Archival Holdings Research Articles

Rents instead of land. Credit and peasant indebtedness in late medieval Mediterranean Iberia: the kingdom of Valencia

AbstractThe literature on the rural economy of the high and late Middle Ages has long established a close correlation between three significant features of the period: the spread of rural credit, the dynamism of the peasant land market and the expropriation of peasant land by the creditors, usually yeomen or urban landowners. There has even been talk for some countries (northern Italy) of a deliberate strategy of territorial conquest, insofar as the credit provided by urban lenders would aim at the expropriation of land from insolvent debtors. This article studies for the Mediterranean Spain of the late Middle Ages, and in particular for the old kingdom of Valencia, other objectives of rural credit and other alternatives to peasant expropriation in case of insolvency. Based on the rich archival holdings of the region, mainly notarial and judicial records, the article studies the dissemination of rural credit, the different modalities (short and long term), the motivations of creditors and debtors, the types of interest, the guarantors and the goods given as collateral for the loans, their confiscation in case of delay or insolvency. It concludes that, unlike elsewhere, the creditors, rather than in land, were interested in rents, that is, in the annuities paid to them by the debtors as interest on the loans obtained. The spread of long-term credit, therefore, not only did not threaten or subvert but also strengthened a system of land ownership, tenure and management based on regular rents extraction.

Tracing the Australasian Asta Nielsen Boom in Trove and Papers Past: a tool for recreating the circulation histories of silent films

ABSTRACT The circulation of early films was highly ephemeral, since films were regarded as consumable, interchangeable objects. Their rapid passage through cinemas, staying for just a few days or weeks, left few traces that can be used to document their movement a century later. Even in the case of films featuring a phenomenally successful star like the Danish actress Asta Nielsen in the burgeoning early cinema market of Australia and New Zealand (known collectively as Australasia or the Antipodes), few records of silent-era distribution or exhibition companies have survived to reveal which Asta Nielsen films they may have imported and screened, let alone what audiences thought of the films they were able to view. Fortunately, the open-access digitization of extensive archival newspaper holdings in New Zealand (paperspast.natlib.govt.nz) and Australia (trove.nla.gov.au) has made it possible to recreate much of the circulation history of many early films, thereby indicating their popularity and relative profitability. Such archival material confirms that Asta Nielsen was a well-known, highly valued star in the Australasian cinema firmament, with nearly two dozen films in circulation over a four-year period preceding the First World War. This article demonstrates how Trove and Papers Past can be used to follow the movement of the Asta Nielsen film When the Mask Falls/Wenn die Maske fällt (1912) through Australasia, contextualize it as part of a much larger phenomenon of Asta Nielsen films in the Antipodes, and situate it within the larger context of Australasian cinema exhibition and distribution in the pre-First World War era.

A framework for management of digital records on the cloud in the public sector of South Africa

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate a framework for management of digital records on the cloud in South Africa.Design/methodology/approachThis qualitative case study used semi-structured interviews and document analysis to collect data from regulatory documents, records practitioners and chief information officers in the national government departments in South Africa.FindingsThis study reveals that despite the advent of cloud computing, government is still struggling with manual paper-based records challenges, as they have not developed a government-owned cloud in which to manage and dispose records.Practical implicationsTechnological advancements have brought about dramatic changes to the management and disposition of records since cloud computing emerged. The traction gained by cloud computing influences how records are managed and disposed in the cloud storage. Currently, the South African Government manages and disposes records in the government premises as stipulated by the National Archives and Records Service of South Africa Act (1996). This is enforced by the National Archives and Records Service of South Africa, which is the government records regulator because records are on paper-based, microfilms and audio-visual formats. It is hoped that the recommendations and framework proposed in this study may assist the government and related sectors in the adoption and implementation of the cloud computing system for records management and disposal. This may assist in resolving challenges such as missing files, damaged records and archives and long turnaround time for retrieval of records.Social implicationsIn South Africa, the digital records are securely stored in storage mediums such as hard drives and USBs, to mention but a few. In addition to digital obsolescence faced by the storage mediums, global access to information is hindered because information is limited to those who can visit the archival holdings. The alternative option is to manage and dispose of records in the cloud. The framework and recommendations in this study may also assist in improving information, archives and records management policies and service delivery to the community at large. The framework proposed may be applied as a theory for framing future studies in the same area of cloud computing and used as a resource to guide other future studies and policymakers.Originality/valueThis study provides a framework for management of digital records on the cloud in South Africa. It also proposes the promulgation of the Cloud Act to promote unlimited access to state heritage, regardless of time and location. This study is framed on the Digital Curation Centre Life Cycle Model.

