Arduino Development Board Research Articles

DESIGN AND APPLICATION OF LOW-COST FUSE CURRENT TESTER IN CARS

By measuring the voltage drop on the fuses in vehicles with a multimeter and using the fuse voltage drop cards, it is possible to determine the current drawn by the load based on the color, type, and current value listed on the fuse label. Arduino is a family of microcontroller development devices that are utilized in numerous digital system design applications. In this study, a fuse current analyzer is proposed for measuring the voltage drop across the fuses in a vehicle using an Arduino development board and obtaining the load current. The developed current analyzer can be utilized in automotive electricity and electronics courses, circuit studies, and for determining whether the fuse value on vehicles is sufficient and detecting load current leakage. The proposed system is tested on vehicle fuses, and an approximate 4% mean error rate is determined. This system can be used to perform tests in automotive electrical laboratories, or it can be implemented in the classroom to give students hands-on experience.

Cost Analysis of Stopwatch Circuits Made with Arduino Development Board and Digital Integrated Circuits.

Applications such as stopwatch, digital clock and counter are among the most frequently used applications in the digital world. In this study, we focus on the stopwatch circuit by taking it as an example. The main function of a stopwatch is to keep, control and manage time. The goal here is how to design and realize a low cost, power efficient and less latency stopwatch. In this project, the 4-digit up counter was designed and implemented using Arduino development board and classical digital circuit elements. It was also simulated using the Proteus package program. A comparison was made between the two presented methods in terms of cost, performance and power consumption. As a result of the comparison, the lowest cost, highest performance and least power consumption were obtained from the circuit made using classical digital integrated circuits. Therefore, digital systems designed with classical digital integration are much more advantageous, especially when mass production is needed.

System for Indoor Comfort and Health Monitoring Tested in Office Building Environment

The use of smart technologies and the Internet of Things (IoT) is becoming more and more popular in order to enhance the overall building performance by monitoring parameters related to occupants’ comfort and health in the built environment. A new modular, custom-made and replicable IoT system is proposed based on an Arduino development board (MKR WiFi 1010) connected to the Arduino IoT Cloud. An Application Programming Interface (API) enables the integration of this system with other possible ones, thus making the system modular, custom-made and replicable. A series of parameters were simultaneously monitored over a 7-day period in two office spaces and a photovoltaic (PV)-testing laboratory. While the meteorological and comfort parameters (temperature, relative humidity, CO2) were monitored in all three spaces, the health parameters (total volatile organic compounds—TVOCs; formaldehyde—HCHO; particulate matter—PM; and radon—222Rn) were monitored only in an office setup located right next to a Chemical Analysis and Testing Laboratory. Generally, the registered values of the health parameters fell within the recommended thresholds. However, the thermal comfort parameters were constantly exceeded: over 90% of the working time in the two office spaces and 83.33% in the PV-testing laboratory. Still, the optimal relative humidity values in the monitored spaces contributed to the discomfort reduction in the occupants. Also, CO2 and TVOCs had some exceptions in particular conditions. CO2 values of up to 1500 ppm due to poor ventilation and TVOC levels of up to 1000 ppb related to chemical experiment development were registered. Also, several other peaks were recorded when monitoring HCHO as well as PM. Thus, special attention must be paid to natural ventilation or to the improvement of building characteristics. Also, the time intervals when experiments in the Chemical Analysis and Testing Laboratory are carried out should be communicated to other personnel from the nearest offices. The testing of the monitoring system over a one-week period showed that the proposed solution operated adequately, representing a reliable tool for data acquisition via the Arduino IoT Cloud.

