Area Growth Research Articles

UPI's Influence on India's Economic Transformation: Financial Inclusion

The UPI, since its inception in 2016, has revolutionized the financial industry of India. This paper discusses the all-encompassing and deep change brought by the UPI in the areas of economic growth, incorporation of finance, and cashless economy. Digital transactions have become fluent and real-time accessible under the UPI, thus empowering individuals and businesses to easily access previously untapped populations. The digital payments promoted through UPI reduce cash dependency, which controls tax evasion and circulation of black money along with possible operational inefficiencies. The paper focuses on the critical aspect on how the platform has supported economic growth through financing innovation in fintech, drives the expansion of SMEs, and increases overall transparency in transactions. Moreover, UPI has acted as a significant enabler to help the state achieve the government initiatives - Digital India, which helped boost the country's GDP through acceleration of digitalization with improvement in financial inclusion. Despite such a massive success story, the adoption of UPI continues to pose difficulties in rural areas primarily on account of lower degrees of digital literacy and infrastructure. With the prospects that the cross-border transaction will bring in the future, UPI can further establish economic growth. This research article is a reason for mixed feelings - with one hand, the revolutionary impact that UPI has on India's economy, and on the other hand, the challenges that must be overcome for it to reach its fullest potential.

Experimental and Numerical Indentation Tests to Study the Crack Growth Properties Caused by Various Indenters Under High Temperature

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the influence of indenter shape and rock texture on the crack growth properties and rock hardness. For this purpose, two different rock specimens such as basalt and marble with various textures were prepared and tested by Vickers indentation hardness device with rhombus indenter shape under two different temperatures of 35°C and 100°C. Concurrent with the experimental test, Vickers indentation simulations have been done on three calibrated rock models with nine different indenter shapes. The tensile strength of marble was 8 MPa, while basalt had a tensile strength of 10.8 MPa. Regarding compressive strength, marble exhibited 71 MPa, whereas basalt had a compressive strength of 153 MPa. Marble and basalt had elastic moduli of 45 and 95 GPa, respectively. The physical loading was applied vertically at a rate of 0.004 mm/min. The rock's texture and temperature significantly impact Vickers indentation hardness. Penetration by the Vickers indenter creates an elastic‐plastic stress field, leading to radial cracks due to exceeding the critical stress level. Ring cracks are caused by bulging of the test material and nested cracks directly under the indentation due to high shear and bending stresses in the region. The indentation shape affected the extent of the damage zone below it, leading to increased crack growth with smaller indentation diameters. The radial fracture number increased when the cross‐section changed from circular to quadrilateral shape. The crack growth and damage zone area increased with higher rock temperature due to increased rock brittleness.

SYSTEMATIZATION OF ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

The diversity of examples of successfully implemented development strategies by business entities worldwide, along with the urgent need for the majority of Ukrainian enterprises to modernize their operations, highlights the importance of studying and analyzing the various types of such strategies. The choice of a specific development strategy leads to numerous diverse consequences, including: the growth of specific business areas, the range of the company’s expenses and opportunities for their optimization, the consideration of relevant business risks, the company’s market positions and opportunities to strengthen them, changes in corporate image, shifts in competitive positioning, and various social and other effects. Consequently, the clarification and systematization of development strategy types represent a pressing scientific task. The aim of this article is to refine the systematization of enterprise development strategy types. The research methods employed include logical analysis, generalization, and systematization. Based on a literature review, the article examines various types of enterprise development strategies. It is noted that foreign researchers, in contrast to their domestic counterparts, pay insufficient attention to the classification of development strategies, focusing instead on the study of their essence. The following key features of enterprise development strategies have been identified: types of market actions, types of growth, types of activity intensity, goal ambition, orientation, development foundation, type of development, and interaction with the external environment. In the future, the study's findings can serve as a basis for developing a formalized approach to selecting an appropriate type of development strategy for an enterprise.