“Our Beginnings Never Know Our Ends”

ABSTRACT This article documents and assesses the growth of the Harold Pinter Archive at the British Library from the initial deposit on loan in 1993, through the permanent acquisition in 2007. The article also summarizes all of the Pinter-related additions to the Library's archival holdings since 1993 and relates new discoveries in Pinter's letters to his work for the theatre. The coauthors, who worked on the Pinter archive at different periods, offer personal perspectives on archiving Pinter, and on the processes and events, both inside and external to the British Library, relating to the acquisition of the papers and then their expansion.

DIGITAL ACCESS OF ARCHIVAL HOLDINGS IN THE ARCHIVES OF THE REPUBLIC OF SRPSKA

Basic tasks of the archival profession is to collect, protect, preserve, arrange, describe, and make archival records it holds accessible to a wide audience in accordance with the legislative and professional archival criteria. Providing access to archival and historical holdings via digital accessibility is the next step in the archival profession and starts at a local level and moves upwards, keeping in mind the sense of a wider, global space of profession, knowledge, and culture. The Archives of the Republic of Srpska has developed an online repository of archival metadata and digitized records in order to enable online access to the treasures of the Archives, while adhering to archival standards at the same time. This enables the accessibility, but also the promotion of archival treasures as cultural heritage.

Mapping the Ukrainian Foreign-language Press in Europe during the Ukrainian Revolution (1917–1921) in Western and Ukrainian Archives and Libraries

ABSTRACT This paper seeks to develop new avenues of research for the study of the Ukrainian press in Europe in a retrospective of the 20th century. Specifically, it aims to present here a comprehensive overview of the Ukrainian periodicals issued in the West European languages during the Ukrainian Revolution (1917–1921). In the process of the search work conducted during 2012–2019, the corpus of the Ukrainian foreign-language press in Europe spanning the Ukrainian national liberation movement/Ukrainian Revolution has been identified. This has been accomplished through a comprehensive study of the foreign-language bibliography (by means of the bibliographic heuristics’ method) and scholarly reference sources, as well as systematic fieldwork in the holdings of both Western and Ukrainian archives and libraries. The Ukrainian press in the West European languages of Europe of that period serves as a barometer of receptions by different West European media outlets of the Ukrainian Revolution (1917–1921). Its structure, editorial policies, and content serve both as a record, as well as a digest of the foreign (i.e., West European) press receptions about the Ukrainian national revolution. The complex nature of this cluster of the Ukrainian press thus enables researchers (both Ukrainian, and foreign scholars) to use it as an important (and sometimes indispensable) source of information about the development and transformations of the Ukrainian Revolution. This study argues that this corpus of publications is a unique phenomenon in the history of Ukrainian journalism in terms of its transformation, diversification, internationalization and subsequent integration into the European public sphere. This study also shows that there are yet many gaps in the fields of media history, Slavic and East European Studies, and Ukrainian Studies of the interwar period awaiting attention of future bibliographers and scholars.

Camera negatives, releases, and versions of Charlie Chaplin’s Shoulder Arms (1918)

ABSTRACT The essay presents the latest research results on Charles Chaplin’s wartime comedy Shoulder Arms (1918). It provides background information on the production of the film, describes the different camera negatives produced in 1918, and traces their uses for different releases. There were four different negatives (A, B, C, and D) and six official releases (First National domestic first release 1918–1923, international first release beginning in 1918, Pathé domestic re-release 1925–1930, Pathé international re-release 1925–1930, U.S. Army release beginning in 1944, and Revue domestic and international releases beginning in 1959). Five historical film prints/versions have been located in archives and collections so far. A table summarizes the research results and presents frame enlargements of recently discovered film prints. The images allow the attribution of individual prints/elements to one of the four original negatives. Thus, the article lays a foundation for the international research project Mapping Archival Holdings of Charlie Chaplin’s Shoulder Arms (MASh), which was launched in spring 2021.

