Areas In Malaysia Research Articles

Factors Affecting Students Decision Making In Accommodation Process of University

The hostels accommodation assumes a critical job in the hotel business all through the world and even in a few areas in Malaysia. Be that as it may, in numerous spots in Malaysian hostels have yet to be presented. They can possibly offer spending lodging accommodation, yet inns and motels remain the most prevalent types of cabin. A center gathering was utilized to pick up understanding into students' impression of hostels and helped in the advancement of a composed study. It was sent to a haphazardly chosen test of 215 university students. There was a reaction rate of 8% (n=401). Respondents thought about hostels and were ready to remain in them. Therefore, a factor investigation was led on 31 attributes of hostels that may be imperative to hostel clients and it was confirmed that these things could be decreased to three factors: Safety and Amenities (α=.92), Area and Socializing (α=.91), and Accommodations (α=.60).In fact, well-being and Amenities had the most elevated mean scores for individual things in the factor while Accommodations had the least. The various straight relapse was utilized to decide whether the three factors would foresee university students ‘plan to remain in a hostel. The relapse demonstrate was huge (p≤.000) and every one of the three factors were noteworthy. The model had a R Square of .31. A t-test was utilized to decide whether guys and females contrasted in goal to remain in a hostel, Protection issue, Room Sharing, Security, Cleanliness Issue and Freedom. However, females had higher mean scores for Room Sharing than guys. This examination demonstrated that undergrads would remain in a hostel. The hostel proprietors/administrators what's more, hostel associations can utilize this data to more readily showcase their hostel and it will help them to figure out which luxuries they should need to meet client requests. Research ought to be led with a bigger and all the more geologically various example to decide whether the results can be summed up past university students. Nonetheless, research with genuine hostel clients will help to decide qualities they believe are essential and to contrast results and this examination.

Trends in Poverty and Income Inequality in Urban Malaysia: Emerging Issues and Challenges

Malaysia has experienced rapid urbanization and infra structure development during the past few decades. Objective of this study to assess the nature of poverty and income inequality in the urban areas in Malaysia. The study also aims to focus on the emerging issues and challenges of rapid urbanization and urban poverty in the country. Secondary data were obtained from the Economic Planning Unit (EPU), Malaysia and the Department of Statistics, Malaysia. The analyses show that though the rate of urban poverty followed a declining trend during the last few decades, incidence of poverty and hard-core poverty still exists in the urban areas of the country. It was also found that earnings of the urban dwellers increased gradually during the past few decades. But income inequality in urban localities remained wider (Gini coefficient is, on average, 0.453). Moreover, income disparity among the major ethnic groups (Malays, Chinese and Indians) in the country is greater and sizeable. The continuation of urbanization, urban poverty and income inequality bring forward new issues and challenges. Therefore, to handle these issues and challenges, it is urgently required to identify the effectiveness of specific programs as well as design and best practice of urban poverty reduction programs and policies.

Applying innovation attributes to predict purchase intention for the eco-labeled products

PurposeThis paper aims to make use of the innovation diffusion theory to predict the purchase intention for eco-labeled products.Design/methodology/approachData are collected from 180 individuals in the Mid Valley shopping mall area in Malaysia. It is then analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS. The measurement model is analyzed using composite reliability, convergent and discriminate validity, while the structural model is used to predict the relationships between variables.FindingsResults indicate that the relative advantage, trialability and observability are positively related to eco-labeled products purchase intention, while the complexity is negatively related to eco-labeled products purchase intention. However, compatibility is not positively related to eco-labeled products purchase intention.Practical implicationsMarketers should enhance the observability of eco-labeled as it is the most influential attribute affecting eco-labeled products purchase intention. Relative advantages of eco-labeled products are also important to stimulate purchase intention. Marketers could best relate the innovation to context-specific use situations enabling consumers to evaluate the use consequences of the innovation, and therefore, may assess its particular benefits.Originality/valueIt explores the potential of a theoretical framework based on innovation diffusion theory to explain eco-labeled products purchase intention.