Design of Modular Robotic Arm Remote Control Car based on Arduino Development Board

This research aims to design and implement an Arduino modular robotic arm remote control car, providing new possibilities for improving product universal control and comprehensive development boards. By integrating the PWM expansion chip PCA9685 with integrated I2C communication and two TB6612 motor driver chips, a new development board is designed to realize a modular multi-functional remote control car that can be controlled remotely, using Mecanum wheels with decelerating DC Motors carry out the motion and are equipped with robotic arms that can operate with precision. Using Arduino for design and programming, functions such as image transmission, tracking, Bluetooth, and gravity control can be realized. This robotic arm remote control car has a wide range of applications and can be used in various occasions. Through debugging, optimization and repeated testing, it has shown excellent performance under various conditions, and has certain reference value for the application of Arduino in engineering technology, scientific research and other fields. This article introduces the structural design, implementation, component selection, program design and other processes in detail, in order to provide certain guidance and reference for similar research.

Development and Implementation of LED Street Lights with Bright and Extinguishable Controls and Power Converters.

This study developed and implemented a driving power supply for light-emitting diode (LED) array streetlamps. The power stage was a quasi-resonant (QR)-flyback converter, its input power was the alternating-current power, and the LED array streetlamp was driven by the direct-current output power. The developed QR-flyback converter was operated in discontinuous conduction mode, and the pulse-width modulation (PWM) control chip was used to switch and conduct at the resonant valley of the drain-source voltage on the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) switch to reduce the switching loss. Moreover, the PWM control chip had a disable function, which was connected with a bright and extinguishable control circuit, and the high/low voltage level signal output by the Arduino development board can be used to control the output power of the QR-flyback converter, achieving bright and extinguishable controls for the LED array streetlamp.

Evaluation of copper electrodes for biomedical monitoring systems

This paper presents several aspects of in vivo biocompatibility tests using the animal model, considering conductive electrodes based on cotton fabric and a conductive paste-based polymeric matrix with copper microparticles that offer the potential to be used in medical devices. Additionally, this work presents a potential application of the electrodes for temperature sensors using the Arduino development board. In addition, after performing in vivo tests, analysis of the primary irritation scores, animal irritation scores, and cumulative irritation index showed that the electrodes resulted in a negligible measurement of perceived skin irritation.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF A PROTOTYPE OF A LOW-COST HAND PROSTHESIS IN A 3D PRINTER

This study aims to present the design and implementation of a low-cost prosthesis prototype that covers the basic movement needs, built using 3D printing. The development of this prototype, in particular, focuses on low-income people, especially children with some amputation or malformation in their upper extremities. First, an electromyograph was developed to capture the electrical signals produced by the muscles of the body as they move and to amplify them for further processing by an Arduino development board that works as the central system of the prosthesis. With the electromyograph designed and built, we proceeded to design the mechanical part of the prosthesis in SolidWorks software and prototype it in a 3D printer. The first tests conducted with the finished prototype yielded various data regarding the treatment of the signals used to make modifications and reach the necessary performance. With this work, it is possible to develop a basic prosthesis prototype that helps low-income children who are victims of amputations or malformations to meet their basic motor needs and demonstrate once again that the implementation of engineering provides solutions to local and global problems. Keywords: Electromyograph, Signals, 3D Printer, Hand Prosthesis, Electrodes DOI： https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.58.3.20

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A GREENHOUSE FOR ORGANIC TOMATOES WITH FUZZY LOGIC

The main objective of this project is to present the design and implementation of an automated greenhouse in a home garden of Organic Solanum Lycopersicum, commonly known as organic tomatoes, controlled with fuzzy logic in a cold and humid climate, demonstrating that agroecological tomato greenhouses can be made in cold places without the use of chemicals, with the help of advanced controllers, in this case, a fuzzy controller. For the development, a diffuse controller was first designed, which has as inputs the temperature, relative humidity, soil humidity, and luminosity, and as outputs it controls an irrigation pump, halogen lights to provide heating and fans, all this information is processed by an Arduino development board that works as the central system of the greenhouse. After having the fuzzy controller, the greenhouse was built with recycled bags and sticks. The first tests that were carried out with the finished prototype were very satisfactory, so much so that the plants developed a large size and exceeded the measurements of the greenhouse initially manufactured. With this project, it was possible to develop a greenhouse with a diffuse control system, obtaining clear results, going from having sick plants with the tomato spotted wilt virus that were not more than 15 cm tall, to obtaining plants of Solanum Lycopersicum completely healthy over 1 meter tall. This greenhouse can be adapted to any type of requirement on a small or large scale to provide effective and efficient solutions. Keywords: Greenhouse, Home Garden, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Controller, Arduino, Organic Tomatoes DOI： https://doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.58.3.14