Chaos and Conception in the openED Archive

This essay discusses implementation of a community-based participatory research project with the goal to reactivate a dormant community archive. The openED project is the focus of this case study as it provides insight into everyday documentation practices through an assessment and inventory of the archival holdings of the Urbana-Champaign Independent Media Center (UCIMC) in Illinois. Established in 2000, the UCIMC is a grassroots collective of citizen journalists, artists, and community organizers. As an early hub in the nascent and global Indymedia network, this collective represents an antiglobalist and anticorporate agenda through magnifying community voices of underrepresented and marginalized groups. The UCIMC archive reflects this agenda, as it is a community-created collection of physical and digital materials representing the everyday documentation of the organization. From protest signs to radio and news articles, the core collection of member-created and member-collected material exists to support the activist mission of Indymedia. From the outset, the openED project faced a number of daunting challenges, both in locating the archival material and as the UCIMC entered a period of severe financial crisis in early 2019. This article is a reflection on lessons learned and strategies applied to create accessible and collaborative everyday documentation at the UCIMC community archive.

Archival Relations: Women and Regional Theater in the Kathleen Barker Archive

Archival Relations:Women and Regional Theater in the Kathleen Barker Archive Fiona Ritchie (bio) Keywords Eighteenth century theater history, women's theatre history, Kathleen Barker, archives, women's writing, women's and gender studies For the last few years, I have been working on a study of women and regional theater in Britain and Ireland in the long eighteenth century.1 The last comprehensive research on provincial theater in this period was undertaken by Sybil Rosenfeld, whose Strolling Players and Drama in the Provinces, 1660–1765 was published over eighty years ago in 1939. A new study of the subject is therefore long overdue, but the topic is so vast that perhaps I am a fool to grapple with it. However, I take inspiration from the late and much-missed theater historian Jane Moody, who was working on this topic when she died in 2011.2 She would have produced a brilliant book on regional theater, and it is a huge loss to academia that she did not get the chance to do so. The focus of my own project on theater outside London in the long eighteenth century is gender. Extensive archival research across Britain and Ireland will allow me to uncover the important contributions made by women to regional performance culture, not just in terms of acting but also with regard to management and other types of off-stage labor. When I began this undertaking, I felt overwhelmed at the scale of the task ahead of me and unsure where to start. So my first port of call was Bristol, my hometown. I reasoned that I at least knew something of the city, its culture, history, and geography that could help me orient myself. This turned out to be a brilliant plan. Bristol, of course, has a rich theatrical history. The present day Old Vic began life as the city's Theatre Royal in the middle of the eighteenth century and is "the longest continuously working theater in the English-speaking world."3 Furthermore, the University of Bristol has rich archival holdings related to performance (both in Bristol and elsewhere) in its Theatre Collection, which was founded in 1951 to serve the first university drama department in the United Kingdom.4 One of their holdings is the Kathleen Barker Archive. Barker lived from 1925 to 1991, and research into theater history was her life's work. The collection is described in detail by Christopher Robinson in a short chapter of a festschrift devoted to Barker, published in 1994: Basically the archive comprises eighty stout arch-files, each one containing between 600 and 800 quarto or A4 sheets, most of them double-sided, on [End Page 131] which virtually everything that ever appeared in print, in newspapers and theater journals, relating to provincial entertainment has been painstakingly reproduced, mainly by a manual typewriter.5 Barker's interests in provincial theater ranged beyond Bristol and beyond the eighteenth century. She was awarded her doctorate by the University of Leicester in 1982 for a thesis entitled "Provincial Entertainment 1840–1870: The Performing Arts in Five Provincial Towns," a study which encompassed performance culture in Nottingham, Sheffield, Newcastle, Brighton, and Bristol. Fifteen folders in the Barker archive contain research undertaken for this project. Barker's hometown remained a key focus of her research, however, and the collection contains material she amassed in writing books on theater in the city, The Theatre Royal Bristol, 1766–1966: Two Centuries of Stage History (1974) and Bristol at Play: Five Centuries of Live Entertainment (1976).6 Robinson makes clear the extent of these resources: "Her authoritative history of the Theatre Royal, Bristol, from 1766 to 1966, is related in 267 pages, but the reference material she assembled covering this period fills twenty-four files, or something in excess of 16,000 pages" (p. 14). Furthermore, Barker's definition of entertainment was capacious. Bristol at Play includes discussion of musical concerts, circus, puppet shows, pantomime, equestrian entertainment, menageries, dioramas, and so on. Her archive is therefore of great use to scholars working across centuries, geographical locations, and types of performance. My work with the Barker archive has primarily been concerned with a specific aspect of Bristol theater...

