Area In Winter Research Articles

Existence, morphology and structure of the Yellow Sea Warm Current Branch approaching waters offshore Qingdao, China

In this study, we focused on full-region cruise survey data, near-bottom continuous mooring observations and sea surface wind products from the western South Yellow Sea in winter; after ensuring the data reliability and accuracy, we processed and analyzed the data. Image resolution experiments were carried out to determine the lowest recognition resolutions for all image types, which represent the resolution characteristics of the data. The existence of a warm water tongue originating from the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) that approached waters offshore Qingdao was confirmed. For the first time, a high salinity water tongue, corresponding to the warm water tongue, was described and found to be more representative of the YSWC branch path This warm tongue is a sign of the branch originating from the YSWC, which we defined as the Yellow Sea Warm Current Branch approaching waters offshore Qingdao (YSWC-QDB). The pattern of the warm and salty water tongues showed remarkable rear, branching middle, shrinking neck and expanding top regions. These patterns showed a temporal feature of the tongues, and were the result of multi-temporal branches in front of the YSWC main section as well as the YSWC-QDB crossing the southwestward path of the extension of the North Shandong Coastal Current flowing along the southeast coast of the Shandong Peninsula (NSCC-SESE). Analysis using mooring data at a sensitive and representative station also showed the existence of the YSWC-QDB. It is a probabilistic event that manifests as a northwestward flow that decreases gradually from the bottom to the surface in the early cold air transit stage and consistent in the whole water column profile in the later stage. It varies quasi-periodically with weather processes. It also transports some of the YSWC water stored in the entrance area of the Bohai and Yellow seas under winter wind conditions to the western South Yellow Sea as a compensatory current. This current, caused by northerly winds, especially northwest winds and obstruction of the NSCC-SESE, was present, and strong water reduction and compensation caused significant residual sea level oscillations. The compensatory current, if caused by strong northwest wind, began to appear when its direction was opposite to the wind direction. In addition, confirmation of the YSWC-QDB provides an oceanographic basis for the short cooling time and rapid warming in the Qingdao area in winter. This research provides a basis for further studies of the YSWC-QDB at high spatial and temporal resolutions using large sea surface datasets. For monsoon basin dynamics, this study can also be extended to the whole Bohai and Yellow seas and closed or semi-closed basins on the continental margin.

Study on indoor thermal environment of rural dwellings in Northwest China in winter

In order to study the status of the indoor thermal environment of the northwest rural dwellings in winter, the thermal performance and the residents’ adaptability are investigated and the indoor and outdoor thermal environment parameters are measured in Zhongwei region of Ningxia, the indoor thermal environment is analyzed and evaluated by the operating temperature. The results show that the northwest rural residents have strong adaptability to the cold indoor thermal environment in winter. In this area, the cold and daily temperature difference in winter is large, but the solar energy is rich, and it has the geographical advantage of developing passive solar building. The thermal performance of existing rural dwellings is poor and the indoor thermal environment is not ideal. It is necessary to enhance the thermal performance of building’s heat collection, thermal storage and enclosure structure.

Sources and Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ambient Total Suspended Particles in Ulaanbaatar City, Mongolia.

The purpose of this study was to identify pollution sources by characterizing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from total suspended particles in Ulaanbaatar City. Fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were measured in total suspended particle samples collected from different sites, such as the urban center, industrial district and ger (Mongolian traditional house) areas, and residential areas both in heating (January, March), and non-heating (September) periods in 2017. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentration ranged between 131 and 773 ng·m−3 in winter, 22.2 and 530.6 ng·m−3 in spring, and between 1.4 and 54.6 ng·m−3 in autumn. Concentrations of specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons such as phenanthrene were higher in the ger area in winter and spring seasons, and the pyrene concentration was dominant in late summer in the residential area. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons concentrations in the ger area were particularly higher than the other sites, especially in winter. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ratios indicated that vehicle emissions were likely the main source at the city center in the winter time. Mixed contributions from biomass, coal, and petroleum combustion were responsible for the particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution at other sampling sites during the whole observation period. The lifetime inhalation cancer risk values in the ger area due to winter pollution were estimated to be 1.2 × 10−5 and 2.1 × 10−5 for child and adult exposures, respectively, which significantly exceed Environmental Protection Agency guidelines.