Use of palm oil fuel ash (POFA)-stabilized Sarawak peat composite for road subbase

Abstract Peat land covers a large portion of the total land area in Malaysia and several other countries throughout the world. The Malaysian state of Sarawak has the most peat land area nationally. Peat is considered a problematic type of soil due to its high compressibility, high moisture content, high organic matter and low shear strength. As a form of stabilization, it is suggested to combine palm oil fuel ash (POFA) with peat. This study investigated the engineering properties of these composite matrices in terms of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) and Standard Proctor test values. Results showed that the dry density of the peat samples increased with the increase in POFA content. The POFA-peat composites showed an increase of 4 times the untreated peat value. Also, CBR values for these composites increased from 31 to 42 fold, in comparison with untreated peat. The peat-POFA CBR values are rated as good materials for the purpose of road base or subbase construction.

Distribution and contamination assessment of potentially harmful elements (As, Pb, Ni, Cd) in top soil of Penang Island, Malaysia

This study discusses the distribution and contamination levels of potentially harmful elements (As, Pb, Ni, and Cd) in the urban top soil of Penang Island, one of the most important urban areas in Malaysia. The total surface area of Penang Island is 297 km2. Thirty-one surface soil samples (0–20 cm) were collected, digested and analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for As, Pb, Ni, and Cd. The result showed that the mean concentrations of selected metals in soils were arranged in the following decreasing order: Pb > As > Ni > Cd. In terms of different soil types, soils derived from quaternary deposit have higher mean concentration of Pb, Ni, and Cd as compared to the granite residual soils which accumulate higher mean concentration of As. On the spatial distribution maps, As, Pb, Ni, and Cd are mainly concentrated in the north-to-north eastern areas of Penang Island and near to the main city, which are characterized by major residential and business areas. Thus, it suggests that the anthropogenic source is the main contributor to the As, Pb, Ni, and Cd in the top soil of Penang Island. Both Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis showed a strong positive correlation between Pb and Cd which indicated that they may be derived from a similar source. The contamination factor assessment indicates moderate contamination level for Pb and Ni and no element enrichment level for As and Cd.

A review: Adaptation of escape route for a framework of road disaster resilient

Transportation system plays a vital role in sustaining the economic and social well-being of a community. Disaster or extreme hazard such as earthquake, storms, landslide, flood, terrorism, etc. has a major impact on the resilience of the road, especially in ensuring the impact toward the recovery for communities. Road infrastructure is linked to many encompassing factors such as road user, climate, economy, material, topography and periodic maintenance. Recently, unpredicted climate causes heavy rain, landslide, and flood resulting in high losses bared by the government on the repair and reconstruction works. Previous events have revealed that certain road areas in Malaysia are vulnerable after exposed to damage due to the natural disaster. This paper highlights the identified factors that contribute to adaptation on the escape route for road disaster resilient. A comprehensive review was done to identify a few missing approaches in the road network resiliency, which include a temporal route option as part of the adaptive routing solution. The research is expected to become a reference to overcome disruption in the road network in time of disaster or crisis while supporting the government initiative to strengthen the resilience of the nation’s infrastructure.

Rainfall-Runoff Model Based on ANN with LM, BR and PSO as Learning Algorithms

Rainfall-runoff model requires comprehensive computation as its relation is a complex natural phenomenon. Various inter-related processes are involved with factors such as rainfall intensity, geomorphology, climatic and landscape are all affecting runoff response. In general there is no single rainfall-runoff model that can cater to all flood prediction system with varying topological area. Hence, there is a vital need to have custom-tailored prediction model with specific range of data, type of perimeter and antecedent hour of prediction to meet the necessity of the locality. In an attempt to model a reliable rainfall-runoff system for a flood-prone area in Malaysia, 3 different approach of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are modelled based on the data acquired from Sungai Pahang, Pekan. In this paper, the ANN rainfall-runoff models are trained by the Levenberg Marquardt (LM), Bayesian Regularization (BR) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The performances of the learning algorithms are compared and evaluated based on a 12-hour prediction model. The results demonstrate that LM produces the best model. It outperforms BR and PSO in terms of convergence rate, lowest mean square error (MSE) and optimum coefficeint of correlation. Furthermore, the LM approach are free from overfitting, which is a crucial concern in conventional ANN learning algorithm. Our case study takes the data of rainfall and runoff from the year 2012 to 2014. This is a case study in Pahang river basin, Pekan, Malaysia.

