Arcsin Transformation Research Articles

Control of Lepidoptera in Soybean, 1989

Abstract Insecticides were evaluated for efficacy in controlling soybean loopers in southern Mississippi in Stone County in a commercial field of maturity group VII soybean planted 10 Jul in 34-inch row spacing. At the time of application the soybean was in the R6 growth stage, was 40 inches tall with partially closed canopy, and was 20% defoliated. Methyl parathion at 0.25 lb (AI)/acre had been applied 21 d pretreatment. Treatment plots were 4 rows by 50 ft, established in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The insecticides were applied 1 Oct (1100-1300 h) using a hand-held compressed-air sprayer with cone spray pattern, calibrated to apply 10 gal/acre at 30 psi. Temperature at application was 75-82°F, with partly cloudy skies, and wind speed was 2-3 mph. Larvae were sampled 2 and 5 DAT using one 6 ft of row drop-cloth sample from each plot. Larval numbers in the check plots were used to estimate percent control, and the data were subjected to arcsin transformation for mean separation.

Turnover time of Leydig cells and other interstitial cells in testes of adult rats.

The aim of this study was to investigate the turnover of Leydig cells and other interstitial cells in the adult rat testis. Normal adult rats received injections of [3H]thymidine at 9:00 and 21:00 for 2, 5, or 8 days. The percentage of labeled Leydig cells, which was initially low (0.8% +/- 0.2%), gradually increased during treatment to 1.4% +/- 0.3%. The percentage of labeled peritubular cells was considerably higher and increased from 1.4% +/- 0.1% to 3.5% +/- 0.4% during [3H]thymidine treatment. The remaining interstitial cells were the most actively proliferating cells: the percentage of labeled cells increased from 2.4% +/- 0.2% to 7.5% +/- 0.8% during [3H]thymidine treatment. Leydig cells, peritubular cells, and the remaining interstitial cells in the adult rat testis undergo proliferation. By means of a linear regression analysis and an arcsin transformation, an estimation of the time interval needed to replace various types of interstitial cells was obtained. Taking into account the 95% confidence interval, the turnover time of Leydig cells ranged from 142 to 2823 days. The calculated turnover time for the peritubular cells was 85 to 257 days.

Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, 1986

Abstract “Greenback” cabbage was direct seeded in single row beds with 40 in center spacing. Plots were 2 rows wide and 20 ft long with one unplanted row between plots. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 5 replicates. All chemical applications were applied using a tractor mounted sprayer that delivered 12.4 gal/acre at 40 psi and 4 mph. Control plots were not sprayed. Weekly counts were made of all larvae present (cabbage looper, diamondback moth and beet armyworm) on 5 plants per plot. When the mean number of larvae per plant of all species exceeded 0.3 larvae/plant in methomyl treated plots, all plots were sprayed the following day. A total of 6 applications were made between 22 Apr and 27 May. Percent marketable cabbage heads (excluding wrapper leaves) was determined on 2 Jun. Heads were considered marketable if no visible evidence of feeding damage was observed. Beet armyworm egg masses oviposited on wax paper by moths in a laboratory culture were attached to the underside of wrapper leaves on one plant per plot. Egg masses were placed on 9, 28 Apr and 15 May at a rate of approximately 250 eggs/plant per date. Beet armyworm larvae were counted weekly on these plants. Total larval counts were analysed using AOV and Duncan's mean separation test while beet armyworm count analyses were made using a Ranks procedure (SAS Institute, 1984). Marketable head data was analysed using an arcsin transformation of percentage marketable data and reported as % marketable heads.