Mapping Urban Transformation: The Random Forest Algorithm to Monitor Land Use and Land Cover Change in Bandar Lampung City

Bandar Lampung City has substantially altered its land cover due to rapid urbanization in the past decade. Landsat 8 OLI is suitable for conducting land cover change research and offers current and precise data on the present land cover. This research aimed to monitor and analyze the changes in seven categories of land use and land cover (LULC): forest, agricultural land, rice field, settlement, water body, bare land and industrial area. The land use and land cover (LULC) in Bandar Lampung City were analyzed using Landsat 8 OLI satellite images from 2013 to 2023. The Random Forest Algorithm was employed for this analysis. The LULC model assessment was carried out with a confusion matrix, resulting in almost perfect agreement for the 2013 and 2023 LULC models. The LULC classes showed an area growth in settlement of 5,526.25 ha (29.12%) and agricultural land of 1,071.63 ha (5.30%) but opposite with forest class that experienced significant area loss that reached 2,012.35 ha (-26.02%) and waterbody and industrial area 285.64 (-6.15%) and 167.67 ha (-4.04%), respectively. The findings reveal significant shifts in forest and agricultural land, highlighting the region’s rapid urbanization and deforestation patterns. These changes have practical implications for environmental management and urban planning, suggesting the need for sustainable LULC policies to prevent the impacts of rapid LULC transformations on ecosystem services and local communities. Keywords: Bandar Lampung, K-nearest neighbors, land use and land cover change, QGIS 3.20, random forest algorithm

Advantages of regional development—A study on poverty alleviation in contiguous destitute areas

AbstractThe 2011–2020 period is the final stage of poverty alleviation in China, which emphasizes regional development. Using county‐level panel data from 2006 to 2015, we explore the impact of regional poverty alleviation policy on economic growth of contiguous destitute areas (CDAs) in China. The results show that since 2012, economy in CDAs has developed rapidly, that GDP per capita has significantly improved by 5.4% and that county GDP has significantly improved by 6.6%. The regional strategy enhances construction of infrastructure and ecological projects, and gives full play to exert synergy effect, which doubles economic growth. The impact of economic growth is heterogeneous in different regional scales, regional inequities, geographic locations, and population sizes, and lasting even if counties are lifted out of poverty. Our findings recommend regional collaboration and highlight the importance of ecological protection in poverty alleviation.

Photogallery. Fungal lesions of skin and nails infections in HIV-associated immunodeficiency

Against the background of any immunodeficiency, including that caused by HIV infection, the risk of developing superficial and invasive fungal diseases increases. Among people living with HIV, the most common fungal skin lesions are candidiasis, rubromycosis, and pityriasis versicolor. As immunosuppression worsens in HIV-positive patients not on antiretroviral therapy, the frequency and severity of mycoses increases. Thus, rubromycosis can spread beyond the feet, covering large areas of skin; sometimes the smooth skin of the hands, large folds, and areas of long hair growth are affected. In this case, the peripheral inflammatory ridge along the edge of the lesions, characteristic of rubromycosis, is sometimes absent. According to some reports, over half of patients in the secondary disease stage of HIV infection suffer from onychomycosis. The progression of the disease often occurs in a short time. In addition to the nail plates of the feet, the nails on the hands are often affected. In patients with HIV infection who do not receive antiretroviral therapy, difficult-to-treat onychomycosis occurs. Cryptococcosis is an opportunistic mycosis caused by yeast-like fungi Cryptococcus spp. It usually develops in HIV-positive individuals with a CD4+ T-lymphocyte level of less than 100 cells/μl. Skin lesions are usually secondary and indicate cryptococcal dissemination. Dermatological manifestations of cryptococcosis are varied. These may include papules and nodules surrounded by erythema and prone to ulceration, vesicular, pustular, herpetiform, acne-like rashes, ulcerative-necrotic lesions. We present to your attention a photogallery of cases of fungal skin lesions that developed against the background of HIV-associated immunosuppression.

Transferrable GaN-based Micro-LED heterostructures grown on h-BN for optogenetic applications

Individually transferrable GaN-based MQWs micro-LED structures grown on two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) have been demonstrated. Different sizes (60 × 30 µm, 60 × 60 µm, 90 × 60 µm and 90 × 90 µm) of GaN-based LED heterostructures on layered h-BN were grown on dielectric SiN patterned sapphire substrates using Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE). Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show micro-LEDs were grown with high selectivity within the mask opening areas. Consistent MQWs emission from micro-LEDs was observed at 452 ± 2 nm by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy for all micro-LED sizes. The structural and optical quality were similar to the GaN-based-LEDs grown on unpatterned substrates. In addition, we have successfully demonstrated the lift-off and transfer of individual micro-LEDs to arbitrary flexible templates using a transfer printing machine, which can be addressed by full front-end process. These studies highlight the role of combination of van der Waals (vdW) epitaxy and selective area growth (SAG) in facilitating the direct realization of dimensionally defined III-Nitride micro-LED structures and the mechanical release and transfer of these micro-LEDs to templates suitable for flexible display and optogenetics applications.