"Nuns Don't Get Cervical Cancer": A Reproductive-Justice Approach to Understanding the Cervical-Cancer Prevention Crisis in Ireland

"Nuns Don't Get Cervical Cancer":A Reproductive-Justice Approach to Understanding the Cervical-Cancer Prevention Crisis in Ireland Beth Sundstrom (bio) From 2015 to 2018 scandals surrounding the human papilloma-virus (HPV) and cervical-cancer screening in the Republic of Ireland revealed serious deficiencies in the nation's health-care system. A misinformation campaign conducted in 2015 about the HPV vaccine resulted in a sharp decline in Irish vaccination levels, and in 2018 Ireland's CervicalCheck screening program was revealed to be flawed. In the Scally Report (2018), a scoping inquiry into the problems at CervicalCheck, key informants pointed to the significant gendered failings of the Irish health-care system, noting that "there is a history of looking at women's health services as being secondary," "women and women's rights are not taken seriously," and "paternalism is alive and well." The report identified the need for expert and committed attention to women's issues within the health-care system.1 Through an analysis of two scandals, the CervicalCheck screening program and the HPV-vaccination-misinformation campaign, this study investigates the cervical-cancer prevention crisis in Ireland through the lens of reproductive justice. HPV vaccination and cervical screening are health behaviors that illuminate the intersection of oppressions based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic position, ability, [End Page 292] age, gender, sexual orientation, and immigration status.2 These categories are best analyzed through an approach that foregrounds concepts of reproductive justice, underscoring intersectional oppressions in women's health care and advocating for truth telling as resistance. Indeed, this article is among the first studies to apply a reproductive-justice approach to the issues surrounding cervical-cancer prevention and HPV vaccination. Both the CervicalCheck screening program and the misinformation campaign about HPV vaccinations were rooted in unethical communication by the state and nongovernmental actors. Unethical communication is ingrained in hegemonic, paternalistic sociopolitical practices that mirror narratives of oppression based on gender, ethnicity, and nationality.3 By contrast, ethical communication is "socially oriented, empathically situated, and responsive to others."4 In the midst of Ireland's cervical-cancer prevention crisis, women and public-health advocates confronted unethical communication through digital intersectional communication by engaging in storytelling and truth telling about health, illness, and the body to confront, challenge, and change Ireland's health-care system. By privileging the voices of activists and experts in this article, I argue that the ways in which women and public-health advocates confronted the cervical-cancer prevention crisis in Ireland may be understood as a triumph of truth telling over the failure of unethical communication. Methods This qualitative study was part of a larger research project investigating reproductive justice in Ireland. This project offers a novel multiple-methods approach incorporating a variety of sources. Through a Fulbright U.S. Scholars Grant, I completed document analysis, interviews with activists, and participant observation in Ireland from [End Page 293] September to December 2018. Developing convergence of multiple sources of evidence provided data triangulation. To strengthen the reliability of the study, I followed Yin's principles to maintain a chain of evidence and organize the data collected for the study into an evidentiary base that included documents, field notes, interview transcriptions, and narrative compilations.5 I received institutional review-board approval for this research. The document-analysis portion of the study includes an investigation of published documentation on cervical-cancer prevention, including archival records and physical artifacts as well as traditional and social media. Archival research was conducted at the Boole Library, University College Cork, in its archival holdings of the records of the Attic Press, which included materials from the Irish women's movement covering the 1970s to the 1990s. I also conducted qualitative in-depth interviews with fifteen Irish activists working on reproductive justice; the quotations from activists in this article come from these interviews. In order to maintain the confidentiality of participants, all quotes from these interviews are included anonymously in this article. I also completed more than twenty hours of informal meetings and participant observation with experts and activists in Ireland. I collected publicly accessible documents (e.g., websites, press releases, reports, tweets, Facebook posts, YouTube videos, etc.) from twenty women's organizations. I...