Aspects of the Life History and Ecology of the Desert Night Snake, Hypsiglena torquata deserticola: Colubridae, in Southwestern Idaho

Aspects of the Life History and Ecology of the Desert Night Snake, Hypsiglena torquata deserticola: Colubridae, in Southwestern Idaho

Bone Marrow Eosinophil Levels in Trypanosoma cruzi Infected Mice

Eosinophilic granulocytes have been implicated as possible effector cells in host resistance to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Eosinophils have been found in the parasite-containing lesions of hosts with acute Chagas' disease (Koberle, 1968, Adv. Parasit. (B. Dawes, ed.) 6: 63-110) and are thought to function as the cellular component of an antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) response against the parasite. Indeed, eosinophils from man (Kierszenbaum, 1979, Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 28: 965-968) and rodents (Sanderson et al., 1977, Nature, Lond. 268: 340341; Kipnis et al., 1981, Am. J. trop. Med. Hyg. 30: 47-53) have been shown capable of destroying trypanosomes by ADCC in the presence of immune serum. If eosinophils play a role in host protection against T. cruzi, the dynamics of this cell type during infection becomes an important consideration. To evaluate eosinophil levels through T. cruzi infection, the bone marrows of 8 wk old C3H(He) (Dominion Labs, Dublin, VA) and C57B1/6 (Jackson Labs, Bar Harbor, ME) female mice infected intraperitoneally with 1 x 103 Brazil strain trypomastigotes were assayed by 2 methods. One technique involved removal of the left femur from mice asphyxiated with CO2 and flushing the marrow with 1.0 ml of Alsever's solution (femoral bone marrow wash; FBMW). The resulting cell suspension was examined microscopically by standard hemocytometer methods for the total nucleated cell count by Turk's stain and the number of eosinophils using Discombe's stain (Discombe, 1946, Lancet 1, pp. 195-196). Discombe's stain (8 parts dH2O, 1 part 3% eosin Y and 1 part acetone) was incubated for 5 min at a 1 part cell suspension to 10 parts stain ratio prior to counting. The level of eosinophils for each animal was estimated as follows: % eosinophils = (# eosinophils per ml FBMW/# of nucleated cells per ml FBMW) x 100. Eosinophil percent data were normalized by the arcsin transformation before statistical analysis using ANOVA and Duncan's statistical tests (Zar, 1974. Biostatistical analysis. PrenticeHall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ). Parasitemia determination was done by microscopic examination of 4 ul of tail vein blood under an 18 mm circular coverslip (Kuhn et al., 1975, Int. J. Parasit. 5: 557-560). C3H(He) mice, on days 7, 14, 21, and 28 of acute infection, and C57B1/6 mice, on days 14, 28, and 42 of acute infection and day 90 representing post-acute infection, were sacrificed and

Patency of the cervical canal in cross-bred female Zebu × Brown Swiss selected for non-surgical recovery or transfer of embryos

A test to evaluate the degree of patency of the cervical canal was carried out on 260 Zebu × Brown Swiss cows and heifers that were assigned for non-surgical recovery or transfer of embryos. A total of 204 females (78.5%) were found to have a patent cervix (P <0.05) b b Arcsin transformation. , compared with 56 (21.5%) which had a blockage or obstruction when an attempt was made to pass a catheter through the cervical canal or the “cervical knot” of the purebred and cross-bred Zebu cows. A smaller percentage (12.89%) of non-patent cervices (P <0.05) were detected in multiparas, compared with 25 and 27.5% in primiparas and nullipara, respectively. The test for cervical patency is carried out on Bos indicus cattle to screen the animals before non-surgical embryo transfer manipulations and to attain better results in the application of non-surgical recovery and transfer of embryos.

European Corn Borer Control, 1981

Abstract ‘Hybelle’ bell peppers were transplanted Jun 1 in Sassafras sandy loam in single rows, 25 ft long plots in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times; a guard row buffered each treated row. Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with 1 drop nozzle on either side of the row and 1 nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. Granular materials were banded 2 inches deep and 4 inches out from the plant on both sides of the row and lightly incorporated on Jun 15 and Jun 29 with Furadan 10G, 15G and Jun 29 with RH-9358 5G, BAS-263 10G and Vydate 10G. Foliar treatments were initiated Jul 13 on a 7-day schedule until Sep 17. Mixed red and green commercial peppers were harvested and split open to determine corn borer infestations on Aug 13, sep 10 and Oct 10. Statistical analyses were based on the arcsin transformation.

