services that do not disadvantage consumers are necessary

The Cyrenaica Karst Project: Karst Geomorphology and Caves, Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, NE Libya

This paper introduces the Cyrenaica Karst Project: a collaboration project between the University of Benghazi, Libya and the Hyblean Center of Speleo-hydrogeological of Ragusa, Italy. Among the objectives of the project there are: study the karst geomorphology and caves of Al-Jabal Al-Akhdar, construction of a speleological model consistent with the geodynamic evolution and climate changes taken place in the Tethyan-Mediterranean region; those with application fall-outs into the local socio-economic framework addressing the finding out and protection of new water resources, the mapping of man altered areas, potentially at risk of instability and/or sinking because of the presence of karst voids, and the institution of Karst Geosites and Geopark. The campaign of geospeleological investigations carried out in the 2007/2008/2009 years and most recently in 2022, 2023 and 2024 years, has concerned the karst area of the coastal belt of Benghazi, Sousa and the plateau of El-Marj, Al-Baydah, Dernah and Tobruk. In Benghazi area, the Lethe karst system with a large underground lake is of a particular interest. In the Sousa coastal area, a significant karst outcrop, was surveyed and documented, including Brak Notta karst system, which is constituted by a collapse doline and two large neighbouring doline-lake hydrologically connected by a recent tectonic structure. In the highly elevated areas of Al Baydah and Al Marj plateau, a very interesting geomorphologic and hydrogeologic studies show some large dolines and dip swallow-holes, inserted in the context of a typical cockpit relief, while in the plateau of Darnah the exploration of a complex labyrinthine cave has allowed the discovery of paleontologic and archaeological finds. Speleological/geological investigations of the above-mentioned karst areas are still being carried out in order to formulate a speleogenetic model linked to the tectonic phases and climatic changes that affected the Cyrenaica ridge during the Plio-Pleistocene to Recent.

Mining, characterization, and expression of a fructan sucrase for efficient conversion of soybean oligosaccharides

The high content of sucrose and raffinose reduces the prebiotic value of soybean oligosaccharides. Fructan sucrases can catalyze the conversion of sucrose and raffinose to high-value products such as fructooligosaccharides and melibiose. To obtain a fructan sucrase that can efficiently convert soybean oligosaccharides, we first mined the fructan sucrase gene from microorganisms in the coastal areas of Xisha Islands and Bohai Bay and then characterized the enzymatic and catalytic properties of the enzyme. Finally, recombinant extracellular expression of this gene was carried out in Bacillus subtilis. The results showed that a novel fructan sucrase, BhLS 39, was mined from Bacillus halotolerans. With sucrose and raffinose as substrates, BhLS 39 showed the optimal temperatures of 50 ℃ and 55 ℃, optimal pH 5.5 for both, and Kcat/Km ratio of 3.4 and 6.6 L/(mmol·s), respectively. When 400 g/L raffinose was used as the substrate, the melibiose conversion rate was 84.6% after 30 min treatment with 5 U BhLS 39. Furthermore, BhLS 39 catalyzed the conversion of sucrose to produce levan-type-fructooligosaccharide and levan. Then, the recombinant extracellular expression of BhLS 39 in B. subtilis was achieved. The co-expression of the intracellular chaperone DnaK and the extracellular chaperone PrsA increased the extracellular activity of the recombinant BhLS 39 by 5.2 folds to 17 U/mL compared with that of the control strain. BhLS 39 obtained in this study is conducive to improving the quality and economic benefits of soybean oligosaccharides. At the same time, the strategy used here to enhance the extracellular expression of BhLS 39 will also promote the efficient recombinant expression of other proteins in B. subtilis.

Spatial Dynamics of Macrobenthos Assemblages in Different Breakwater Systems in Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia

The Sultan Mahmud Airport runway extension in 2008 resulted in coastal erosion along the Kuala Nerus shorelines. In response, different breakwater systems were constructed to mitigate erosion. Despite previous reports highlighting the effects of breakwaters on marine organisms, the local impact remains uncertain. Therefore, this study investigates the spatial impact of different breakwater systems on macrobenthos composition in the Kuala Nerus coastal area. Samplings were conducted at 12 substations across five main stations, covering sheltered and exposed areas. Results revealed 27,137 macrobenthos individuals, with groyne exhibiting the highest macrobenthos composition (8448.79 ± 2813.73 ind./m2). Gastropoda dominated (4971.01–41608.70 ind./m2), followed by Bivalvia (2927.54–12391.20 ind./m2) and Polychaeta (1000.00–4956.52 ind./m2). Macrobenthos compositions in the sheltered and exposed stations differed significantly (p < 0.05). The coastal area is predominantly sandy (30.68%–77.32%) with relatively stable total organic matter (TOM) and heavy metal concentrations. Current speed and significant wave height (Hs) are lower in sheltered stations, while bathymetry is deeper in exposed stations (up to 8 m). The macrobenthos assemblages are influenced by soft-bottom characteristics and food availability, with the hydrodynamic stress from the breakwater system governing these two primary factors.