Analyzing land use land cover dynamics under rapid urbanization using multi-temporal satellite imageries and geospatial technology for Jamshedpur city in India

Land use land cover (LULC) is considered as one of the most important driving factors behind the global environmental change. The rapid changes in the LULC patterns than ever before, mostly in developing countries, are frequently considered by widespread urban sprawling, land degradation, reduction of agricultural land, and alteration into other land use categories, resulting in enormous costs to the environment. Using a combined remote sensing and GIS technique, this study investigates the spatial urban expansion and its impacts on other LULC categories from 1987 to 2016 in Jamshedpur, India, based on the acquired multispectral satellite imageries, field observations, and demographic data. A visual-based image analysis technique was employed to develop a LULC map for the period of 1987, 2004, and 2016, and the precision of the maps was determined by overall accuracy and kappa statistic methods. The compact urbanization over the city was quantified using both landscape metrics and Shannon’s entropy method. The results of the change detection showed that the built-up area has experienced more than fifty percent growth during the 1987 – 2016 period. It is the main driving factor behind the reduction in the area of other land use categories: agricultural land (−87.12 %), vegetation (−67.51 %), riverbed (−46.25 %), and forest cover (−27.92 %). Although barren land and fallow land were the most dynamic land use categories, it increased by 281.84 % and 119.66 %, respectively. The change matrix between 1987 and 2016, indicated the maximum transformation (+455.23 %) of fallow land to settlement. Geographically, there is a continuous growth in the built-up area from the city center to the fringes as a result of suburbanization. The values of Shannon’s entropy during 1987, 2004, and 2016 were 1.11, 1.19, and 1.57, respectively. The demographic analysis shows that the annual population for the period of 1971–1981, 1981–1991, 1991–2001, and 2001–2011 has changed by + 3.89 %, +2.09 %, +2.91 %, and + 1.95 % per year, respectively. The population growth, aggregated settlements and land scarceness in Jamshedpur were found to be the key reasons behind the urban growth and development. This study emphasizes the critical need for sustainable urban development practices and robust land use strategies to alleviate the environmental impacts of rapid urban expansion. It will lay a valuable groundwork for future research focused on integrating land use management with urban growth frameworks to achieve balanced and resilient development in Jamshedpur.

Trend, growth and instability of area, production and productivity of finger millet in India

Trend, growth and instability of area, production and productivity of finger millet in India

Relationship of Physical Change and Social Culture with the Risk of Eating Disorder in One of Surabaya High School

Introduction: Adolescents aged 10 to 19 experience significant growth in various areas. Around 14% of them struggle with mental health, and eating disorders have the highest mortality rate. According to research, screen-related disordered eating affects about 1 in 8 high school students, and sociocultural pressure is positively associated with bulimia-related behaviors. Limited data on physical changes and sociocultural influences on eating disorders exist in Surabaya, Indonesia. The study aims to examine the potential correlation between physical alterations and sociocultural elements and the likelihood of eating disorders in one of Surabaya’s high schools. Methods: This cross-sectional observational analytic study collects primary data using two questionnaire instruments: EAT-26e collected samples from 60 students in SMAN2 Surabaya and SATAQ-4 using random stratified sampling. We used random stratified sampling to collect samples from 60 students in one of Surabaya’s high schools. We used SPSS version 25 to examine the data using the Spearman’s Rho Correlation Coefficient. Results: Physical changes show no significant correlation; in contrast, sociocultural pressure results show a significant correlation with the risk of eating disorders. Peer pressure, family pressure, and media pressure do not significantly influence the subscales of social culture under measurement. Conclusion: In one of Surabaya’s high schools, there is a significant positive correlation between sociocultural factors and the risk of eating disorders; however, there is no significant correlation between physical changes and the risk of eating disorders.