Lepidopterous Larval Control on Celery, 1980

Abstract An experimental planting (Tall Utah 5270-R) was transplanted on Aug 13 at the University of California South Coast Field Station. Insecticidal treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. The replicates were 3 rows wide (40 inch centers) by 25 ft long with a 5-ft buffer between replicates. Ten plants per replicate were inspected weekly from Sept 10 to Nov 20. Insecticides were applied when 1 or more larvae/40 plants were found. Insecticides were applied with an Arimitsu handsprayer with 4 nozzles/row at an opening pressure of 50 psi and delivery rate of 100 gal/acre. The nozzles were hollow cone, D3 orifice, 33 core, and 50-mesh screen. All treatments included 0.04% spreader/sticker (Biofilm). The treatments were harvested on Nov 25 and all plants from the center row were inspected for lepidopterous larval damage. The data were analyzed by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level of probability. Arcsin transformation was used for % celery damage.

Lepidopterous Larvae and Vegetable Leafminer Control on Fresh Market Bush Tomatoes, 1981

Abstract An experimental tomato planting C7718VF’) was transplanted on Jul 14 at the University of California south Coast Field Station, Santa ana, CA. Insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Replicates were 4 rows wide (5 ft centers) by 25 ft long with 5 ft buffers between replicates. Insecticides were applied weekly from aug 18 through Oct 6 (8 applications) by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles/row at an operating pressure of 100 psi and delivery rate of 100 gal/ acre. Nozzles were hollow cone, D3 orifice, 25 cores and 50 mesh screen. All treatments included 0.02% spreader-sticker (Leaf Act). Vegetable leafminer control was monitored by placing 1 pupae tray/replicate and counting all pupae twice a week from Sep 3 through Oct 8. Lepidopterous larval control was monitored by harvesting 250 mature fruit/replicate from the center 2 rows on oct 13 and inspecting the fruit for tomato pinworm damage, external damage (primarily beet armyworm) and internal damage (primarily tomato fruitworm). Data were analyzed by DMRT at 5% probability level. Arcsin transformation was performed before analysis on mean percent lepidopterous infestation.

Potato Tuberworm Control in Potatoes, 1981

Abstract An experimental potato planting (’Kennebec’ variety) was made on Mar 26 at Moreno Valley Field Station, Riverside, CA. Insecticide treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The replicates were 21 rows wide (32 inch centers) by 75 ft long with a 5 ft buffer between replicates. Insecticides were applied at 2 wk intervals from Jun 3 through Jul 15 (4 applications). Insecticides were applied by a tractor-mounted back boom sprayer with 1 nozzle per row at an operating pressure of 100 psi and delivery rate of 20 gal/acre. Nozzles were hollow cone, D3 orifice, 25 core and 50 mesh screen. All treatments included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Biofilm). Ten stems/replicate were inspected weekly from Jun 10 through Jul 7 for larvae and mines. The center 2 rows/replicate were harvested on Jul 22. Data were analyzed by DMRT at the 5% level of probability. An arcsin transformation was performed on mean percent infested white and light green tubers and mean percent total infested tubers before analysis.

The influence of resistance gene frequencies in rice plants on virulence gene frequencies in blast fungus population in japan.

Using the data on race frequencies of blast fungus through Japan obtained by Yamada et al.33), multiple regression analyses were carried out to get an equation for predicting frequencies for virulence genes in each prefecture in Japan. Resistance gene frequencies in each prefecture was calculated from growing areas of each variety in each prefecture in 16 years from 1961 to 1976. After arcsin transformation of frequencies of resistance genes and the corresponding virulence genes, 1) resistance gene frequencies, 2) the first and second component scores in principal component analysis computed from the resistance gene frequencies in the 16 years, and 3) means and slopes of resistance gene frequencies in each five or six year period when the 16 years were divided into three sections were used as three series of independent variables for a regression equation. The choice of a multiple regression equation from many equations obtained was performed to minimize the prediction sum of squares and to gain a better understanding. The virulence gene frequencies (F) in 1976 were expressed by F=0.14-1.89S2+1.44M1+0.53Da-0.62M12+0.63M1Dk+2.42S2Da, where S2 was the slope showing change of resistance gene frequencies from 1966 to 1971, M1 was the mean of resistance gene frequencies from 1972 to 1976, and Da and Dk were dummy variables for Pi-a and Pi-k resistance gene, respectively.