Stalin's Niños: Educating Spanish Civil War Refugee Children in the Soviet Union, 1937–1951 by Karl D. Qualls

Reviewed by: Stalin's Niños: Educating Spanish Civil War Refugee Children in the Soviet Union, 1937–1951 by Karl D. Qualls Zukhra Kasimova (bio) Karl D. Qualls, Stalin's Niños: Educating Spanish Civil War Refugee Children in the Soviet Union, 1937–1951 ( Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2020). 264 pp., ill. Bibliography. Index. ISBN: 978-1-4875-0358-1. Stalin's Niños charts the life trajectories of thousands of Spanish children who arrived in the Soviet Union in 1937–1938 as civil war refugees. At a time when the Soviet regime was punishing and deporting some of its ethnicities as "traitor nations," it was also showcasing its international largesse by "spending lavishly to protect and provide for Spaniards" (P. 9). The book's broad scope covers Spanish children's displacement (from the homeland due to the Spanish Civil War) followed by their new placement in Soviet boarding schools, evacuation to the Soviet interior at the onset of the Great Patriotic War, and subsequent reevacuation back to Moscow after the war, concluding in repatriation to Spain for some and the embracing of a new homeland for others. The book is based on rich primary sources, including oral histories, memoirs, official documents from the Spanish archives in Madrid and Barcelona, and Russian archival holdings in Moscow. This broad range of sources creates a balanced, multifaceted narrative that sheds light on the professional dilemmas that children's mentors and educators faced, as well as the lived experiences of Spanish niños as told in their own words. To be sure, children became the central concern of many modernizing states caught in the tumultuous events of the twentieth century.1 For one thing, children were regarded as the source of the nation's recuperation and renascence. Orphaned and displaced children in particular were viewed as the collective national progeny, most malleable and thus suitable for shaping ideal future citizens.2 Karl Qualls offers a new [End Page 284] conceptual approach to the study of childhood, education, and mobility in the Soviet Union as a modernizing state in the 1930s–1950s, without prioritizing any particular Soviet nationality or constraining the analysis based on the country's territory. What makes this story unique and at the same time universally relevant is that the Soviet state viewed Spanish children as neither a tabula rasa nor the quintessential "other." Rather than erasing children's national pasts and remolding their identities, Soviet officials and educators attempted to blend and hybridize their hispanidad with Sovietness. "Unlike Americans and the assumptions prevalent in their indigenous industrial schools, for example, the Soviets did not view the Spanish children as 'blank slates' but rather as transformable children who could learn to adapt to Soviet mores" (P. 4). Building on Francine Hirsch's concept of "double assimilation" simultaneously into an ethnoconfessional nation and the Soviet supranational community, Qualls argues that "Stalin's niños" underwent a process of amalgamation that was meant to make them in equal parts Spanish and Soviet. He reconstructs the Soviet take on modernization of its diverse populations as based on an educational system that prioritized "nurture" over "nature," standardized cultural and linguistic diversity, and upheld "dual loyalty" to the nation and to the multinational state. The same framework and line of historical inquiry can be effectively applied to other Soviet nationalities that have gradually progressed from "speaking Bolshevik with an accent" to becoming bilingual model Soviet citizens. Qualls's study also shows that the Soviet universalizing model of "making kin out of a stranger" could be effectively applied to all children, regardless of their ethnic, national, and class origins, as long as they agreed to adding "socialist content" to their "national" identification. The Soviet educational facilities that were created to accommodate Spanish children under the aegis of "state-sponsored evolutionism" (to borrow a term coined by Hirsch) – casas de niños (boarding schools) – mirrored the organizational principles of schools for non-Russian children. Native language remained the language [End Page 285] of instruction, with Russian taught across the board as the lingua franca. The curricula of Spanish boarding schools consisted of reading Spanish literature selected so as to shape a particular canon ("form") of national culture...