Design and Implementation of an Intelligent IoT System based on Fuzzy Logic for Carbon Monoxide Detection

Carbon monoxide (CO) as been frequently identified as the origin of deadly domestic accidents. The heavy toll it makes every winter is often caused by using gas heaters. CO is difficult to detect without a detector because it has not particular odor or color. In this paper, we create and implement a prototype based on the Internet of Things (IoT) to combat this dangerous gas and save human lives. This prototype first allows the detection of carbon monoxide leaks and then the execution of the necessary reactions based on fuzzy logic. These responses entail turning on a ventilation system to ventilate the area where the leak occurs. The system also alerts users by making calls, emails, or notifications. In order to alert the relevant services when the gas level exceeds a predetermined threshold, this task is specifically carried out using an MQ2 sensor, calibrated to detect the level of gas present in the air, and a GMS sensor. Both of these sensors are connected to an Arduino development board.

Block programming to develop interactive activities in the analysis of passive filters using an RC circuit for distance classes

Block programming was developed for interactive activities in the analysis of a passive low pass filter using a RC circuit for distance classes. On a breadboard, was integrated an Arduino development board, a potentiometer and a visual indicator (a light emitting diode LED). The development of the programming was carried out using the software LabVIEW to generate an interactive front panel that allows us to manipulate and visualize the calculations, the graphic expressions and at the same time vary at least one passive element. A graphical interface was obtained that allows iterations and immediate calculations for the missing parameters to see the behavior of the filter and also generates a display for the mathematical expression and its Bode plot, the resistance allows us vary the values and make a sweep to locate the angular frequency and activate the light emitting diode connected on the development board. In the programming a web camera was implemented to visualize the circuit in real time at the moment of manipulating a graphical interface.

Adquisición de señales balistocardiográficas con Arduino

The noninvasive Balistocardiogram (BCG) signal is the recording of body movements due to heartbeat and blood flow through major arteries. This signal provides enough information to calculate the heart rate and its variations over time. The present paper proposes the design of a prototype of a low-cost electronic system to record the BCG signals acquired by means of a triaxial accelerometer and gyroscope. For the design of the system, an Arduino development board, the 9-axis MPU-9250 sensor (accelerometer, gyroscope and magnetometer), and the free software RealTerm are used. The system is connected by a USB port to a personal computer from where the entire system is governed. 
 A model of the system was built and tested successfully with arbitrary signals, checking the correct functioning of the system and recording the data in a text file for later analysis.

Acceleration Measurement Using Arduino and a Smartphone for the Motion of Objects on an Inclined Plane

In conventional physics teaching, acceleration measurement is demonstrated using motion sensors and carts on inclined tracks, and relevant data are collected using specific professional software. This approach entails the connection of computers and interface boxes, and requires high cost and large space. Air-track carts can be used to perform these experiments to reduce the errors caused by track friction; however, this approach has various disadvantages, including a large-size track and an air blower connecting to the track. In recent years, Arduino microcontrollers have gradually served as tools and platforms commonly used by makers and applied in STEM education. In addition, smartphones have been popular among most high school and university students. Therefore, various physics experiments have been performed using Arduino microcontrollers and smartphones. This study improved the weaknesses of conventional motion sensors for measuring the acceleration of objects on inclined planes by utilizing Arduino microcontrollers and smartphones. Specifically, common steel balls and U-shaped aluminum strips were used to replace the carts and tracks in relevant experiments. A readily available Arduino development board, smartphone app, and electronic components were also used to record and analyze the experimental data. Accordingly, a user-friendly tool for teaching acceleration measurement was created. This tool is small, light, portable, inexpensive, easily assembled, and yields small experimental errors, facilitating students’ participation in hands-on activities and demonstrations of textbook theories.