An Updated Environmental Resistance Model for Predicting the Spread of Invasive Species

ABSTRACTAimPredictive models on invasive species spread can assist in identifying large‐scale invasion risk. Environmental resistance (ER) models, which predict spread based on ecological similarity to already‐invaded communities, offer one approach. However, gaps remain in understanding how different ER measurements perform across different taxa and how they can be integrated with future global change. Here, we aim to discern the primary drivers of invasion spread by comparing different ER models and then use the best models to forecast future invasion dynamics.LocationEastern US.Taxa1873 invasive plants and animals.MethodsWe developed different ER measurements, including biotic similarities among native plants in their species and phylogenetic assemblages, and functional traits, and abiotic similarities in climate, soil, and human disturbances. We obtained the best ER model for each invasive species to evaluate their potential invasion extents; and we further predicted their future range shifts under climate change.ResultsNative plant similarities provided the best proxy measure of ER for both invasive plants and animals. Invasion hotspots were identified in urban and coastal areas, and the predicted potential invasion ranges under current conditions extended from these hotspots to the neighboring areas. The invasion range for most invasives was predicted to increase under future climate change, with Arthropoda and Tracheophyta generally expanding the most among all taxa. The invasives that are predicted to expand their range in the future have already occupied larger areas than the invasives whose ranges are predicted to contract.Main ConclusionsThese results highlight the importance of maintaining diverse native communities in invasion control and raise the concern of increased invasion risk in the future. Our findings call for more efforts on invasion monitoring in areas near large cities, and increased capacity for early detection and rapid response to prevent the current invasives spreading more widely.

INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT POLICY FOR STRENGTHENING NATIONAL MARITIME DEFENSE

Community participation is mandatory as stipulated in Law Number 1 of 2014 which amends Law Number 27 of 2007 concerning the Management of Coastal Areas and Small Islands. Challenges still occur in the implementation of this regulation, particularly regarding the suboptimal involvement of coastal Indigenous communities in managing their territories. This research examines how coastal Indigenous communities contribute to national maritime defense and how Government policies can empower them to enhance national defense. Utilizing a normative juridical approach, the research reviews and analyzes existing literature. The findings indicate that empowering coastal Indigenous communities plays a crucial role in preserving marine ecosystems, monitoring coastal areas, and identifying maritime threats, thereby strengthening national defense. Effective empowerment requires synergy between the central and regional Governments in policy formulation, ensuring community involvement. The novelty of this research lies in its proposal to formally integrate coastal Indigenous communities as a central element in national maritime defense, thus enhancing Indonesia’s maritime resilience.

Analysis of the dynamic response of a model of an oyster farming structure

ABSTRACT Encouraged by the increase in oyster consumption, allied to the growth in the use of coastal marine areas, the development of oyster farming in open sea areas involves the joint efforts of different areas of knowledge. This interdisciplinarity is needed, given that the vibrations and hydrodynamics of structures can affect the distribution of food, the filtering capacity and hence the growth of these organisms. In this context, the article discusses the dynamic response of a hanging oyster farming structure subjected to the influence of different waves. The quantification of the relative velocity between the body and the fluid indicates that the oyster shells probably close part of the time. Lastly, by increasing the length of the cable supporting the cultivation line, an attenuation of approximately 60% can be achieved in the horizontal movement as a result of the distance from the system's natural frequency to that of excitation.

Significant Impact of a Daytime Halogen Oxidant on Coastal Air Quality.