Funkcje aktotwórców na przykładzie archiwów państwowych. Rozważania wstępne

The presentation by the International Council of Archives of the project of a new model of archival description "Records in Contexts" made the authors look for the possibility of using this model in the Polish system of archival information. They draw attention to the lack of studies or thesaurus in Poland containing systematized functions performed by various entities operating in all areas. They refer to a handful of examples from other countries, including the function thesaurus for The Australian Governments' Interactive Functions Thesaurus, which was one of the foundations for the preparation of the International Standard for Describing Functions ISDF and Access to Memory AtoM, and the later guidebook from the British Commonwealth – Strategies for Documenting Government Business: the DIRKS Manual. Then, they indicate the eight basic areas of activity of state archives specified in the Law on the national archival holdings and archives, i.e. shaping the state archival holdings, collecting, inventorying, storing, processing, securing and making available archival materials, and conducting information activities. Some regulations and documents prepared in the archives were subject to a preliminary partial analysis, i.e. the uniform substantive records classification scheme, the model report on the activities of the state archives and the Strategy of the State Archives for 2010–2020, as sources that can provide information when creating the Polish dictionary of functions, at least in the scope of the activities of state archives. As the theoretical model that can be used in these works, the Archival Thesaurus by Stanisław Nawrocki was pointed out. The study ends with questions about the possibility of applying in Poland an information system approach based on the analysis of functions and documentation produced during their performance, which are an incentive to discuss the shape of the system of information about the holdings.

Kompleks arygіnalaў aktaў agul'nadzjarzhaўnaga znachjennja arhіva Vjalіkaga Knjastva Lіtoўskaga ў saveckaj gіstaryjagrafіі. Tjermіnalagіchny aspekt

The article deals with the issues of the state archive of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Soviet historiography, in particular the approach to the terminology of the complex of original files of national importance. The author concludes that this problem in the USSR was not specifically investigated. It was raised indirectly in the context of another subject of research - the Grand Dutchy of Lithuania Metrica or the “Lithuanian Metrica”. The most significant contribution to the development of ideas about the complex of originals and their terminology was made by historians M.G. Berazhkoў, M.M. Ulashchyk, G.L. Harashkevіch, E.D. Banionis. In fact, by the mid-1980s, Soviet scholarship was dominated by the vision of a collection of original documents under the “Lithuanian Metrica”, and the latter as the actual state archive of the GDL. The GDL Metrica itself was mainly understood as an “archive”. The issue of the independence of the collection of original files in relation to the record in the Grand Duchy's system of documentary and archival holdings was not raised. This view corresponded to the basic assumptions of Russian pre-revolutionary historiography. From the mid-1980s, the ideas of Soviet scholars began to change. Originals of acts of national importance from the archive of the GDL as part of Soviet historical scholarship are gradually recognized as independent in the archival sense, part of the “state archive of the GDL” is separate from the collection of documents of the GDL Metrica, and the latter was denied the monopol of the state archive. In the second half of the 1980s, in the terminology of researchers with reference to the acts of the complex of originals, and in contrast to the GDL Metrica as copies, the word “original” is disseminated. It is synonymous with the term “real act” (Russian – “podlinnik”), which has been widespread in Russian scientific literature since pre-revolutionary times. These changes were influenced by the results of both Soviet research (the works of L.W. Czerepnin, A.A. Zimin, S.O. Szmidt) and foreign scientists (J. Jakubowski, I. Sułkowska-Kurasiowa, and also the American researcher P. Kennedy Grimsted).

Digitization means access: Using digitization to extend the reach of cultural heritage materials in a global network university

As part of a university system with campuses around the globe, the library of NYU Abu Dhabi is part of a network of libraries that shares holdings with campuses in New York, Shanghai and other locations internationally. As an American-based university in the Middle East, seeking to be a bridge between cultures, NYU Abu Dhabi also promotes scholarship and interest in the social and cultural traditions of the region in which it is located. The Archives and Special Collections of the NYU Abu Dhabi Library has materials of relevance to this mission, but due to the uniqueness or rarity of such materials, it cannot lend them in the same manner that the library does other materials. As a result, the library is investigating the role of digitization as a means of increasing access and encouraging use of its archival holdings. This paper examines some of the logistical and practical issues encountered in its initial pilot digitization project, as well as considerations for other institutions wishing to embark on a similar program.