Factors Affecting Students Decision Making In Accommodation Process of University

The hostels accommodation assumes a critical job in the hotel business all through the world and even in a few areas in Malaysia. Be that as it may, in numerous spots in Malaysian hostels have yet to be presented. They can possibly offer spending lodging accommodation, yet inns and motels remain the most prevalent types of cabin. A center gathering was utilized to pick up understanding into students' impression of hostels and helped in the advancement of a composed study. It was sent to a haphazardly chosen test of 215 university students. There was a reaction rate of 8% (n=401). Respondents thought about hostels and were ready to remain in them. Therefore, a factor investigation was led on 31 attributes of hostels that may be imperative to hostel clients and it was confirmed that these things could be decreased to three factors: Safety and Amenities (α=.92), Area and Socializing (α=.91), and Accommodations (α=.60).In fact, well-being and Amenities had the most elevated mean scores for individual things in the factor while Accommodations had the least. The various straight relapse was utilized to decide whether the three factors would foresee university students ‘plan to remain in a hostel. The relapse demonstrate was huge (p≤.000) and every one of the three factors were noteworthy. The model had a R Square of .31. A t-test was utilized to decide whether guys and females contrasted in goal to remain in a hostel, Protection issue, Room Sharing, Security, Cleanliness Issue and Freedom. However, females had higher mean scores for Room Sharing than guys. This examination demonstrated that undergrads would remain in a hostel. The hostel proprietors/administrators what's more, hostel associations can utilize this data to more readily showcase their hostel and it will help them to figure out which luxuries they should need to meet client requests. Research ought to be led with a bigger and all the more geologically various example to decide whether the results can be summed up past university students. Nonetheless, research with genuine hostel clients will help to decide qualities they believe are essential and to contrast results and this examination.

Investigating Groundwater Quality in the Flood Prone Neighborhood Area in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is to compare the quality of groundwater during wet and dry seasons in Malaysia especially in Kuala Krai District which frequently involved in annual monsoon floods and the question whether the wells can be used during floods as well as an alternative source when there are no floods. Six sampling stations were selected using six main parameters which included DO, pH, BOD, COD, TSS and NH3N. The assessment was conducted based on the standards set by Malaysian INWQS and the classification of WQI. The results of the analysis showed that most of the water samples taken during the wet season had concentration values that did not meet the DOE standards such as the DO, BOD, and NH3N parameters. Based on the WQI classification, majority stations during the wet season were in moderately contaminated except for station T6 which was clean. On the contrary, during a dry season were found to be clean except for station T1 which was moderately contaminated.

The prevalence of enamel and dentine caries lesions and their determinant factors among children living in fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas.

To determine the prevalence and severity of dental caries (at dentine and enamel levels of diagnosis) amongst Malaysian children and to investigate determinant factors associated with caries detection at these different thresholds. This study involved life-long residents aged 12 years-old in fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas in Malaysia (n=595). The survey was carried out in 16 public schools by a calibrated examiner, using ICDAS-II criteria. A questionnaire on socio-demographic and oral hygiene practices was self-administered by parents/guardians. Data were analysed using Mann-Whitney U tests and logistic regression. The overall response rate was 74.4%. Caries prevalence at the dentine level or at the dentine and enamel level was significantly (p⟨0.001) higher among children in the non-fluoridated area (D₁₋₆MFT⟩0 = 82.4%, D₄₋₆MFT⟩0 = 53.5%) than in the fluoridated area (D₁₋₆MFT⟩0 = 68.7%, D₄₋₆MFT⟩0 = 25.5%). Considering only the decayed component of the index, no significant differences were observed between the two areas when the detection threshold was set at enamel caries (D₁₋₃) (p=0.506). However, when the detection criteria were elevated to the level of caries into dentine (D₄₋₆) there were clear differences between the fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas (p=0.006). Exposure to fluoridated water proved a significant predictor for lower caries prevalence in the statistical model. Children whose father and mother had a low monthly income had a significantly higher dentine caries prevalence. Results confirmed existing evidence of the benefit of water fluoridation in caries prevention. Detection criteria set at caries into dentine shows clear differences between fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas. Exposure to fluoridated water and socio-economic status were associated with caries prevalence.