A Threshold Effect of Financial Development on Natural Resource Rents-Sustainable Human Development Nexus: Empirical Evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan African (SSA) nations are falling behind in human development when compared to other regions globally, despite their abundant natural resources. Several Sub-Saharan African states have an underdeveloped financial structure, leading to underutilization of natural resource profits for human development. This research examines how the level of financial development impacts the relationship between natural resource rents and sustainable human development in 40 SSA countries from 2005 to 2019. This research used the dynamic panel threshold (DPT) approach, an advanced econometric methodology designed to address concerns often seen in panel data such as endogeneity, cross-sectional dependence, and heterogeneity. The cointegration findings showed a long-term association among the variables. The dynamic panel threshold analysis showed that natural resource rent had a detrimental influence on human capital development when financial development was below a certain threshold. Conversely, the outcomes were different when financial development exceeded the threshold. Financial system progress in Sub-Saharan African states considerably uses resource windfalls to improve sustainable human development. This research conducted robustness tests by using alternative estimates excluding outlier sample countries and extra proxies. The conclusions remained unchanged. Policy suggestions were introduced to enhance the financial sector and improve institutional quality in order to ensure sustainable growth in the SSA area.

Assessing Experiential Learning Program Design and Delivery Using Institutional Mission and Professional Standards

BackgroundHigh-impact practices (HIPs), such as mentored research, Capstone projects, study abroad, and field experiences, have been shown to improve college student engagement through experience-based learning. Research indicates that these practices can have high impact when they are intentionally designed and delivered to align with institutional mission and professional standards. The administrative structure of a HIP initiative may not consider how to assess program effectiveness. Few close examples exist in the literature to guide program staff to understand whether the HIPs supported by their programs are being designed and delivered for high impact. Our study details the efforts of one unit at a large private university to evaluate the implementation of an experiential learning initiative intended to support faculty to design and deliver high-impact practices to students. PurposeThis qualitative case study responds to the call for assessment to ensure that HIPs qualify as high impact. It illustrates a standards-based approach to evaluating a program of co-curricular, experientially based high-impact practices by determining how educational design and delivery aligns with the institution’s mission and professional standards for best practice. Methodology/approachTo qualitatively evaluate how well our HIP program aligned with institutional mission and HIP standards, we collected narrative data drawn from six faculty projects, faculty interviews, and reflections from 70 participating students. We used the institutional mission and established HIP professional standards as confirmatory themes to code the narrative and observe levels of coverage. Administrative directives were mapped against the confirmatory themes to identify areas of high and low emphasis and emergent themes that fell outside specific mission and standards language were considered for meaning. Findings/conclusionsOur qualitative assessment of a HIP program revealed program strengths and areas in need of improvement. By evaluating the concentration of institutional mission and professional standard themes across the project narratives and within the way the program was structured and administered, we found strong alignment existed in the areas of intellectual growth and interaction with faculty and peers. When we found that other mission themes and standards were present at lower levels, we mapped the administrative directives to the themes and discovered that the high concentration themes occurred more frequently in the directives. This insight led us to observe that addressing all mission and professional standard themes more clearly in the design phase could serve to align administrative directives more closely. In addition to the presence of confirmative themes across the data, we found emergent themes that had meaning to study participants but fell outside of the mission and industry standards. The evaluative process taught us important lessons around how administration-to-faculty program directives can impact the design and delivery of pedagogical practice. RecommendationsEducational leaders should consistently use institutional mission and professional standard language in directives to faculty and staff; training faculty in designing HIPs to meet professional standards can benefit underserved students; and recognizing meaningful themes that emerge through program evaluation can illuminate important unanticipated outcomes.

Biokinetic modeling approach to investigate the impact of rotational speed variations in modified rotating biological contactors for palm oil mill effluent treatment

Palm oil mill effluent (POME) contains high organic content, posing significant environmental challenges that demand effective treatment solutions. Conventional rotating biological contactor (RBC) used for POME treatment are limited by insufficient surface area for microbial growth and inefficient oxygen transfer, limiting their effectiveness. This study enhances RBC systems by incorporating bioballs to increase microbial attachment surfaces and improve treatment performance. Experiments were conducted at various rotational speeds, and biokinetic modeling was applied under unsteady-state conditions. The results showed that the RBC operated at 3 rpm achieved the highest removal efficiencies, with 67.4 % for SCOD, 92.4 % for TSS, and 73 % for NH3. The biokinetic model revealed that rotational speed did not significantly impact oxygen transfer, mainly during the aeration phase. Lower speeds optimized substrate degradation and microbial growth, while higher speeds caused biofilm detachment. The innovative use of bioballs improves POME treatment efficiency at lower speeds, offering a cost-effective solution.