Indoor Thermal Environment Monitoring and Evaluation of Double-Deck Prefabricated House in Central China—Taking Zhengzhou Area as an Example

In order to improve the operating condition in construction site of project personnel in central China and make qualitative and quantitative evaluations for the indoor thermal environment in the prefabricated house, this paper made periodical measurement for the indoor thermal environment in a double-deck prefabricated house in a construction site in Zhengzhou area in summer and winter, tested the thermal environment condition and analyzed the achievement scale of the thermal comfort level. And then this paper compared the test data and analyzed some influence factors of the indoor thermal environment in the prefabricated house, and found the reasons why the indoor thermal environment in the prefabricated house deteriorated, thereby established theoretic basic for the target optimization and energy-saving design of the prefabricated house in the future.

Isotopic and elemental profiles of Mediterranean buffalo milk and cheese and authentication of Mozzarella di Bufala Campana PDO: An initial exploratory study

Mozzarella di Bufala Campana (MBC) is a PDO cheese produced from whole buffalo milk in specific regions of southern Italy. Due to the high price and the limited amount of buffalo milk, MBC is potentially subject to mislabelling. Stable isotope ratio analysis combined with elemental analysis is one powerful technique for detecting the authenticity of PDO cheeses. Here, the elemental and isotopic profiles of authentic samples of buffalo milk and the corresponding MBC samples collected in the reference area in winter and summer are presented in an initial exploratory study. By merging MBC-PDO samples with non-PDO samples of buffalo mozzarella produced both inside and outside the reference area, a model was developed to classify product categories for this cheese. Despite the differences occurring during processing, along with differences in the season and production area, the model was effective in distinguishing PDO and non-PDO mozzarella, particularly when non-PDO cheeses were made outside the MBC reference area.

An assessment of regional sea ice predictability in the Arctic ocean

Arctic sea ice plays a central role in the Earth’s climate. Changes in the sea ice on seasonal-to-interannual timescales impact ecosystems, populations and a growing number of stakeholders. A prerequisite for achieving better sea ice predictions is a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of sea ice predictability. Previous studies have shown that sea ice predictability depends on the predictand (area, extent, volume), region, and the initial and target dates. Here we investigate seasonal-to-interannual sea ice predictability in so-called “perfect-model” 3-year-long experiments run with six global climate models initialized in early July. Consistent with previous studies, robust mechanisms for reemergence are highlighted, i.e. increases in the autocorrelation of sea ice properties after an initial loss. Similar winter sea ice extent reemergence is found for HadGEM1.2, GFDL-CM3 and E6F, while a long sea ice volume persistence is confirmed for all models. The comparable predictability characteristics shown by some of the peripheral regions of the Atlantic side illustrate that robust similarities can be found even if models have distinct sea ice states. The analysis of the regional sea ice predictability in EC-Earth2.3 demonstrates that Arctic basins can be classified according to three distinct regimes. The central Arctic drives most of the pan-Arctic sea ice volume persistence. In peripheral seas, we find predictability for the sea ice area in winter but low predictability throughout the rest of the year, due to the particularly unpredictable sea ice edge location. The Labrador Sea stands out among the considered regions, with sea ice predictability extending up to 1.5 years if the oceanic conditions upstream are known.

Synthesis of Urban CO2 Emission Estimates from Multiple Methods from the Indianapolis Flux Project (INFLUX).

Urban areas contribute approximately three-quarters of fossil fuel derived CO2 emissions, and many cities have enacted emissions mitigation plans. Evaluation of the effectiveness of mitigation efforts will require measurement of both the emission rate and its change over space and time. The relative performance of different emission estimation methods is a critical requirement to support mitigation efforts. Here we compare results of CO2 emissions estimation methods including an inventory-based method and two different top-down atmospheric measurement approaches implemented for the Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.A. urban area in winter. By accounting for differences in spatial and temporal coverage, as well as trace gas species measured, we find agreement among the wintertime whole-city fossil fuel CO2 emission rate estimates to within 7%. This finding represents a major improvement over previous comparisons of urban-scale emissions, making urban CO2 flux estimates from this study consistent with local and global emission mitigation strategy needs. The complementary application of multiple scientifically driven emissions quantification methods enables and establishes this high level of confidence and demonstrates the strength of the joint implementation of rigorous inventory and atmospheric emissions monitoring approaches.