Comparative historical analysis of the foundation of classical gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century: Russian and international experience

Introduction. Improving the theory and practice of modern school dictates the need to take into account the historical and pedagogical heritage. There is a request for an in-depth and unbiased review of the history of Russian education and training. The search for effective pedagogical solutions actualises the appeal to the historical experience of Russian pedagogy, to the ideas and practices of classical education, which undeservedly remain outside the field of vision of Russian scholars and reformers of the modern Russian school.Aim and main research questions. The aim of the present research is to study the genesis of the Russian classical gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century. The study is an attempt at a dialogue with the past of Russian education, prompted by the intention to look into its future.This research work involves the analysis of the issues related to social and pedagogical factors, events in the process of the foundation and development of the Russian gymnasium as a new type of educational institution, and the comparison of its genesis with similar educational institutions in the West, taking into account the current problems of Russian school and education.The hypothesis of the research consists in scientific argumentation of the assessments of the foundation of the Russian classical gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century as a qualitatively new and important phenomenon of Russian education, which significantly influenced the further development of the Russian school.Methodology and research methods. The object of the study is the education system in Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century, and its subject is the classical gymnasium education of the indicated period. The foundation of a classical gymnasium is studied on the basis of the methodology of history of pedagogy and comparative pedagogy. The main methodological principles of historical and pedagogical science were taken into account – objectivity, historicism, comprehensiveness and consistency. In accordance with the methodology of objective positivism, the authors have made an attempt to scientifically understand and generalise the research findings and phenomena. The formulation of scientific ideas and judgments also required an appeal to the philosophy of relativism. The implementation of the methodology of comparative pedagogy provided for the search for similarities and differences, common and specific in the experience of the Russian classical gymnasium and secondary educational institutions of classical education in the West in the first quarter of the 19th century.When choosing research methods, the authors conducted the analysis of the presentation range of documents. The authors analysed more than 20 previously unpublished and unknown sources of archival holdings of the Russian State Historical Archive (St. Petersburg). Also, the authors analysed the Russian and foreign research papers published from the 19th century to the early 21st century.Research results. The genesis of the classical Russian gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century is presented for the first time in a holistic form: the establishment of a gymnasium under the Charter of 1804, the contribution of S. S. Uvarov to the creation of a classical gymnasium and his experiment in the St. Petersburg provincial gymnasium of 1811, the curriculum of gymnasiums of 1819, the official policy as a factor in the development of classical education. The authors compared the genesis of the Russian classical gymnasium and institutions of classical secondary education in the West in the first quarter of the 19th century.The research results demonstrate that the researched period was the key for the foundation of the classical Russian pre-revolutionary gymnasium. In Russia, a new sector of the education system was created, being in tune with the European pedagogical trends of the era. A shift of the Russian gymnasium by the end of the first quarter of the 19th century away from the encyclopedic curriculum of the beginning of the century to the strengthening of classicism was identified. The similarities and differences of the processes of its foundation compared to the genesis of complete general education in the West, especially in Prussia, are shown.Practical and scientific significance. The possibilities of updating the experience of Russian classical education in modern conditions are outlined. Turning to such experience allows us to more successfully solve not only the specific problems of the revived gymnasiums and gymnasium classes in modern Russia, but also, in general, to comprehend the prospects of classical education in the post-industrial era.

Comparative historical analysis of the foundation of classical gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century: Russian and international experience

