Area North Research Articles

Neogene erosion surfaces and the Andean uplift in northern Peru

The Andean flank in central Peru is characterized by stepped profiles involving up to 20 surfaces and pediments resulting from multiple episodes of uplift and erosion. The study area exhibits the same sequence of surfaces and pediments. The erosional features are also recognized in the Eastern Cordillera in northern Peru. This paper focuses on the seven highest features in the range c. 2800–4700 m. Remnants of the four surfaces higher than 3800 m, which were formed during the interval c. 18–12 Ma, are only found south of latitude 6–6.5° S. The Miocene metallogenic belt associated with the Western Cordillera terminates abruptly at that same latitude. The area north of c. 6° S does not have any features higher than c. 3500 m, which is interpreted as indicating a later initiation of uplift. It also lacks any sign of magmatic activity. On the basis of these factors, the Central Andes are considered to terminate at c. 6° S, the ranges to the north being assigned to the Northern Andes. Once episodic uplift was initiated in the area north of 6° S, it continued at the same rhythm as in the region to the south. There was no apparent change in the pattern of episodic uplift when the normal subduction regime changed to a flat-slab regime at c. 11 Ma, probably as a result of the subduction of the Inca Plateau. The distribution of the erosion surfaces indicates that episodic uplift affected the whole of the Andean Block in northern Peru. It appears that the individual episodes occurred simultaneously and produced the same amount of uplift over the whole width of the cordilleras. There is no sign of any interruption in the process, implying a continuous orogeny from the Mid-Miocene onwards.

Community Care Needs of Highly Complex Chronic Patients: An Epidemiological Study in a Healthcare Area.

One of the priorities in family and community care is the epidemiological surveillance of the care needs and dysfunctionality present in populations of highly complex chronic patients (HCCPs) using standardised nursing languages. The aim of this study is to establish the prevalence of care needs and dysfunctionality among HCCPs in a specific health area by municipalities and geographical areas (metropolitan, north, and south) while verifying correlations with sociodemographic, financial, and health characteristics. This is an epidemiological, observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study carried out with a sample of 51,374 HCCPs, whose data were grouped into 31 municipalities. Data were collected on the following variables: sociodemographic, financial, health, functional status (health patterns), and care needs (nursing diagnoses). The mean age of the HCCPs was 73.41 (1.45) years, of which 56.18 (2.86)% were women. The municipalities in the northern area have a significantly higher proportion of older patients, HCCPs, lower incomes, and higher unemployment rates. The southern area had higher proportions of non-Spanish nationals and professionals in the hotel and catering industry, and the metropolitan area had a higher proportion of employed individuals and higher levels of education. Northern municipalities had a higher prevalence of illnesses and anxiolytic and anti-psychotic treatments. Dysfunctionality frequencies did not differ significantly by area. However, a higher prevalence of 13 nursing diagnoses was observed in the north. A high number of correlations were observed between population characteristics, dysfunctionality, and prevalent diagnoses. Finally, the frequencies of dysfunctionality in the population and the most common care needs were mapped by municipality. This research sought to ascertain whether there was an unequal distribution of these two aspects among HCCPs in order to gain a deeper epidemiological understanding of them from a family and community perspective using standardised nursing languages. This study was not registered.

A systematic literature review on women’s daily mobility in the Global North

ABSTRACT Since the early 1980s, the differences between the daily mobility patterns of men and women have attracted increasing interest from scholars and policymakers. Academic literature has revealed that women in advanced countries tend to travel shorter distances, make more daily trips, use cars less frequently, and are more willing to adopt sustainable travel behaviours than men. However, with changing family and labour market conditions, new trends are emerging, which open avenues for further investigation. Based on these premises, this study systematically reviews recent studies on women’s daily mobility across urban and peri-urban areas of the Global North. The studies published in the last ten years are systematized by developing an analytical framework that facilitates synthesising research findings, identifying research gaps, outlining directions for further studies in the field, and providing insights to policymakers to design initiatives for fair and inclusive mobility.