A Study on Reduction of Fog Generated from Hot Waste Water Treatment Plant Waste Water at Display Industrial Complex

The hot waste water from the display industrial complex affects the traffic and the surrounding environment due to fog generation in the surrounding area in winter. A simulator was built to predict the occurrence of fog due to temperature changes. Humidity change was measured after setting the temperature and ambient temperature of the hot water. The evaporation rate was compared at the reservoir discharging the hot water. When the temperature was 28oC and the atmospheric temperature was -5oC, the evaporation rate rapidly saturated to 0.9 cm/day or more. It was found that the temperature difference between the water and the atmosphere in winter exceeded the fog generation criterion of 8oC, and the evaporation amount easily changed to fog. The calculated results from the relative humidity using the simulator were in good agreement with the evaporation rate. When the temperature of the hot water is cooled from 28oC to 21oC, it is confirmed that the amount of evaporation can be reduced by 33% that result in decrease of fog generation.

Seasonality of the Physical and Biogeochemical Hydrography in the Inflow to the Arctic Ocean Through Fram Strait

Eastern Fram Strait and the shelf slope region north of Svalbard is dominated by the advection of warm, salty and nutrient-rich Atlantic Water (AW). This oceanic heat contributes to keeping the area relatively free of ice. The last years have seen a dramatic decrease in regional sea ice extent, which is expected to drive large increases in pelagic primary production and thereby changes in marine ecology and nutrient cycling. In a concerted effort, we conducted five cruises to the area in winter, spring, summer and fall of 2014, in order to understand the physical and biogeochemical controls of carbon cycling, for the first time from a year-round point of view. We document (1) the offshore location of the wintertime front between salty AW and fresher Surface Water in the ocean surface, (2) thermal convection of Atlantic Water over the shelf slope, likely enhancing vertical nnutrient fluxes, and (3) the importance of ice melt derived upper ocean stratification for the spring bloom timing. Our findings strongly confirm the hypothesis that this ``Atlantification'', as it has been called, of the shelf slope area north of Svalbard resulting from the advection of AW alleviates both nutrient and light limitations at the same time, leading to increased pelagic primary productivity in this region.

Distribution of Polychaeta Communities in the West Spitsbergen Area in Winter (December 2015).

Using the materials collected in 2015, modern data have been obtained on the polychaete species composition and quantitative distribution in the West Spitsbergen area in winter. Polychaete species complexes corresponding to different habitat conditions have been identified in the outer and inner parts of the bays. The distribution of the Polychaeta communities proved to be dependent on the bottom sediment composition, depth, and specific hydrological regime.

Investigation on thermal environment improvement by waste heat recovery in the underground station in Qingdao metro

The thermal environment parameters, like the temperature and air velocity, are measured to investigate the heat comfort status of metro staff working area in winter in Qingdao. The temperature is affected obviously by the piston wind from the train and waiting hall in the lower Hall, and the temperature is not satisfied with the least heat comfort temperature of 16 °C. At the same time, the heat produced by the electrical and control equipments is brought by the cooling air to atmosphere for the equipment safety. Utilizing the water-circulating heat pump, it is feasible to transfer the emission heat to the staff working area to improve the thermal environment. Analyzed the feasibility from the technique and economy when using the heat pump, the water-circulating heat pump could be the best way to realize the waste heat recovery and to help the heat comfort of staff working area in winter in the underground metro station in north China.

The Effect of Seasonal Variability of Atlantic Water on the Arctic Sea Ice Cover

Under the influence of global warming, the sea ice in the Arctic Ocean (AO) is expected to reduce with a transition toward a seasonal ice cover by the end of this century. A comparison of climate-model predictions with measurements shows that the actual rate of ice cover decay in the AO is higher than the predicted one. This paper argues that the rapid shrinking of the Arctic summer ice cover is due to its increased seasonality, while seasonal oscillations of the Atlantic origin water temperature create favorable conditions for the formation of negative anomalies in the ice-cover area in winter. The basis for this hypothesis is the fundamental possibility of the activation of positive feedback provided by a specific feature of the seasonal cycle of the inflowing Atlantic origin water and the peaking of temperature in the Nansen Basin in midwinter. The recently accelerated reduction in the summer ice cover in the AO leads to an increased accumulation of heat in the upper ocean layer during the summer season. The extra heat content of the upper ocean layer favors prerequisite conditions for winter thermohaline convection and the transfer of heat from the Atlantic water (AW) layer to the ice cover. This, in turn, contributes to further ice thinning and a decrease in ice concentration, accelerated melting in summer, and a greater accumulation of heat in the ocean by the end of the following summer. An important role is played by the seasonal variability of the temperature of AW, which forms on the border between the North European and Arctic basins. The phase of seasonal oscillation changes while the AW is moving through the Nansen Basin. As a result, the timing of temperature peak shifts from summer to winter, additionally contributing to enhanced ice melting in winter. The formulated theoretical concept is substantiated by a simplified mathematical model and comparison with observations.