The Analysis of Ratios of Odds Ratios in Stratified Contingency Tables

The ratio of odds ratios in a 2 x 2 x 2 contingency table is applicable to both cohort and case-control studies as a measure of the interaction effect (on the logit scale) of two dichotomous exposure factors on a dichotomous response. Analysis of this parameter is here extended by the introduction of a fourth factor for stratification of the table, in order to control for confounding or to study homogeneity of the effects of interest. The exact conditional distribution of the sufficient statistic is outlined, and this leads to exact methods for testing homogeneity of ratios of odds ratios over strata, and for inference concerning a common parameter value. Large-sample methods, based on the asymptotic distribution and on Mantel-Haenszel principles, are developed and compared with log-linear model maximum likelihood and arcsin transformation methods. A case-control study of cervical dysplasia in relation to two common sexually-transmitted pathogens serves as an example. The study of main effects of each exposure in such a setting is also discussed. Consideration of a ratio of odds ratios arises naturally in studying relationships between three dichotomous factors. Bartlett's (1935) condition for no three-factor interaction in a 2 x 2 x 2 contingency table is equivalent to the assertion that the true ratio of odds ratios equals one (provided that its value exists). The parameter has a variety of potential applications. In one usage (a), given two treatments (Factor 2) and a dichotomous outcome or response (Factor 1), it is of interest to assess homogeneity of the relative efficacy of the two treatments under two different environmental conditions (Factor 3). This situation was discussed by Zacks and Solomon (1976), who reduced the problem to inference concerning a ratio of odds ratios-specifically, the ratio of outcome-to-Factor 2 odds ratios, with the component odds ratios conditioned on different levels of Factor 3. (Note that the value of the resultant ratio does not depend on the order of conditioning by the two factors.) This application is a special case of a more general usage (b), in which there are four cohorts of observational units defined by observed or experimentallyapplied levels of two dichotomous factors (Factors 2 and 3), a dichotomous outcome is observed, and it is of interest to assess the interaction effect of the two factors on outcome. A third potential usage (c) is in case-control studies involving two exposure factors. In such studies, it is possible to estimate Factor 2-to-outcome odds ratios conditional on each level of the second exposure factor, Factor 3. A well-known fact, central to the interpretation of results from case-control studies, is that odds ratios are invariant under interchange of roles of the two dichotomies on which they are defined. The ratio of these two

Potato Tuberworm Control in Potatoes, 1980

Abstract An experimental potato planting (Kennebec variety) was made on Jun 3 at Moreno Valley Field Station, Riverside, CA. Insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The replicates were 8 rows wide (32-inch centers) by 70 ft long with a 5-ft buffer between replicates. Insecticides were applied at 2-wk intervals from Jul 31 through Oct 9 (6 applications). Insecticides were applied by handheld spray equipment (Arimitsu sprayer) with 3 nozzles per row at an operating pressure of 50 psi and delivery rate of 20 gal/acre. Nozzles were hollow cone, Dl orifice, 13 core and 50-mesh screen. All treatments included 0.04% spreader/sticker (Biofilm). Five stems/ replicate were inspected weekly from Aug 6 through Sep 19 for larvae and mines without larvae. The 2 center rows/replicate were harvested on Oct 22. Tubers were inspected for potato tuberworm damage. Data was analyzed by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% level of probability. ‘An arcsin transfor-mation was performed on the percent infested white tuber data before analysis.