Smart Helmet for Bike Riders Safety

Abstract: With the growing number of 2-wheel motor vehicles, the frequency of accidents is on the rise. A major portion of the fatalities occur because the person was either not wearing a helmet, or his accident was not reported in time, and he could not be saved because of the delayed admittance to a hospital, or because he was riding while drunk. For this purpose, we use onboard sensors – gas Sensor, mems sensor. The accelerometer measures the change in tilt, in X Y and Z axes respectively, and sends the data to a server via an online application programming interface (API). The breath analyzer senses the amount of alcohol present in the breath of a person wearing the helmet and reports if it is beyond the legal limit. This can help optimize accident detection in the future when enough data is gathered to provide reliable accuracy. This will ensure the holistic safety of the rider at all times. This project presents an alert of the accident detection techniques by using smart helmet detection. Keywords: Alcohol detection, Helmet Detection, Arduino development board, MQ-2 Alcohol sensor, GSM, GPS, Accident detection

Real-time water quality monitoring for distribution networks in IoT environment

Water quality has always been a significant concern worldwide as a large portion of accessible water is either contaminated or polluted, which can spread serious diseases like dysentery, diarrhoea and cholera. Before consumption, the water quality should be tested to reduce the risk of infection. In real-time applications, the traditional approach for water quality monitoring is not appropriate, as on-site water sample collection is often a cost-intensive and time-consuming process. This paper introduces a real-time assessment of water quality parameters in distribution systems employing Raspberry Pi and Arduino development boards. The parameters were chosen based on the different categories identified by the Central Pollution and Control Board, Government of India. An Arduino development board was used at the sensing node for water quality sensor interfacing, data acquisition, and transmission to the wireless sensor network via Zigbee. Raspberry Pi was used at the server to collect data and upload data on the cloud platform. The 'Thingspeak' cloud platform was used for IoT implementation. The results were validated with the reference instrument.

A Two Wheel Self-Balancing Vehicle

Abstract This paper deals with the development of the equation of motion and practical implementation of low cost two-wheel self-balancing model of a Segway transporter. The experimental model of cart was designed and made under this study. Nonlinear equations of motion of real model and linearized model were derived. To develop the mathematical model, Matlab/Simulink was applied. The mechanical part was implemented into Simulink, and a DC motor was considered as a linear system. The real model was tested for its balance by implementation of a control algorithm consisting of a complementary filter and PID algorithm on an Arduino development board with peripheral devices. The fully functional self-balancing model was used as a demonstration in the teaching process of the Mechatronics courses.

Development of a Sensor-Based Heartbeat and Body Temperature Monitoring System for Remote Chronic Patients

The growing number of chronic diseases have stretched the healthcare sector. Globally, more than 36 million deaths per year are attributed to chronic disease complications. This has increased the demand for telemedicine in managing chronic patients as they must be on continuous monitoring for a long time. The involvement of wireless sensor networks and cloud computing technology in the health sector is increasing due to the potential it possesses in remote sensing and monitoring applications. This paper presents a developed system prototype for monitoring the heartbeat rate and body temperature of chronic patients using sensors. The monitored data are sent to a cloud database in real-time via an internet connection using the ESP8266 wireless module. The approach involves connecting a heart pulse sensor, an MLX90614 contactless temperature sensor, and the ESP8266 module to the Arduino development board. The goal of this work is to create a system that interfaces chronic patients and medical personnel in an attempt to avert the effects of insufficient health facilities, especially in rural Africa. The patient’s data in the cloud database can also be retrieved by medical personnel anytime in order to track the patient’s conditions and to advise the patient accordingly. The sensed heartbeat and body temperature readings were processed, sent, and recorded in the cloud database effectively.