Increasing the efficiency of the process of snow mass utilization from the urban infrastructure and reducing the negative impact on the environment through the introduction of an installation for the utilization of snow mass

The article raises the problem of the maintenance of the urban area in winter, namely, the problem of disposal of snow masses from the urban area. The article describes the main disadvantages of the existing snow-melting systems for the utilization of city snow mass and are encouraged to develop an installation for melting of snow, functioning at the expense of power consumption. The developed installation allows to reduce the noise level during its operation, to exclude the influence of exhaust gases on the environment, therefore, to improve the environmental safety of the urban infrastructure.

주택 실내 공기중 오염물질 농도의 동절기와 하절기 비교 분석

Purpose: The study is to measure concentrations of indoor air pollutants in housing and to analyze the characteristics of pollutants in housing indoor-air between summer and winter comparatively. The research result could be used as data for public health through indoor air quality management of existing housing and more as a reference for new housing. Method: It was investigated 24 middle class housings of metropolitan area in winter which have been built for the past 30 years. Concentration of HCHO, TVOC was investigated in living room at morning and night and concentration of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> was investigated in living room and master bedroom at morning and night. SKT100-X5 was used for concentration of HCHO, TVOC and ZGm053UK for concentration of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX>. The characteristics of HCHO, TVOC, <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> concentration in winter were analyzed and then the concentrations in winter were analyzed the concentrations in summer being preceding research comparatively. Result: Average concentration of TVOC in winter was 2.7 times more than that of TVOC in summer, average concentration of HCHO in winter was about 2.0 times more than that of HCHO in summer. Average concentration of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> in the morning at living room in winter was 1.3 times more than that of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> in summer. Average concentration of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> in the morning at master bedroom in winter was 1.1 times more than that of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> in summer. Average concentration of TVOC was 1.31 times more than that of HCHO and standard deviation of that was 1.73 times higher. Average concentration of <TEX>$CO_2$</TEX> was almost nearly close or over to 1,000ppm being criteria of the Ministry of Environment.

Dynamic Simulation of Solar Heating System in Summer and Winter

This paper presents a dynamic model of the solar heating system composed by an inclined solar flat collector coupled to heat storage tank. A Matlab/Simulink based model has been developed to predict the instantaneous solar radiation intensity, the outlet temperature of collector working fluid, the tank temperature and the solar energy utilization of the system. As a case study, this paper analyzed the simulation of Beijing area in winter and summer, the results show that 50~60 degree of inclination of collector can receive more energy and that the performance of the heat collector is stable which efficiency is basically stable at 0.65. The results demonstrate that the maximum outlet temperature of the collector was 35.4°C in winter and 71.1°C in summer. Through the daytime heat storage, the temperature of the heat storage tank can reach 55°C in summer, which is 24°C higher than that in winter. The simulation results can predict the operation of the solar system and provide the research foundation for the dynamic simulation of the solar energy as an auxiliary energy system.

Identification of the potential regions contributing to ozone at a coastal site of eastern China with air mass typology

The concentrations of O3 and CO at a coastal site of eastern China were analyzed using hourly data from February 2015 to January 2016. Conditional probability function, bivariate correlation, trajectory clustering and potential source contribution function were applied to determine the potential regions contributing to surface O3 at the study site. The O3 and CO concentrations reached their maxima in autumn and winter, respectively. Relatively high exceeding rate (8.8%) over the national 8-h O3 standard of China (75 ppb) was observed, which indicated significant health risks of O3 exposure to people. The results of all the analyses suggested that the major potential regions contributing to O3 were located in the coastal and marine areas of eastern China. The highest O3 levels occurred with relatively high wind speeds (5 m/s), revealing significant contributions of external sources. Based on the cluster analyses of backward trajectories, the air masses associated with the coastal and marine clusters contributed to 32.2% and 37.4% of surface O3 at the study site, respectively. The domain of major potential region varied with seasons, with larger areas appearing in summer and autumn, and smaller area in winter, which suggested more contributions to the O3 pollution from distant transport during warm seasons. As to the influence mechanisms on surface O3, the spatial position of the study site, mesoscale process and long-range transport of pollutants from northern China might play important roles. Besides, favorable climate conditions (e.g. high temperature) could also significantly contribute to the O3 pollution during the study period.

