Square Meter Of Area Research Articles

Floor Area and Settlement Population

AbstractTotal area of the dwelling floors and total population of the largest settlements of eighteen societies show a loglog regression which suggests that the population of a prehistoric settlement can be very roughly estimated as of the order of one-tenth the floor area in square meters.

Respiration in Macaca mulatta (Rhesus Monkey)

Summary1. The average respiratory rate, tidal air, and minute volume were measured in 39 unanesthetized, untrained, young monkeys (Macaca mulatto,) with an average weight of 2.63 kg (a- = ± 0.41 kg, e= ± 0.07 kg).2. Expressing the tidal air or minute volume in terms of body weight in kilograms, body surface area in square meters, or body weight in kilograms raised to the 0.73 power resulted in practically identical coefficients of variation.3. The mean values observed were as follows:a. Respiratory rate: 37 per minute (a=± 6.6; e= ± 1.1).b. Tidal air: 10.1 cc per kg (<r = ± 2.8 cc; e = ±0.5 cc) or 119.6 cc per square meter (a = ± 33.4 cc; e = ± 5.3 cc).c. Minute Volume: 383 cc per kg (o- = ± 129 cc; e = ± 21 cc) or 4532 cc per square meter (o- = ± 1554 cc: e = ± 248.8 cc) or 498.7 cc per kg body weight raised to the 0.73 power (a- = ± 173.2 cc; e = ±27.7 cc).4. No correlation was found between the animals' pulse rate (mean = 215 per minute) (a = ±27; t = ±4.5), which was intended as an index of excitabili...

Changes in the Invertebrate Community of a Lagoon After Disapperance of the Eel Grass

In 1923 while the eel grass, Zostera marina, was flourishing in suitable areas around Woods Hole, WV. C. Allee completed a study of the animal communities of the region, and described in some detail the one characteristic of the eel grass areas. In 1931 practically all the Woods Hole eel grass was killed by a mycetozoan parasite, and today it is still very scarce. Interest in the possible changes in the animal community led to a new survey made in early September, 1936. The area which Allee found to show the eel grass community best is a shallow lagoon in the Northwest Gutter, a channel running between Naushon and Uncatena Islands. In 1923 the portion of this lagoon which was always covered by at least 30 centimeters of water was filled with a dense matting of eel grass. In the summer of 1936 the lagoon floor was a vast extent of muck without any plant covering. The eel grass was gone except for one or more small patches about one square meter in area, and the many dead rhizomes still in the mud were the only evidence of its former abundance.

The Relation Between Frequency Index and Abundance as Applied to Plant Populations in a Semiarid Region

The problem of determining the relative or absolute abundance of the component plants of both small and large communities is of great importance for adequate analysis of ecological relationships. Chart and list quadrats of various sizes, transects, and other means of sampling have provided considerable information for small areas, but do not entirely serve the needs where the stand or community under study has a wider range. As it is obviously impracticable to count the number of individuals of each species within a large community, many workers have turned their attention to some rapid method of sampling. Probably the most common system used is the frequency index 1 method of Raunkiaer ('09, '18). This investigator marked off a number of plots (usually 25) one-tenth of a square meter in area. The species present on each area were noted but the individuals were not counted. The percentage of plots on which a species occurred was designated as its frequency per cent. Since this pioneer work by Raunkiaer, many investigators have tested the method under a wide range of vegetative conditions throughout the world. The methods used and the results obtained by Raunkiaer were made more available to English-speaking workers through translations by Smith ('13) and by Fuller and Bakke ('18). The investigators who have used and discussed this method include: Arrhenius ('21, '22, and '23), Gleason ('18, '20, '22, '25, and '29), Kenoyer ('27), Hanson and Ball ('28), Hanson and Love ('30), and Romell ('30). The general consensus of opinion seems to be that it furnishes a good basis for the comparison of plant communities, although there has been some discussion as to its degree of accuracy and its possible variations. The present study was undertaken with the purpose of testing the method under semi-arid conditions, and, if it proved basically sound, to use it for comparison of changes occurring within certain plant communities, and for a means of comparison between plant communities of different habitats. The present paper is devoted to a consideration of the literature and a presenta-