Allochthonous Diesel Biodegradation by Bacillus sp. MO1 Isolated from Diesel-contaminated Soil

Ten bacterial isolates were successfully isolated from pristine and contaminated areas in Malaysia. There was no lag phase observed signifying each of these isolates was able to quickly induce cellular machinery for diesel assimilation. The best isolate was tentatively identified as Bacillus sp. strain MO1 based on carbon utilisation profiles using Biolog GP plates and partial 16S rDNA matching. Strain MO1 grew optimally at 37 oC on 4% (v/v) diesel, pH 7.5 and 0.9% (w/v) KNO3. Diesel components were proven to be completely eliminated from the reduction in the hydrocarbon peaks monitored by gas chromatographic analysis after 6 days of incubation. The bacterium was found to be a better remediation agent than a commercial bioremediation product. All of these characteristics suggest that this bacterium is the suitable bacterium for bioremediation of diesel spills and pollution in the tropics.

Are we doing it right? Self-care support for patients with type 2 diabetes in urban areas in Malaysia

The purpose of this study is to explore the self-care support provision for patients with type 2 diabetes by diabetes educators and to explore the challenges that they encountered in providing the intended services. Single embedded qualitative case study design using in-depth individual face to face interviews were adopted. Twelve diabetes educators from three diabetes clinics in urban areas in Malaysia were purposively selected and interviewed within the period of eight months (November 2012-June 2013). The data were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using Framework technique. The practice of diabetes educators revolved around the traditional paternalistic approach but emphasize on individualized support. However, their practice was restricted by several factors, including patients' acceptance and interest in self-care, lack of confidence and opportunity to practice, and fragmented health care system. The current practice of diabetes educators is very limited to knowledge provision and rather a generalist. Considering a more specialized role would increase opportunities for diabetes educators to provide high-quality self-care support provision.

Factors Affecting Small-Scale Fishermen’s Adaptation Toward the Impacts of Climate Change: Reflections From Malaysian Fishers

This study aims to examine the influence of individual differences on the small-scale fishermen’s climate change adaptation practices toward climate change. This is a descriptive correlational study on 400 small-scale fishermen living in four climate change–affected areas in Malaysia, which were selected based on a multistage cluster sampling. In conclusion, it was found that age, income, and fishing experience recorded a significant relationship with climate change adaptation practices, whereas their household size did not yield any relationship with the adaptation practices. Furthermore, a number of small-scale fishermen who use fisheries technologies, have alternative jobs, and possess higher education have recorded better climate change adaptation practices compared with nonusers, full-timers, and less educated fishermen. Several recommendations were made to assist the concerned parties in developing better adaptation strategies that are fitted to the fishermen’s needs, interests, and abilities.

Species Distribution Modelling to Assist Biodiversity and Conservation Management in Malaysia

Limited resources, including financial, expertise and time have made a case for prioritizing conservation exercises especially in a biodiversity hotspot country such as Malaysia. One method to determine conservation priorities is through Species Distribution Modelling (SDM). Globally, SDM has long been used to assist conservation management by estimating the range area of a species and determining its potential location in different geographical settings. This information will allow governing agencies to pinpoint important areas for conservation. Since management of protected areas in Malaysia is governed by federal or state, several legislation issues have arisen due to conflict of interest between the two authority bodies. This paper aims to review the current usage of SDM in Malaysia and suggest SDM as one of the tools that can be systematically used by both state and federal government in protected area management.

Landslide Disaster in Malaysia: An Overview

In recent times growing population and accelerative economic condition have led to the construction of high-rise condominiums and expansion of settlements and lifelines over the hilly areas in Malaysia. Due to these development activities risk of landslide disaster events with potential of causalities and economic damage greater than before is increasing. Under such circumstances, number of research efforts conducted in Malaysia has been quickly increasing in recent year, which indicates that landslide is now being considered not only as natural events or a result of design fault, but as a greater risk for the society that needs to be managed in a scientific and systematic way rather than in a haphazard way. The focus of this review is to define knowledge gaps between the current research outcomes and the future research necessities, which are highly recommended to be focused on in order to establish a sustainable society with rapid development and urbanization in Malaysia. From the review it can be concluded that a lot of works have been done so far on model development, mapping and risk zonation but a limited number of researches has been carried out on the causal factor’s analysis, sensitivity analysis and socioeconomic characterization. Even few studies have been conceded on response and behavioral aspects of the societies and the crisis management in the events of landslide. It should also be pointed out that, most of the research has been focusing on the, peninsular Malaysia, but not on Sabah and Sarawak in Borneo Malaysia. The reviewers propose to establish an integrated data base on landslides occurred in both Peninsular and Borneo Malaysia. A sound collaborative linkage-based research guideline among the researchers’ the policy makers and the residents must be established for better understanding of the facts and figures of Malaysian landslide disaster and its risk.