Lepidopterous Larval Control on Tomatoes, 1980

Abstract An experimental tomato planting (VFN Bush) was transplanted Jun 17’80 at University of California South Coast Field Station. Insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Replicates were 4 rows wide (5-ft centers) by 25 ft long with 5-ft buffer between replicates. Insecticides were applied weekly from Aug 12 through Sept 30 (8 applications) by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with 6 nozzles per row at an operating pressure of 100 psi and delivery rate of 101 gal/acre. Nozzles were hollow cone, D2 orifice, 25 core and 50-mesh screen. All treatments included 0.04% spreader-sticker (Biofilm). All mature green, pink and red fruit were harvested Sep 17 and Oct 1. Fruit were inspected for tomato pinworm damage, external damage (primarily beet armyworm) and internal damage (primarily tomato fruit-worm). The 2 harvests were combined. At the last harvest all replicates were visually inspected for tomato russet mite damage. Data (Arcsin transformation) were analyzed by Duncan’s multiple range test at 5% probability level.

Lepidopterous Larvae Control on Celery, 1979

Abstract An experimental celery planting (Tall Utah 5270-R) was transplanted on Aug 1. Insecticide treatments were replicated 4 times in a random block design. The replicates were 2 rows wide (40 in centers) by 25 ft long with a 5 ft buffer between replicates ten plants/replicate were inspected weekly from Aug 21 through Nov 2. Insecticides were applied when 5 or more larvae/40 plants were found. Insecticides were applied with a back-pack sprayer with 3 nozzles/row at an operating pressure of 30 psi and delivery rate of 100 gal/acre. The nozzles were hollow cone, D3 orifice, 23 cores and 50-mesh screen. All treatments included 0.04% spreader/sticker (Biofilm). The treatments were harvested on Nov 7 and all plants were inspected for lepidopterous larvae damage. The data were analyzed by Duncan’s multiple range test at the 5% level of probability. Arcsin transformation was used for celery damage.

Assessment of long-term antiarrhythmic therapy: Studies on the long-term efficacy and toxicity of tocainide

Methods for testing long-term efficacy of antiarrhythmic agents are not established. Therefore, an algorithm was developed to assess the response of ventricular premature complexes and ventricular tachycardia to long-term therapy. In 21 patients tocainide, an oral lidocaine analog, was successful in acutely suppressing ventricular premature complexes and ventricular tachycardia. Suppression was assessed with use of both the arrhythmic classification of Lown and Wolf and counts of premature ventricular complexes from 24 hour ambulatory electrocardiographic recordings. After 3 to 10 months of tocainide therapy, 24 hour control recordings were obtained in 18 patients, and administration of tocainide was stopped. With use of recordings obtained 5 and 7 days later to assess variability in the count of ventricular premature complexes, the upper 95 percent confidence limit for variation in number of complexes after arcsin transformation to correct for noncentral distribution was 80 percent. When tocainide was withdrawn, arrhythmias did not reappear in 6 patients but their reappearance in 12 patients indicated a continued requirement for tocainide. Although the decrease in ventricular premature complexes was less than 80 percent in four patients, ventricular tachycardia was effectively suppressed. Four patients had adverse reactions requiring drug withdrawal: a rash (one patient), cervical muscle spasms (one patient) and central nervous system symptoms (two patients). Minor central nervous symptoms persist in six patients. Tocainide did not induce lymphocytotoxicity. It is concluded that testing of long-term antiarrhythmic drugs should include a withdrawal trial to ensure both continued drug requirement and continued drug efficacy. Because of marked variability in ventricular premature complex counts, adequate suppression is best assessed by combining an analysis that considers arrhythmia classification and the nonparametric distribution of data.