Chlorine radicals (Cl·) are highly reactive and affect the fate of air pollutants. Several field studies in China have revealed elevated levels of daytime molecular chlorine (Cl2), which, upon photolysis, release substantial amounts of Cl· but are poorly represented in current chemical transport models. Here, we implemented a parametrization for the formation of daytime Cl2 through the photodissociation of particulate nitrate in acidic environments into a regional model and assessed its impact on coastal air quality during autumn in South China. The model could reproduce over 70% of the high Cl2 level measured at a coastal site, revealing a discernible presence of Cl2 and released Cl· in coastal and adjacent areas. Abundant Cl2 alters the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, consequently increasing O3 (6-12%) and PM2.5 (10-16%) concentrations in high-NOx areas and reducing O3 (3%) concentration in low-NOx areas. Accounting for chlorine chemistry shifts the O3 - precursor relationships from VOC limited to mixed or NOx -limited regimes, enhancing the benefits of NOx emission reduction in mitigating O3 pollution. Our findings suggest that tightening emission control for two acidic pollutants, NOx and SO2, would alleviate reactive Cl· production and its adverse impact on air quality.

EVALUATION OF MEAN WAVE OVERTOPPING AND MAXIMUM INDIVIDUAL WAVE OVERTOPPING ON ROCK REVETMENT

An accurate estimation of wave overtopping discharge on rock revetment is important to protect coastal areas from possible hazards. The mean discharge value is often used in the coastal structural design. However, the anticipated impact of the maximum volume of overtopping by individual waves is expected to be significant in wave overtopping analysis. This research investigates the mean discharge of wave overtopping and maximum volume of overtopping by individual wave using two-dimensional (2D) physical model tests. The rock revetment model consists of armour layer with D50=46 mm, a filter layer with D50=13 mm, and an impermeable core, with a thickness of 2D50 for armour and filter layers. Wave overtopping volumes obtained from physical tests were then compared to EurOtop empirical formulae. The results showed that the variability of wave overtopping increases when the wave height and water level increase. This variation falls within the specified interval boundaries by EurOtop empirical methods, with the exception of the lower maximum volume of overtopping by individual waves. Furthermore, the findings indicate that the maximum volume of overtopping by individual waves can exceed the mean wave overtopping volume by up to 85%.

Impact of Long Well Screens on Monitoring of the Freshwater-Saltwater Transition Zone.

Deep monitoring wells with long screens crossing the transition zone between freshwater and saltwater are often used in coastal areas to characterize fresh groundwater resources and the depth of saline groundwater. However, past studies have demonstrated that long-screen wells can lead to biased observations of the transition zone, since vertical flow within the borehole can modify the shape and elevation of the transition zone in and around the borehole compared to undisturbed conditions without a well. Here, field observations and variable-density numerical flow simulations are used to evaluate, under natural flow conditions, how the installation of long-screen wells can provide time-varying biased observations of the freshwater-saltwater transition zone, and how various aquifer and well parameters affect the magnitude of these biases. Results show that long-screen wells can lead to a more dispersed interface, an upward displacement of the transition zone of between 5 and 10 m, and a salinity decrease in the saltwater portion of the well on the order of 10 to 15 g/L. The perturbations take up to 5 years to fully develop and stabilize. The degree of displacement depends on the screen diameter, screen length, aquifer anisotropy, and hydraulic conductivity, whereas the displacement is independent of the distance of the well from the coast. This analysis provides insight into which well and aquifer characteristics increase the risk of obtaining biased observations in long-screen wells, and provides orders of magnitude for these biases.

Recreation impact on the early establishment of dune-building grasses Elytrigia juncea and Ammophila arenaria on the beach

Sandy shores serve multiple ecosystem services, including recreation. To what extent these services can coexist is unclear, especially given increasing stressors such as rising sea levels and urbanization. We investigated the effect of recreational pressure on the establishment of two dune building grass species representative for European beaches (Ammophila arenaria and Elytrigia juncea). We conducted a field introduction experiment with seeds and rhizomes (diaspores) of both species along an anthropogenic pressure gradient on the upper beach of the Dutch barrier Island of Terschelling. Across two beach sites 300 plots were set out following a randomised block design with 4 factorial treatments (species*diaspore). Local plant material was collected. Plots were left unmarked to enable undisturbed recreation. Establishment success was monitored by counting the number of emerged shoots per plot at regular intervals across the growing season of 2022. To control for environmental drivers, we included the environmental variables: soil moisture, bed level change, and distance to the sea. We found that establishment success increased significantly with longshore distance from the beach entrance, irrespective of species or diaspore type. This effect was especially strong within the first 100 m, where plants did emerge from seeds or rhizomes but progressively died over the summer. Establishment success was further constrained by changes to the beach bed level and distance to the sea. Our results indicate that recreational pressure can constrain dune development on the upper beach. This implies trade-offs between beach functions, that should be considered when designing sandy coastal areas.