A genomic approach to inferring kinship reveals limited intergenerational dispersal in the yellow fever mosquito.

Understanding past dispersal and breeding events can provide insight into ecology and evolution and can help inform strategies for conservation and the control of pest species. However, parent–offspring dispersal can be difficult to investigate in rare species and in small pest species such as mosquitoes. Here, we develop a methodology for estimating parent–offspring dispersal from the spatial distribution of close kin, using pairwise kinship estimates derived from genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs were scored in 162 Aedes aegypti (yellow fever mosquito) collected from eight close‐set, high‐rise apartment buildings in an area of Malaysia with high dengue incidence. We used the SNPs to reconstruct kinship groups across three orders of kinship. We transformed the geographical distances between all kin pairs within each kinship category into axial standard deviations of these distances, then decomposed these into components representing past dispersal events. From these components, we isolated the axial standard deviation of parent–offspring dispersal and estimated neighbourhood area (129 m), median parent–offspring dispersal distance (75 m) and oviposition dispersal radius within a gonotrophic cycle (36 m). We also analysed genetic structure using distance‐based redundancy analysis and linear regression, finding isolation by distance both within and between buildings and estimating neighbourhood size at 268 individuals. These findings indicate the scale required to suppress local outbreaks of arboviral disease and to target releases of modified mosquitoes for mosquito and disease control. Our methodology is readily implementable for studies of other species, including pests and species of conservation significance.

A comprehensive methodology for setting up rural electrifications with minimum budgets on indigenous villages in Malaysia

PurposeThis paper aims to propose a comprehensive methodology for setting up rural electrifications for indigenous villages with minimum budgets and the lowest possible cost of electricity (COE). The electricity accessibility of rural area in Malaysia is not fully covered and the cost of extending the grid to these areas can be high as RM 2.7m per km. Lack of vigorous policies and economic attraction of the rural areas are also the main barriers to rural electrification. Electricity is an essential element of economic activities and the lack of electricity exacerbates poverty and contributes to its perpetuation. Therefore, a hybrid standalone power system can be an alternative solution for the rural electrification. A hybrid standalone power system is studied to investigate the potential of the implementation and the budget required.Design/methodology/approachA site survey has been carried out in a village in Peninsular Malaysia, namely, Kampung Ulu Lawin Selatan. A standalone hybrid system is modeled in HOMER Pro software and the data collected from the selected site are used to obtain the system configuration with the lowest COE. The load following and cycle charging energy dispatch methods are compared to identify the optimal system configuration that yields the lowest COE. The diesel generator-only system is chosen as a benchmark for comparisons.FindingsThe results show that the hybrid system constituted from the diesel generator, photovoltaic (PV), micro-hydro and energy storage using the load following energy dispatch method yields the lowest COE of RM 0.519 per kWh. The COE of the hybrid system is 378 per cent lower than that of the diesel generator-only system. The lead-acid energy storage system (ESS) is able to reduce 40 per cent of COE as compared to the system without ESS.Originality/valueThe results indicate that the COE of the diesel-micro hydro-PV-ESS system with load following dispatch strategy is RM 0.519 per kWh, and this value is 35 per cent higher than the average electricity price in Malaysia. However, it is important to note that the costs of extending the grid to the rural area are not taken into account. If this cost is considered into the electricity price, then the standalone hybrid power system proposed by this study is still a competitive alternative for rural electrification.

Public Awareness Analysis on Renewable Energy in Malaysia

Renewable energy is growing rapidly and becoming a popular alternative source of energy. Malaysia is looking forward to achieve 50% implementation of renewable energy (RE) by 2050. Sustainable energy development has been related to environmental issues, which can be eradicated by replacing fossil fuels with natural resources such as hydropower, solar, and wind to generate electricity. Public awareness is important towards accomplishing the goal in implementing renewable energy. Thus, this study focused on the survey of renewable energy awareness which was conducted randomly in urban and rural areas in Malaysia. The aims of the study were to identify and explore public awareness of renewable energy based on the respondents’ educational level and area of residence. The perspective on renewable energy by each residential area is related to knowledge and technologies. The survey data was analysed using probability sampling and stratified technique. The results indicated that most of Malaysians realized and are informed about renewable energy which is gradually increasing in terms of sustainability awareness. Therefore, this study is expected to be useful in spreading understanding among citizens about the application of renewable energy by obtaining data on public knowledge and opinions. There were concerns about the environment with 90.3% of the responses showing that the public were aware of the negative impacts of pollution, which indicated a positive use of alternative energy. However, the implementation of renewable energy technologies was not optimised due to the expensive costs involved (98.8%). In achieving the government target, excellent and smart initiatives should be taken to attract the Malaysian public of every level in society by increasing public awareness of renewable energy as well as encouraging the people to adopt renewable technologies in their daily lives and help save the environment.