Next steps for targeted protein degradation.

Targeted protein degradation (TPD) has greatly advanced as a therapeutic strategy in the past two decades, and we are on the cusp of rationally designed protein degraders reaching clinical approval. Offering pharmacological advantages relative to occupancy-driven protein inhibition, chemical methods for regulating biomolecular proximity have provided opportunities to tackle disease-related targets that were undruggable. Despite the pre-clinical success of designed degraders and existence of clinical therapies that serendipitously utilize TPD, expansion of the TPD toolbox is necessary to identify and characterize the next generation of molecular degraders. Here we highlight three areas for continued growth in the field that should be prioritized: expansion of TPD platform with greater spatiotemporal precision, increased throughput of degrader synthesis, and optimization of cooperativity in chemically induced protein complexes. The future is bright for TPD in medicine, and we expect that innovative approaches will increase therapeutic applications of proximity-induced pharmacology.

Оценка изменения растительного покрова территории Большой Москвы за двадцать лет с использованием космических снимков

The article presents the results of a study of the dynamics of woody vegetation in the territory of Greater Moscow over twenty years (2000–2020). Using Landsat ARD remote sensing data and geoinformation technologies, a series of maps of growth and loss of woody vegetation were constructed based on reflectivity values, brightness temperature, and vegetation indices. When calculating the areas of forests and fields, it was found that over 20 years their area has slightly increased overall. It was found that the increase in woody vegetation in Old Moscow is characteristic mainly of residential areas close to the Moscow Ring Road. In TiNAO, the maximum increases in woody vegetation are evenly distributed across the districts. In nature protected areas, as a rule, there is no significant increase. Losses of woody vegetation in protected areas are associated with their landscape transformation and construction of various structures. The greatest forest losses are observed in the residential areas of Old Moscow, not directly adjacent to the Moscow Ring Road. In New Moscow, there are lines of transport arteries and areas oriented towards development. Of the specially protected natural areas, the greatest forest losses are typical for the Losiny Ostrov National Park. Of the natural and historical parks, Izmailovo, Kuzminki-Lyublino, Tsaritsyno, and Moskvoretsky Park suffered the most. The territories of the specially protected natural areas are mainly characterized by the stability of their tree stands, not distinguished by either strong growth or large losses. An assessment was made of changes in the areas of forest growth and loss in the city as a whole by tree height categories, which found that the greatest growth is typical for categories 5, 7, 9–13 m, and the greatest losses are for categories 12, 18, 19, and 21 m. The territories where the tree height did not change also have a small share in the city area (about 1.5 %). The data obtained can be recommended for studying the history of the city, developing urban planning and environmental protection measures.

Evaluation of growth and leaf area development of young cherry trees on growth reducing rootstocks – preliminary results

Evaluation of growth and leaf area development of young cherry trees on growth reducing rootstocks – preliminary results

Selective area molecular beam epitaxial growth of n-GaN nanowires on SiO2 hole-mask patterned sapphire and graphene substrates

The growth conditions of silicon-doped GaN (n-GaN) nanowire (NW) selective area growth (SAG) are explored using plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy on SiO2 hole-mask patterned substrates: sapphire (SAP) and graphene on SAP (GoS). To achieve high selectivity, the growth temperature and Ga flux windows in which the nucleation on the SiO2 mask is highly suppressed are investigated and found to be quite narrow. By tuning the mask etching process, n-GaN NW morphologies ranging from vertical and widely separated NWs grown through SiO2 pinholes to densely positioned NWs with coalesced upper surface in wider mask holes are demonstrated on SAP.Using optimized growth conditions for SAG on SAP substrates, successful growth of vertical n-GaN NWs was achieved on similarly hole-mask patterned GoS substrates. Micro-Raman spectra indicate that the graphene is well protected from the nitrogen plasma by the SiO2 mask, whereas the graphene is damaged in the holes of the mask. X-ray diffraction spectra reveal an epitaxial relationship with the SAP and resistance measurements show conductivity between NWs of different mask holes. From this, we conclude that n-GaN NWs after nucleating on SAP through nanoholes in the graphene overgrow it and that this part of the graphene, at least close to the edge of the hole areas, can conduct well to the SiO2 mask covered graphene, indicating that graphene in such configuration can be used as a bottom electrode in a device structure. The impact of Ga diffusion and desorption on SAG is demonstrated for growth temperatures of 810 and 815 °C for SiO2 hole-mask patterns with nominal hole diameter of 2.5 µm and hole pitches of 3.0-10.0 µm. For hole pitches above 5 µm, Ga diffusion from the mask is the major contribution to the NW growth.