Algorithms for Delivery of Data by Drones in an Isolated Area Divided into Squares

Drones are frequently used for the delivery of materials or other goods, and to facilitate the capture and transmission of data. Moreover, drone networks have gained significant interest in a number of scenarios, such as in quarantined or isolated areas, following technical damage due to a disaster, or in non-urbanized areas without communication infrastructure. In this context, we propose a network of drones that are able to fly on a map covered by regular polygons, with a well-established mobility schedule, to carry and transfer data. Two means exist to equidistantly cover an area with points, namely, grouping the points into equilateral triangles or squares. In this study, a network of drones that fly in an aerial area divided into squares was proposed and investigated. This network was compared with the case in which the area is divided into equilateral triangles. The cost of the square drone network was lower than that of the triangular network with the same cell length, but the efficiency factors were better for the latter. Two situations related to increasing the drone autonomy using drone charging or battery changing stations were analyzed. This study proposed a Delay Tolerant Network (DTN) to optimize the transmission of data. Multiple simulation studies based on experimental flight tests were performed using the proposed algorithm versus five traditional DTN methods. A light Wi-Fi Arduino development board was used for the data transfer between drones and stations using delivery protocols. The efficiency of data transmission using single-copy and multiple-copy algorithms was analyzed. Simulation results showed a better performance of the proposed Time-Dependent Drone (TD-Drone) Dijkstra algorithm compared with the Epidemic, Spray and Wait, PRoPHET, MaxProp, and MaxDelivery routing protocols.

Design and Development of “VR + Arduino” Immersion Interactive Experiment Case

In order to guide students to master Arduino development board, sensors, unity3d and other software and hardware application methods, familiar with the development process of virtual reality and intelligent hardware control platform. Learning from the WeChat "jump and jump" finger game, based on virtual reality technology and Arduino intelligent hardware control platform, the virtual intelligent fitness device with good immersion, strong interactivity, and combining entertainment, exercise and virtual experience is developed and designed. The "virtual reality + Arduino" immersion interactive experimental platform provides immersive and interactive immersive helmet and desktop screen display modes, uses a variety of intelligent control methods such as in-situ jumping action or grip to replace the finger pressing action in WeChat to control the jump of the game model, and can choose the sky, ocean, land and other fitness Scene, to achieve physical exercise and intellectual purposes. In the process of case design and production, virtual reality immersion equipment, grip and running pad are combined with fitness to cultivate students’ comprehensive practical innovation ability.

Low-cost and portable automatic sheet cutter

Process automation is crucial to increase productivity, more efficient use of materials, better product quality, improved safety, etc. In small-medium enterprise (SME) businesses related to household retailing, one of the process automation needed is the measurement and cutting of the mat or sheet, made of rubber or polyvinyl chloride (PVC) materials. Most of the household retailers that selling the sheet, the process of measuring and cutting according to the customer’s requirements are manually performed using a measuring tape and scissors. These manual processes can cause inaccuracy in length, inefficient use of material, low productivity and reduce product quality. This paper presents a low cost and portable automatic sheet cutter using the Arduino development board, which is used to control the process of measuring and cutting the materials. The system uses a push-button where the user can set the required length and quantity of the sheet. Once the required information is set, the stepper motor rolls the sheet until the required length is satisfied. Subsequently, another stepper motor moves the cutter horizontally and cut the sheet. With the automatic sheet cutter, the material is cut with acceptable precision. The design of the automatic sheet cutter is low cost and portable which significantly suitable to be used by SME household retailers.

Electromyography and Applications Based on the Interpretation of the Electrical Activity Associated with the Depolarization-Repolarization Cycle of the Muscle Fiber Membrane

The aim of this paper is to present the implementation of a method for data acquisition, processing and interpretation of the electrical activity associated with the muscle fiber membrane, generated as a result of the ionic pumps� action. By using a biofeedback shield (EKG/EMG shield) for differential amplification and analog signal filtering, an Arduino development board for analog to digital conversion and an external processing unit, a series of experiments were carried out. These referred to medical diagnosis and research, human-machine interfaces (control of a robotic joint which could be used for prosthetic limbs or industrial robots, as well as control of the computer � for video games, virtual reality, interaction with other devices), and monitoring and increasing sports performance. Due to its noninvasive characteristics, this technique, known as surface electromyography, proves to play a significant role in areas such as medical research, rehabilitation, ergonomics, sports etc.