Shallow geothermal field multidisciplinary exploration: New data from Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) for low—middle enthalpy resource exploitation

In the framework of the GeoGrid project, with the specific goal to look for shallow geothermal resources suitable to test the developed technologies, the Agnano geothermal field, a relatively unexplored sector of the eastern Campi Flegrei caldera, was investigated through a multidisciplinary geophysical, stratigraphic and hydro-chemical surveys. Such multidisciplinary approach allows us to reconstruct the subsurface morphology below the Agnano Hyppodrome (AH), interpreted by gravimetric, seismic and stratigraphic data, as a complex structure characterized by a gradual southward and south-eastward deepening of a high-density contrast interface. Moreover, the inferred models show two pronounced lateral depressions in agreement with the existence of known lateral faults bounding the western and eastern flanks of AH, while the hydro-chemical survey of the entire Agnano caldera revealed discontinuous manifestations of thermal waters along the groundwater flow direction. Furthermore, it was found that, within the southern sector of the Agnano caldera, mineralized waters predominantly align with a primary NE-SW buried structural lineament, a feature only hypothesized in previous studies and that in this sector local fresh groundwater likely receives endogenous inputs, including CO2 at elevated temperatures, potentially leading to the mixing of seawater or deep brine. Finally, our results individuate an area north of the Agnano Hippodrome characterized by a significant presence of higher temperature mineralized water, but lacking of seawater enrichment, making it a favorable site for further exploitation of low-to-medium-enthalpy geothermal sources.

An extensive investigation on human risk associated with PAHs in fish and sediment in Bushehr, Northern of Persian Gulf

Here, a comprehensive study was designed to estimate the human risk assessment attributed to exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)in sediment and fish in most polluted shore area in north of Persian Gulf. To this end, a total of 20 sediment and inhabitual Fish, as one of most commercial fish, samples were randomly collected from 20 different stations along Bushehr Province coastline. The 16 different components of PAHs were extracted from sediment and edible parts of inhabitual fish and measured with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC), respectively. In addition, dietary daily intake (DDI) values of PAHs via ingestion Indian halibut and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) attributed to human exposure to sediments PAHs via (a) inhalation, (b) ingestion, and (c) dermal contact for two groups of ages: children (1–11 years) and adults (18–70 years) were estimated. The results indicated that all individual PAHs except for Benzo(b)flouranthene (BbF) and Benzo(ghi) perylene (BgP) were detected in different sediment sample throughout the study area with average concentration between 2.275 ± 4.993 mg.kg–1 dw. Furthermore, Naphthalene (Nap) with highest average concentration of 3.906 ± 3.039 mg.kg–1 dw was measured at the Indian halibut. In addition, the human risk analysis indicated that excess cancer risk (ECR) attributed to PAHs in sediment and fish in Asaluyeh with high industrial activities on oil and derivatives were higher the value recommended by USEPA (10−6). Therefore, a comprehensive analysis on spatial distribution and human risk assessment of PAHs in sediment and fish can improve the awareness on environmental threat in order to aid authorities and decision maker to find a sustainable solution.

Spatio-temporal variations of habitat quality and its driving factors in the Yangtze River Delta region of China

Global biodiversity is still being lost at an alarming rate. How to slow the destruction of habitats to protect biodiversity is an urgent issue. As one of the most rapidly developing and active economic regions in China, the habitat quality assessment and impact factor analysis in the Yangtze River Delta region are important for promoting socio-economic development and improving the local ecological environment. The InVEST mode and Geodetector method was used to explore the spatial and temporal variations of the habitat quality and its driving factors in the Yangtze River Delta region. The results show that the averaged habitat quality index showed a decreasing trend during 1980–2020, which accounted about 71.86 % of the Yangtze River Delta region. The habitat quality showed an overall spatial pattern of high in the south and low in the north, and the regional distribution of low habitat quality was dominated. The Moran's I values were larger than 0.8 during 1980–2020, showing a significant positive spatial correlation and a high degree of spatial clustering. The high-high clusters of habitat quality were mainly located in the southwest of the study area, while the low-low clusters were mainly located in the north. During 2025–2060, the habitat quality under the three scenarios exhibited SSP1-RCP19 > SSP2-RCP45 > SSP5-RCP85 and all showed a trend of decreasing in the north of the study area and increasing in the south. Under the two scenarios SSP1-RCP19 and SSP2-RCP45, the habitat quality generally showed an increasing trend, while under the SSP5-RCP85 scenario, it showed a decreasing trend. The slope, DEM, precipitation, construction land index and their interactions played a dominant role in the spatio-temporal variations of the habitat quality. Therefore, the slope, DEM, precipitation and construction land index should be considered when formulating habitat quality protection countermeasures.

Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Hydrothermally Altered Rocks and Gold Mineralization, at Makhrag El-Ebl area North Eastern Desert, Egypt.

Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Hydrothermally Altered Rocks and Gold Mineralization, at Makhrag El-Ebl area North Eastern Desert, Egypt.

Stochastic Inversion in Determining the Distribution of Petroleum Carrying Sandstones in the "JS" Field of the South Sumatra Basin

The "JS" field is a field located in the South Sumatra Basin, where the field has good prospects for the distribution of petroleum-bearing sandstone. The target of this research is the Air Benakat formation. This research uses the stochastic seismic inversion method to determine the probability of finding petroleum in sandstone. Stochastic seismic inversion has the advantage that it can overcome thin layers and can reduce existing data misalignments. So stochastic inversion can overcome the shortcomings of other seismic inversions, especially model-based seismic inversion which is the initial model for stochastic seismic inversion. Stochastic seismic inversion produces several realizations by showing uncertainty so as to get results that are close to the actual situation. Probability map of oil-bearing sandstones located in the north and east of the study area. with the slice results obtained for the acoustic impedance range of 8517-9051(m/s)*(g/cc) and oil sand probability with a value range of 0.61-0.78%.

Impact of Preseason Climate Factors on Vegetation Photosynthetic Phenology in Mid-High Latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.

During the period preceding the vegetation growing season (GS), temperature emerges as the pivotal factor determining phenology in northern terrestrial ecosystems. Despite extensive research on the impact of daily mean temperature (Tmean) during the preseason period, the influence of diurnal temperature range (DTR) on vegetation photosynthetic phenology (i.e., the impact of the plant photosynthetic cycle on seasonal time scale) has largely been neglected. Using a long-term vegetation photosynthetic phenology dataset and historical climate data, we examine vegetation photosynthetic phenology dynamics and responses to climate change across the mid-high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere from 2001 to 2020. Our data reveal an advancing trend in the start of the GS (SOS) by -0.15 days per year (days yr-1), affecting 72.1% of the studied area. This is particularly pronounced in western Canada, Alaska, eastern Asia, and latitudes north of 60°N. Conversely, the end of the GS (EOS) displays a delaying trend of 0.17 days yr-1, impacting 62.4% of the studied area, especially northern North America and northern Eurasia. The collective influence of an earlier SOS and a delayed EOS has resulted in the notably prolonged length of the GS (LOS) by 0.32 days yr-1 in the last two decades, affecting 70.9% of the studied area, with Eurasia and western North America being particularly noteworthy. Partial correlation coefficients of the SOS with preseason Tmean, DTR, and accumulated precipitation exhibited negative values in 98.4%, 93.0%, and 39.2% of the study area, respectively. However, there were distinct regional variations in the influence of climate factors on the EOS. The partial correlation coefficients of the EOS with preseason Tmean, DTR, and precipitation were positive in 58.6%, 50.1%, and 36.3% of the region, respectively. Our findings unveil the intricate mechanisms influencing vegetation photosynthetic phenology, holding crucial significance in understanding the dynamics of carbon sequestration within terrestrial ecosystems amidst climate change.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Dry Eye Disease in the South of Palestine.

The prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) is rising globally and needs to be urgently addressed by medical professionals because it lowers patients' quality of life. There are as yet no available data in the literature about the prevalence of and risk factors for DED in the Gaza Strip, a gap that the present study seeks to address. A cross-sectional study was carried out between March and August 2022 in Gaza governorates using a proportional stratified sampling technique. Only Gazan individuals ≥ 18 years old and able to follow the instructions were included. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire, which has previously been translated into Arabic and validated, was applied to evaluate DED symptoms. Subjective clinical tests for DED conducted were tear meniscus height (TMH), meibomian gland dysfunctions (MGDs), Marx line (ML), conjunctival Lissamine green staining (LGS), tear film break-up time test (TBUT), corneal fluorescein staining (CFS) and Schirmer II tear test (STT). DED was defined based on an Arab-OSDI score ≥ 13 and at least one positive clinical sign. A total of 426 participants were assessed from four areas (North Gaza Strip, 82; Gaza City, 147; Mid-Zone Gaza Strip, 62; South Gaza Strip, 135). The prevalence of DED in the present study was 31.5% (95% CI: 27.1, 36.1). Age > 50 years old (odds ratio [OR] = 10.45; 95% CI: 2.95, 37.05; P < 0.001), female gender (OR = 3.24; 95% CI: 1.40, 7.52, P = 0.006), menopause or pregnancy (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.25, 5.35; P = 0.03) and pharmacotherapy (artificial tears; OR = 9.91; 95% CI: 2.77, 35.46; P < 0.001) were each associated with DED symptoms. South Gaza Strip (OR = 0.04; 95% CI: 0.01, 0.12; P < 0.001), unemployed (OR = 11.67; 95% CI: 1.43, 95.44; P = 0.02), non-consumption of caffeine (OR = 0.40; 95% CI: 0.19, 0.88; P = 0.02) and TMH < 0.2 (OR = 1.80; 95% CI: 1.02, 3.19; P = 0.04) were associated with TBUT < 5 s. LGS was associated with those > 50 years old (OR = 2.70; 95% CI: 1.38, 5.28; P = 0.004), previous refractive or ocular surface surgeries (OR = 2.97; 95% CI: 1.34, 6.59; P = 0.008) and CFS ≥ 1 (OR = 1.91; 95% CI: 1.07, 3.44; P = 0.03). Various aspects of DED were linked with different risk factors, suggesting that DED subtypes have different underlying pathophysiologies.