Tidal and seasonal influences in dolphin habitat use in a southern Brazilian estuary

In this study we describe how franciscana and Guiana dolphin habitat use is influenced by tidal cycles and seasonality in Babitonga Bay. The franciscanas use a greater area in winter and a smaller area in summer, but the extent of the area used did not vary with the tide. Guiana dolphins did not change the extent of the area used within seasons or tides. Franciscanas remained closer to the mouth of the bay and the islands during ebb tide, moving to the inner bay areas and closer to the mainland coast during flood tide. Guiana dolphin used areas closer to the mainland coast during the flood tide. Guiana dolphin patterns of movement do not seem to be related to the tidal current. Franciscanas used sandier areas while Guiana dolphins preferred muddy areas, with some seasonal variation. We suggest that these dolphins modify their distributions based on habitat accessibility and prey availability. This study enhances our knowledge of critical habitat characteristics for franciscana and Guiana dolphins, and these factors should be considered when planning local human activities targeting species conservation.

Consistent variation in individual migration strategies of brown skuas

Seabirds show remarkable variability in migration strategies among individuals and populations. In this study, we analysed 47 migrations of 28 brown skuas Catharacta antarctica lonnbergi breeding on King George Island in the Maritime Antarctic. Brown skuas from this population used a large area during the non-breeding period north of 55°S, including parts of the Patagonian Shelf, Argentine Basin and South Brazil Shelf, areas which are characterised by high levels of marine productivity. However, individual birds utilised only a subset of these areas, adopting 1 of 4 distinct migration strategies to which they were highly faithful between years, and showed high repeatability in departure and arrival dates at the breeding ground. Although they spent the majority of the non-breeding season within a particular region, almost all individuals used the same area in the late winter, exploiting its seasonal peak in productivity. Overall, these results indicate consistent individual variation in migration strategies that may reflect a combination of genetic control and individual experience, but with considerable flexibility to shift distribution in response to prevailing environmental conditions.

Characteristics of chemical composition and role of meteorological factors during heavy aerosol pollution episodes in northern Beijing area in autumn and winter of 2015

Heavy aerosol pollution episodes (HPEs) usually start from late autumn and become more serious in winter in Beijing and its vicinity (BIV). In this study, we examine the reasons for the formation and change of HPEs in the areas of northern BIV. The size-resolved chemical components of PM1 and meteorological conditions were investigated during HPEs in autumn and winter of 2015. Stable regional atmosphere and higher atmospheric condensation processes associated with southerly and lower speed wind led to the formation of HPEs. After the start of these HPEs, the concentration of fine particles increased more than twice in several hours. ~80% of the ‘explosive’ growth in PM mass can be considered as a positive feedback of meteorological factors that come from even more stable atmosphere and larger condensation rate of water vapour, which was derived from the interaction between formed aerosol pollution and the meteorological factors within boundary layer. Nitrate was the largest fraction of PM1 in autumn, and the most significantly increased component during HPEs relative to clean period during both of autumn and winter. The proportion of organic aerosol (OA) was similar to that of nitrate in autumn, but its rise in HPE was much smaller, mainly because of the high concentration of OA existed during clean periods. Compared with the largest increase of nitrate, the similar uplift was found for ammonium production, showing that a large amount of ammonium was mainly formed by the combination of in HPEs, rather than . In addition to the lower southerly wind carrying pollutants from southern part of BIV, westerly wind from central Inner Mongolia and north Shanxi can also bring air pollutants originating from coal combustion, contributing to the heavy pollution in the northern BIV area in winter, and resulting in higher sulphate, nitrate and OA masses.