Assessing urban growth exposure to sea level rise using a machine learning based model with Alexandria as a case study

Alexandria governorate, like most coastal developing regions around the world, suffers from uncontrolled urban sprawl through high-risk areas vulnerable to threats related to climate change. This could result in significant consequences such as an accelerated sea level rise, which is expected to directly impact most low-lying coastal cities worldwide. This paper examines the impact of sea level rise on existing and future predicted urban growth areas in the Alexandria governorate as a case study. Additionally, it compares the total estimated economic losses for urban areas under both scenarios. For predicting future urban areas exposed to the threat of sea level rise, a multilayer perceptron (MLP) based model was used. The results show that if urban areas continue to expand into regions at risk of sea level rise, total urban exposure will be at least doubled. This will almost triple the expected direct economic losses for urban areas by the end of the century. Using remotely sensed, open data and geographic information system-based applications for data processing, this approach can be easily transferred to other regions to aid decision making toward urban resilience.

Multi-scenario simulation and optimization of habitat quality under karst desertification management

IntroductionInvestigation of the evolutionary trend of habitat quality in karst and rocky desertification zones is crucial for enhancing ecological security and conservation.MethodsAnalysis of land use statistics from the years 2000, 2010, and 2020, changes in habitat quality (HQ) and land use (LULC) between 2000 and 2020 were analyzed using Huize County in Yunnan Province as an example. The InVEST and FLUS models were applied to simulate LULC under different scenarios in 2030 and 2040 and assess changes in spatial gradients of habitat quality at each timepoint and factors influencing them.ResultsThe findings indicated that (1) The predominant land use types are grassland and woodland, experiencing the most significant growth in urbanized areas, the main sources of which are paddy fields and high-cover grassland. (2) The habitat quality between 2000 and 2020 was average and displayed a consistent decline. The spatial distribution pattern indicates low HQ in urban areas, high HQ in the outskirts, low HQ in the south-west, and high HQ in the north-east. In all four scenarios, habitat quality predominantly decreases in urban areas and regions with a dense concentration of built-up land. (3) Habitat quality spatial distribution is primarily affected by the type of land use, with NDVI being the secondary determinant.DiscussionThe ecological environment of Huize County must be restored and safeguarded with a focus on ecological priorities and harmonious development scenarios. This study provides methodological lessons for ecorestoration and policymakers in areas of karstic rocky desertification.

Income Inequality Analysis in Sumatra (Case Study of South Sumatera, North Sumatera, West Sumatera Province)

One indicator of an area of high economic growth is a low level of income inequality. This study aims to determine the development of income inequality that occurs in the provinces of South Sumatra, West Sumatra and North Sumatra, as well as classify and analyze the province based on economic growth and income inequality. The Data used in this study is time series and cross section data with a six-year observation period of 2018-2023 with 3 provinces in Sumatra yajni South Sumatra, West Sumatra and North Sumatra. The methods of analysis used in this study are Wiliamson index analysis, Theil Entropy index analysis, and Klassen typology analysis. With the results of the study, the average level of income inequality in 2018-2023 is in the range of 0.30 to 0.59. The highest income inequality is in the province of South Sumatra 0.59 and North Sumatra 0.45. Inequality in West Sumatra province is at 0.30 then it is categorized as moderate inequality. From Klassen's typological analysis, using the average Wiliamson index in 2018 to 2023, South Sumatra is in Quadrant II which is a fast-growing region, West Sumatra and North Sumatra are in Quadrant IV of the relatively underdeveloped region. From the results of Klassen typology analysis in 2018-2023 regencies or cities in West Sumatra province are in Quadrant II and Quadrant IV, regencies/cities in North Sumatra are in Quadrant I, quadrant II and quadrant IV. While the district / city in South Sumatra province located in Quadrant II and Quadrant IV.