NaNu: Proposal for a neutrino experiment at the SPS collider located at the North Area of CERN

Several experiments have been proposed in the recent years to study the nature of tau neutrinos, in particular aiming for a first observation of tau anti-neutrinos as well as new constrains on the strange-quark content of the nucleon. We propose a new low-cost neutrino experiment at the CERN North area, named NaNu (North Area NeUtrino), compatible with the realization of the future SHADOWS and HIKE experiments at the same experimental area.

Climate change exacerbates the compounding of heat stress and flooding in the mid‐latitudes

AbstractHeat stress and flood impacts have been extensively studied separately because of their significant societal and economic impacts, albeit apart from each other. Here we show that heat stress can trigger floods across large areas of North and South America, southern Africa, Asia and eastern Australia. We also show that the compounding of heat stress and floods is projected to worsen under climate change. This effect is magnified as we move from the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) 1–2.6 to 5–8.5. Moreover, in the future, the compounding between heat stress and floods is projected to extend to Europe and Russia, two areas where it has not been identified as relevant in the past. Moreover, by intersecting our results with future projections of the population of urban agglomerations, we find that heat stress/flood compound can pose a serious risk to a large portion of the world population. These results highlight the need towards improved preparation and mitigation measures that account for the compound nature of heat stress and flooding, and how the compounding is expected to be exacerbated because of climate change.

Spatial interactions between perceived biophilic values and neighborhood typologies in urban wetlands

Wetlands provide a wide range of ecosystem services; however, little is known about their perception value or use for improving urban planning and wetland management. This study explores the perception values towards the Los Batros Wetland in Chile, by inhabitants from different neighborhood typologies. A sample of 457 responses evaluated the wetland by applying the Kellert framework of 9 biophilic values using a Public Participation Geographic Information Systems (PPGIS) approach. A spatial autocorrelation analysis with hotspot revealed that the spatial distribution of biophilic values varies by neighborhood typology. Subsequent ANOVA and T-test suggest that such distribution is affected by perceived accessibility and visitation purposes, and is influenced by socio-demographic aspects that vary among neighborhood typology. Inhabitants of the garden city typology located next to the wetland area, whose residents have higher education and income levels and who have easy and moderate access to the wetland, agreed with a diverse type of biophilic values. In the garden city, the ecologistic-scientific value has the higher spatial concentration. In the condominium typology, with similar education and income levels and accessibility, but situated far from the wetland, there was less agreement with biophilic values, and these were more dispersed, i.e. biophilic values are less representative. In this case, the aesthetic value prevails over others. At the north area of the neighborhood unit, where residents had lower education and income levels along with moderate to difficult physical access to the wetland, but they developed horticultural activities alongside the wetland, inhabitants agree with various biophilic values, highlighting its symbolic value. Conversely, biophilic values of people in the favela were not in agreement nor disagreement, regardless they have similar physical access and distance to the wetland as residents in the condominium typology, but have the lowest income and education level. Findings suggest that effective wetlands management requires appreciation of the clusters of values assigned to wetland environments, which in this case relate to neighborhood typologies. These clusters should be considered when planning to restore, protect, and improve urban wetlands.