黄河口邻近海域浮游动物群落时空变化特征

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 黄河口邻近海域浮游动物群落时空变化特征 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201507291595 作者: 作者单位: 中科院烟台海岸带研究所 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（XDA11020405，XDA05130703）；国家自然科学基金项目（41206086） Spatial and seasonal variability of the zooplankton community in the Yellow River Estuary's adjacent sea Author: Affiliation: antai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:利用2012年12月-2013年9月4个季度的现场调查资料研究了黄河口邻近海域浮游动物群落的时空分布特征。研究表明，黄河口邻近海域共鉴定出浮游动物70种，包括浮游幼虫19类。浮游动物优势种主要由夜光虫（Noctiluca scintillans）、小拟哲水蚤（Paracalanus parvus）、双刺纺锤水蚤（Acartia bifilosa）、拟长腹剑水蚤（Oithona similis）、强额拟哲水蚤（Paracalanus crassirostris）、近缘大眼剑水蚤（Corycaeus affinis）、强壮箭虫（Sagitta crassa）、双壳类幼体（Bivalvia larvae）、多毛类幼体（Polychaeta larvae）等种类。黄河口邻近海域浮游动物丰度夏季最高（60620个/m3），春季（31228个/m3）和秋季（21540个/m3）次之，冬季最低（7594个/m3）。不同季节浮游动物丰度的空间分布具有差异性，春季浮游动物丰度呈现出从近岸到外海降低的趋势；夏季浮游动物形成两个高丰度区，分别位于河口邻近海区和河口东部海区；秋季和冬季浮游动物丰度高值区均位于河口东部海区。浮游动物生物多样性指数均呈现从河口到外海升高的趋势，低值区位于黄河口入海口附近海区。相关性分析显示，黄河口邻近海域浮游动物丰度与海水温度显著正相关（r=0.212，P < 0.05），表明温度为影响黄河口邻近海域浮游动物丰度变化的主要因素。 Abstract:The unusual dynamic conditions in estuaries cause their zooplankton distribution, as well as the zooplankton distribution in the adjacent sea, to be spatially and temporally heterogeneous. To investigate this heterogeneity in the adjacent sea of the Yellow River Estuary, zooplankton samples were collected from there in December 2012, April 2013, June 2013, and September 2013. The samples were collected using a plankton net with mesh size 0.160 mm, while during the four cruises, environmental parameters such as seawater temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a concentration were determined. Spearman rank correlations were used to analyze the relationship between zooplankton abundance and various environmental factors. Overall, 70 zooplankton species were identified, including 19 pelagic larvae. The copepods were the most abundant group, representing 30%, followed by hydromedusae. For the study region, the most dominant organisms were Noctiluca scintillans, Paracalanus parvus, Acartia bifilosa, Oithona similis, Paracalanus crassirostris, Corycaeus affinis, Sagitta crassa, Bivalvia larvae, and Polychaeta larvae. Among these, P. parvus, A. bifilosa, and O. similis dominated the zooplankton communities for three of the measured seasons. Furthermore, the composition of dominant species varied with seasons, with the seasonal turnover rate of dominant zooplankton species being high (67%-88%). The abundance of P. parvus averaged 9320 ind/m3 in summer, 3704 ind/m3 in autumn, 3891 ind/m3 in winter, and 165 ind/m3 in spring. For the Yellow River mouth, P. parvus reached the greatest abundance in summer, while for the eastern sea area, this occurred in autumn and winter. Furthermore, the abundance of A. bifilosa averaged 40218 ind/m3 in summer, 17815 ind/m3 in spring, and 2127 ind/m3 in winter. In spring, the abundance of A. bifilosa showed a decreasing trend from the Yellow River mouth to the outer sea area. For the Yellow River mouth, this species reached its highest abundance in summer, whereas for the eastern sea area, this occurred in winter. In addition, the abundance of O. similis averaged 4245 ind/m3 in summer, 2776 ind/m3 in spring, 1154 ind/m3 in winter, and 88 ind/m3 in autumn. In spring, O. similis reached the highest abundance in the both sides of the Yellow River mouth, while for the Yellow River mouth this occurred in summer and for the eastern sea area in winter. N. scintillans dominated the zooplankton community in spring and summer. The abundance of N. scintillans averaged 28194 ind/m3 in spring and 13679 ind/m3 in autumn. In spring, N. scintillans reached the highest abundance in the southern area of the Yellow River mouth, whereas for the eastern sea area, this occurred in autumn. Overall zooplankton abundance averaged 60620 ind/m3 in summer, 31228 ind/m3 in spring, 21540 ind/m3 in autumn, and 7594 ind/m3 in winter, while its spatial distribution varied among the four seasons. In spring, zooplankton abundance showed a decreasing trend from the Yellow River mouth to the outer sea area. In summer, zooplankton density was higher in the Yellow River mouth and the eastern sea area. The higher zooplankton abundance occurred in the eastern sea area in autumn and winter. The zooplankton community's diversity index (H') showed an increasing trend from the Yellow River mouth to the outer sea area. Finally, the zooplankton abundance had a clear positive correlation with the seawater temperature (r=0.212, P < 0.05), suggesting that for the Yellow River Estuary, seawater temperature was one of the main factors determining zooplankton abundance. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献