Gas chromatographic evaluation of plasma triglyceride composition in hyperlipidemia

The molecular distribution of human plasma triglycerides was studied by gas—liquid chromatography. Triglycerides of the total plasma lipids are separated into fractions according to molecular weight. Individual fractions consist of molecules containing constant numbers of carbon atoms in the acyl chains. The carbon number serves to designate the fraction. In normal plasma it is possible to separate plasma triglycerides into four main fractions: C 48, C 50, C 52, and C 54. The reference group consists of 199 apparently healthy subjects (93 men, 106 women) and is stratified according to age. Triglyceride values were adjusted to age and sex. Parameters of triglyceride fractions C 48-C 56 were calculated after arcsin transformation of percentage values. The group of hypertriglyceridemic subjects totals 113 (56 men, 57 women). Their adjusted triglyceride values exceed the 95 percentile of the reference group values. Analysis of the triglyceride fractions gives the following results: 1. In more than a quarter of the hypertriglyceridemic patients a different molecular distribution was demonstrated. Mostly it was fraction C 56 that was increased in proportion. 2. There seems not to be an anomaly of triglyceride molecular distribution associated with any type of hyperlipoproteinemia. Nevertheless, in a family with type III hyperlipoproteinemia we observed a constant increase of C 56 and higher fractions. Fraction C 56 and higher molecular weight fractions contain one or more twenty-carbon or longer fatty acids chains. We conclude that hypertriglyceridemia in about one quarter of cases is associated with a disorder of the metabolism of triglyceride molecules containing C 20 or longer fatty acid chains.

Cankerworm Control in Shelterbelts, Walhalla, North Dakota, 1976

Abstract Each insecticide was applied from the air to 1 of 6 one-half mile long single row belts. There were approximately 100 yds between belts. Pre-treatment larval counts were made from two randomly selected twigs on each side of 6 trees along each belt on June 2. Twig samples were taken at eye level and approximately 20 ft above ground level. Larvae were in the 1st to the 3rd instar and averaged 48.9 larvae/2 ft twig. There were approximately 2 spring cankerworms to 1 fall cankerworm. Treatments were applied June 3. Post-treatment larval counts were similarly made one week later. The materials were applied with 44, D-7 nozzles at 40 psi and 115 mph. Three gals of water/acre were applied. Wind speed at application was 5-10 mph, and measurable and prolonged rainfall occurred during the period between application and post-treatment larval counts. Data consisted of % reduction in cankerworms between pre- and post-treatment counts. No reduction in cankerworms was assumed when post-treatment counts were equal to or greater than pre-treatment counts. The arcsin transformation was applied to the data. Treatments were compared with a series of “t” tests for paired comparisons.

Cankerworm Control in Shelterbelts, Walhalla, North Dakota, 1973

Abstract Each insecticide was applied from the air to 1 of 8 one-half mile long single row belts. There were approximately 100 yds between belts. Pre-treatment larval counts were made from five randomly selected 2 ft twigs on each side of 5 frees along each belt on May 29. Twig samples were taken from eye level to approximately 20 ft above ground level. Larvae were in the 1st to the 3rd instar and averaged 22.5/2 ft twig. Cankerworms were significantly more abundant on Siberian elm than on American elm. There were approximately 2 spring cankerworms to 1 fall cankerworm. Treatments were applied May 30. Post-treatment larval counts were similarly made on June 8. The materials were applied with 44, D-7 nozzels at 38 psi and 115 mph. Three gals of water were applied/acre. Imidan 1EC, Imidan 70W and Imidan 5W were applied to American elm. The rest were applied to Siberian elm. The untreated check belt was American elm. Wind speed at application was 5 mph, and rainfall was light during the period between application and post-treatment counts. Data consisted of % reduction in cankerworm counts between pre- and post-treatment counts. No reduction in cankerworms was assumed when post-treatment counts were equal to or greater than pre-treatment counts. The arcsin transformation was applied to the data. Treatments were compared with a series of “t” tests for paired comparisons.

On testing and estimating the interaction between treatments and environmental conditions in binomial experiments: The case of two stations

Estimating confidence intervals for the interaction between treatments and environmental conditions in binomial experiments is analyzed. Testing the interaction is studied also. The problem is reduced to that of estimating or testing the interaction parameter in 2 × 2 × 2 contingency tables with given marginals. Programs for determining the exact conditional tests and their power functions are provided for sample of size not exceeding 100. Large sample approximations based on maximum likelihood (ML) and on the arcsin transformation for proportions are studied.