EBV-Associated Gastric Cancer; An In Situ Hybridization Assay on Tissue Microarray: A Multi-Region Study from Four Major Provinces of Iran.

Gastric cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. The identification of gastric cancer subtypes related to recognizable microbial agents may play a pivotal role in the targeted prevention and treatment of this cancer. The current study is conducted to define the frequency of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection in gastric cancers of four major provinces, with different incidence rates of gastric cancers, in Iran. Paraffin blocks of 682 cases of various types of gastric cancer from Tehran, South and North areas of Iran were collected. Twelve tissue microarray (TMA) blocks were constructed from these blocks. Localization of EBV in tumors was assessed by in situ hybridization (ISH) for EBV-encoded RNA (EBER). Chi-squared test was used to evaluate the statistical significance between EBV-associated gastric cancer (EBVaGC) and clinicopathologic tumor characteristics. Fourteen out of 682 cases (2.1%) of gastric adenocarcinoma were EBER-positive. EBER was positive in 8 out of 22 (36.4%) of medullary carcinomas and 6 out of 660 (0.9%) of non-medullary type, which was a statistically significant difference (P<0.001). The EBVaGCs were more frequent in younger age (P=0.009) and also showed a trend toward the lower stage of the tumor (P=0.075). EBV-associated gastric adenocarcinoma has a low prevalence in Iran. This finding can be due to epidemiologic differences in risk factors and exposures, and the low number of gastric medullary carcinomas in the population. It may also be related to gastric tumor heterogeneity not detected with the TMA technique.

Challenges of Inclusion of Almagirai in Nigerian School Feeding Scheme

Almagirci has recently become an ideological battlefield debate about the roles of government to support them, which sometimes often focuses on feeding. It is expected that all children should equally attain the highest standard of education and nutrition through a school feeding scheme, but in the context of Nigeria, the commitment is different, especially for Almajirai. This study aims to examine the likely challenges in including Almagirai in Nigerian school feeding schemes with an emphasis on people's perceptions. The use of a survey research method through a questionnaire was adopted by the researchers, administered in Mubi North and South local government area of Adamawa State, Nigeria. The survey area represents only two out of hundreds of local governments in the country where Almajirai are sited. The findings revealed that out of 220 respondents, 166 (75.45%) and 174 (79.09%) strongly disagree with the current situation of Almajirai in terms of their feeding and the government commitments toward Almagiranci respectively. It was also revealed that 188 (85.45%) of respondents strongly agreed and in support of governments to include Almajirai in the school feeding scheme, simultaneously, 198 (90.00%) respondents responded that the inclusion will have a positive impact on their learning. In response to these challenges, It is expected that governments should move urgently to bring Almagirai under their oversight and regulation to enable her to take care of nutrition and the standard of their education.

Utilizing Buttock Measurements for Estimating Body Weight: Exploring Buttock Width and Popliteal Length for Ergonomic Design

This study explores the potential of utilizing buttock measurements, specifically buttock width and bottom popliteal length, as reliable indicators for estimating human body weight. Recognizing the increasing demand for accurate and accessible methods in various fields, author delves into the relationships between these lower body dimensions and overall body mass. The research evaluated 700 young adults, evenly split between 350 males and 350 females, utilizing random snowball sampling techniques from four local governments (Abeokuta South, Abeokuta North, Odeda and Ewekoro) areas of Ogun State, South Western Nigeria with participants aged between 19 and 27years The research centered on assessing human body weight (HBW), buttock width (BW), and bottom popliteal length (BPL) with all measurements documented in centimeters. Data analysis involved utilizing Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 21.0, for computation of average mean values, standard deviation, coefficient of determination (r2), correlation coefficient (r), and standard error of estimates (SEE). Additionally, linear regression analysis was employed to formulate the model equation for determining HBW, in relation to BW, and BPL. The study provides an accuracy and applicability of anthropometric prediction of HBW and foundation for the development of practical methods with diverse applications, ranging from healthcare assessments to ergonomic design.

Early Transport Patterns and Influencing Factors of Different Stocks of Uroteuthis edulis in the East China Sea.