Anteceding factors predicting absenteeism and presenteeism in urban area in Malaysia

BackgroundOrganization productivity is strongly linked to employees’ socioeconomic characteristics and health which is marked by absenteeism and presenteeism. This study aims to identify anteceding factors predicting employees’ absenteeism and presenteeism by income, physical and mental health.MethodsAn online health survey was conducted between May to July 2017 among employees from 47 private companies located in urban Malaysia. A total of 5235 respondents completed the 20-min online employee health survey on a voluntary basis. Chi-Square or Fisher’s exact tests were used to determine association between income with demographic and categorical factors of absenteeism and presenteeism. Multivariate linear regression was used to identify factors predicting absenteeism and presenteeism.ResultsMore than one third of respondents’ monthly income were less than RM4,000 (35.4%), 29.6% between RM4,000-RM7,999 and 35.0% earned RM8,000 and above. The mean age was 33.8 years (sd ± 8.8) and 49.1% were married. A majority were degree holders (74.4%) and 43.6% were very concerned about their financial status. Mean years of working was 6.2 years (sd ± 6.9) with 68.9% satisfied with their job. More than half reported good general physical health (54.5%) (p = 0.065) and mental health (53.5%) (p = 0.019). The mean hours of sleep were 6.4 h (sd ± 1.1) with 63.2% reporting being unwell due to stress for the past 12 months. Mean work time missed due to ill-health (absenteeism) was 3.1% (sd ± 9.1), 2.8% (sd ± 9.1) and 1.8% (sd ± 6.5) among employees whose monthly income was less than RM4,000, RM4,000-RM7,999 and over RM8,000 respectively (p = 0.0066). Mean impairment while working due to ill-health (presenteeism) was 28.2% (sd ± 25.3), 24.9% (sd ± 25.5) and 20.3% (sd ± 22.9) among employees whose monthly income was less than RM4,000, RM4,000-RM7,999 and over RM8,000 respectively (p < 0.0001). Factors that predict both absenteeism and presenteeism were income, general physical health, sleep length and being unwell due to stress.ConclusionsA combination of socioeconomic, physical and mental health factors predicted absenteeism and presenteeism with different strengths. Having insufficient income may lead to second jobs or working more hours which may affect their sleep, subjecting them to stressful condition and poor physical health. These findings demand holistic interventions from organizations and the government.

OPTIMAL SOLAR POWERED SYSTEM FOR LONG HOUSES IN SARAWAK BY USING HOMER TOOL

Ensuring electricity coverage for rural areas in Malaysia is still a big challenge due to the houses are in deep forest and scattered locations. The estimated coverage in 2015 is only 94% and still depending on conventional fossil-fuel generators. Considering full utilization of renewable source is highly recommended. Therefore, this paper proposes optimal design of full solar powered system for long houses in one selected area in Sarawak, Malaysia. Interestingly, the work has been started with evaluation and estimation of loads with site survey done to the selected area, which is Kampung Sungai Merah. The site visit has been conducted to survey and estimate the loads at the site. The design considers meteorological and climate data, specifications of system, and simulation configuration. HOMER tool is used in this work which comes with the optimization algorithm to search for the least cost system. The simulation results reveal the outcomes by considering three discount rates of 3%, 6% and 12%, and the system is presented with the best design for each rate. Lower discount rate contributes to higher PV and lower battery architectures as compared to higher discount rates. In short, it can be concluded that the system is optimally designed to be fully depended on utilization of solar as solid renewable source, which affects PV and battery architectures as two key design elements. Finally, this work should be able to provide the designer an opportunity to fully consider various options in developing the best renewable and full solar powered system for rural electrification.