Analysis of Language Use in Fishing Families in The Coastal Area of West Java, Indonesia in The Form of Verbal Violence Between Husband-Wife and Parents-Children

Fisherman families experience a number of dynamics in interaction and communication within their families. One of them is the use of language in the family, such as verbal affection and verbal violence. This is in the interaction between husband and wife and parents with children. However, several problems were found, namely verbal violence that occurred to fishermen's families. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the use of language in fishermen's family interactions. Both in the use of forms and examples of verbal violence, as well as the impact of such verbal violence on spouses and children. Data was obtained from filling out a structured questionnaire, which was then interpreted as a method analysis in the results table. The results of the study show that there are several forms of verbal violence found in fishing families against their spouses. Such as degrading, ignoring, humiliating, defaming, hiding, blaming the partner, and threatening. Then, forms of verbal violence against children, such as rejection of love, debasement, perfectionism, pessimistic predictions, unfavorable comparisons, humiliation, cursing or swearing, threats, and sarcasm. The cause of this verbal violence is a lack of communication, interaction, and openness. The impact felt is the emergence of conflicts in the family. Therefore, the use of language in fishermen's families needs to be improved with the verbal use of affection.

Modelling Impacts of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities on Ecosystem State Variables of Water Quality in the Cat Ba–Ha Long Coastal Area (Vietnam)

Modelling Impacts of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Activities on Ecosystem State Variables of Water Quality in the Cat Ba–Ha Long Coastal Area (Vietnam)

Intra-guild competition and ecosystem services of mammal scavengers in a new colonized wolf landscape

Carcass utilization by scavengers is crucial for ecosystem dynamics, influencing energy transfer and nutrient cycling. Through the provision of unconsumed carcasses, the return of wolves (Canis lupus) to European ecosystems can trigger complex cascading effects on scavenger communities. Here, we investigate the scavenging dynamics of mammalian species in a prey-rich Mediterranean coastal area close to a large city where wolves have recently returned. Using camera traps, we monitored the scavenging activity on fallow deer (Dama dama) carcasses preyed upon by wolves over a five-year period following the predator’s return. We developed models to assess how competition between red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), wild boars (Sus scrofa), and wolves evolved over time, focusing on their carcass use, direct interactions, and spatiotemporal associations. Wolves exhibited consumption of only minor portions of prey and a negligible reuse of carcasses, while foxes and wild boars engaged in indirect competition for access to this emerging trophic niche. We found a notable temporal change in scavenging activity over the monitoring period, with wild boars progressively emerging as the primary scavenger and providing a substantial removal of carcass biomass. Our findings suggest that wild boars can assume a prominent scavenging role in environments where carcass availability is both abundant and predictable. This study underscores the importance of understanding scavenger temporal dynamics in the context of apex predator recolonization and highlights the need for further research to explore the long-term impacts of these interactions on community structure and ecosystem services as wolf populations continue to expand across Europe.

Spatial and trophic ecology of the estuarine Little Tern Sternula albifrons

Abstract Little Terns Sternula albifrons are estuarine birds extensively using increasingly urbanized coastal areas. Given the increased exposure of these ecosystems to anthropogenic activities, it is crucial to study the ecology of this species and interactions with human stressors to establish management measures. We collected regurgitates (n = 182) and blood samples (n = 48) to study Little Terns’ diet, health condition and isotopic niche, and individually tracked breeding adults (n = 9, during 2021 and 2022) at two sandy beaches 21 km apart and located within Ria Formosa Natural Park, Algarve, Portugal. Although both areas are adjacent to foraging coastal marine areas and an estuarine lagoon system with saltpans, they differed in human disturbance. We also compared breeding success and adult health measures between these two colonies. Main prey for both populations were Sand Smelts Atherina spp. and Common Gobies Pomatoschistus spp., and no differences in δ13C and δ15N stable isotopic values between colonies were found. Tracking data revealed that individuals foraged in the surroundings of their breeding colonies. Entrance Channels and Ocean were the most frequently used habitats for foraging by individuals from the less disturbed colony. Adults from the more disturbed colony foraged mostly in Entrance Channels. Overall, all individuals tended to forage during daytime. There were no differences in health measures of individuals between colonies, though breeding success at the most disturbed colony was comparably lower. It is important to protect both breeding areas and adjacent foraging habitats for Little Terns, particularly given the expected increasing pressure from human activities on coastal areas worldwide.