Uroteuthis edulis (U. edulis) is an important economic loliginid resource in the East China Sea (ECS). Its flexible life history traits enable the population to quickly adapt to changes in habitat. Understanding the early transport process helps us to grasp the habitat requirements of populations at key life history stages. In this study, particle tracing was used to simulate the early transport trajectories (within 120 days). The gradient forest method (GFM) and generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) were used to analyze the key environmental variables that affect the early transport trajectories and the impact of environmental factors on the transport process, respectively. The results showed that spring stock tracers were transported to the northeast of the release area (Pengjiayu water) and the Pacific side of Japan. Summer stock tracers were transported to the north and northeast of the release area (Zhoushan island). Current velocity, salinity, and temperature were key environmental variables that affected the trace element ratios of spring stock at early life history stages. Mixed-layer depth (MLD), velocity, and chlorophyll a concentration (Chla) were key environmental variables for summer stock. Zonal velocity was positively correlated with the trace element ratio for spring and summer stock (0.14-0.16 m/s), while the meridional velocity showed an opposite correlation. The physical driving mechanisms of the Kuroshio warm current (or the Taiwan warm current) and the Yangtze River determine the paralarva retention location during early transportation. The differences in the dominant factors of the water environment in the retention area may affect the paralarva physiological functions and food availability. This study provides a scientific basis for a comprehensive understanding of the migration characteristics of U. edulis with different stocks.

Construction of carbon sequestration ecological network in Linyi City based on supply and demand of ecosystem service.

The increasing carbon emissions is one of the important reasons for global warming. As a key area of carbon emissions, carbon sequestration capacity of cities is urgently needed to be improved. Carbon sequestration ser-vices can be transferred between supply and demand areas due to the circulation of atmosphere. With Linyi City as an example, we used the minimum cumulative resistance model to extract the matching path of supply and demand, and constructed a carbon sequestration ecological network. The results showed that the regions with high supply of carbon sequestration services were located in the north and south of the study area, and that current total supply could solve about 60% of the total demand. Although the spatial distribution of supply and demand was uneven, 54% of the areas that could meet the surrounding carbon sequestration demand were still idle. The optimized supply-demand matching paths could maintain good transmission efficiency of material and energy, with lower costs. Paths with strong potential carbon sequestration capacity were located in the central and northwest part of the research area. In the construction of carbon sequestration ecological network, it is necessary to strengthen the protection and restoration of the supply side of carbon sequestration services, realize carbon reduction and strengthen carbon sequestration on the demand side, and optimize the matching path of supply and demand. This method provided services to the demand areas through the oversupply of ecosystem services, optimized the overall resource allocation, which could advance regional carbon sequestration capacity.

Responses of soil stoichiometry and soil enzyme activities in the different distance around opencast coal mine of the Hulun Buir Grassland of China

The objectives of this study were to explore the changes in soil stoichiometry and enzyme activities at different distances from an opencast coal mine in the Hulun Buir Grassland of China. Four transects were established on north and east sides of the opencast coal mining area, and samples were collected at 50 m, 550 m, and 1550 m from the pit on each transect. Control samples were collected from a grassland station 8 km from the opencast coal mining area that was not disturbed by mining. Four replicate soil samples were collected at each point on the four transects. Soil physicochemical properties and enzyme activities were determined, and correlations between soil properties and stoichiometric ratios and enzyme activities were explored using redundancy analysis. The increase in distance from mining did not significantly affect soil properties, although soil urease activity was significantly lower than that of the control area. Soil properties 1550 m from the mine pit were similar to those at the grassland control. In addition, soil total nitrogen had the greatest effect on soil stoichiometry, and soil total potassium had the greatest effect on soil enzyme activities. Coal dust from opencast mining might be the main factor affecting soil stoichiometry and enzyme activities. The results of this study provide direction for the next step in studying the influence of mining areas on soil properties and processes.

Prediction of Humidity using Multi Linear Perceptron and Support Vector Machine North Twenty-four Parganas , West Bengal

The ability to predict the weather is necessary for lifesaving. Weather prediction has important applications in transportation, agriculture, floods, and other natural phenomena. For weather forecasting to be accurate, air pressure prediction is essential. Among the methods available for Air Pressure prediction is multiple linear regression. To ascertain the relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable The linear regression model is a very useful tool in statistics. An expansion of the linear regression model is multiple linear regression. To add variables to our experiment, we used MATLAB. Predicting air pressure is crucial to weather forecasting. We have selected Kolkata, or more precisely the Dum Dum Metropolitan area in North 24 Parganas, for the purpose of forecasting rainfall. Keyword: Humidity prediction, Multi Layer Perceptron Model, Support Vector Machine,Root Mean Square