Introduction. Improving the theory and practice of modern school dictates the need to take into account the historical and pedagogical heritage. There is a request for an in-depth and unbiased review of the history of Russian education and training. The search for effective pedagogical solutions actualises the appeal to the historical experience of Russian pedagogy, to the ideas and practices of classical education, which undeservedly remain outside the field of vision of Russian scholars and reformers of the modern Russian school.Aim and main research questions. The aim of the present research is to study the genesis of the Russian classical gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century. The study is an attempt at a dialogue with the past of Russian education, prompted by the intention to look into its future.This research work involves the analysis of the issues related to social and pedagogical factors, events in the process of the foundation and development of the Russian gymnasium as a new type of educational institution, and the comparison of its genesis with similar educational institutions in the West, taking into account the current problems of Russian school and education.The hypothesis of the research consists in scientific argumentation of the assessments of the foundation of the Russian classical gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century as a qualitatively new and important phenomenon of Russian education, which significantly influenced the further development of the Russian school.Methodology and research methods. The object of the study is the education system in Russia in the first quarter of the 19th century, and its subject is the classical gymnasium education of the indicated period. The foundation of a classical gymnasium is studied on the basis of the methodology of history of pedagogy and comparative pedagogy. The main methodological principles of historical and pedagogical science were taken into account – objectivity, historicism, comprehensiveness and consistency. In accordance with the methodology of objective positivism, the authors have made an attempt to scientifically understand and generalise the research findings and phenomena. The formulation of scientific ideas and judgments also required an appeal to the philosophy of relativism. The implementation of the methodology of comparative pedagogy provided for the search for similarities and differences, common and specific in the experience of the Russian classical gymnasium and secondary educational institutions of classical education in the West in the first quarter of the 19th century.When choosing research methods, the authors conducted the analysis of the presentation range of documents. The authors analysed more than 20 previously unpublished and unknown sources of archival holdings of the Russian State Historical Archive (St. Petersburg). Also, the authors analysed the Russian and foreign research papers published from the 19th century to the early 21st century.Research results. The genesis of the classical Russian gymnasium in the first quarter of the 19th century is presented for the first time in a holistic form: the establishment of a gymnasium under the Charter of 1804, the contribution of S. S. Uvarov to the creation of a classical gymnasium and his experiment in the St. Petersburg provincial gymnasium of 1811, the curriculum of gymnasiums of 1819, the official policy as a factor in the development of classical education. The authors compared the genesis of the Russian classical gymnasium and institutions of classical secondary education in the West in the first quarter of the 19th century.The research results demonstrate that the researched period was the key for the foundation of the classical Russian pre-revolutionary gymnasium. In Russia, a new sector of the education system was created, being in tune with the European pedagogical trends of the era. A shift of the Russian gymnasium by the end of the first quarter of the 19th century away from the encyclopedic curriculum of the beginning of the century to the strengthening of classicism was identified. The similarities and differences of the processes of its foundation compared to the genesis of complete general education in the West, especially in Prussia, are shown.Practical and scientific significance. The possibilities of updating the experience of Russian classical education in modern conditions are outlined. Turning to such experience allows us to more successfully solve not only the specific problems of the revived gymnasiums and gymnasium classes in modern Russia, but also, in general, to comprehend the prospects of classical education in the post-industrial era.

Paul Creyssel: The ‘Forgotten’ Voice of Vichy

Paul Creyssel, Vichy’s high-profile Director of Propaganda between 1 April 1942 and 3 March 1943, then Secretary-General for Propaganda until 13 January 1944, is nowadays an all-but-forgotten figure. Found guilty of undermining national morale at his trial in June 1948 after almost four years in detention awaiting judgement, he thereafter faded from public and historical scrutiny. That shift from prominence to obscurity is the focus of this article. It explores the forgotten Creyssel and argues that history’s amnesia on such a major player of the Vichy regime was what he himself wanted to engineer. In particular, the article examines how, at his trial, Creyssel’s defence was an attempt to reimagine his wartime identity and actions in order to downplay the profile of the man in public memory and record. To develop its line of argument, the article analyses Creyssel’s trial papers ― an archive that historians have generally overlooked ― supplemented with reference to his radio broadcasts, which have never previously been comprehensively examined. It identifies specific points that the defence chose to emphasise or understate, or where it was selective with or distorted the truth, and signposts evidence that was disregarded or manipulated in the account given. However, the importance of the case study of Creyssel stretches beyond the individual, for it opens up another version of wartime France and illuminates broader discussions about how collaborators subsequently explained away their activity. Equally, the article sheds light on notions of memory and forgetting in the context of the French experience of the Second World War and beyond, and so connects to discussions on the writing, and ‘righting’, of narratives of the past. In that light, the article also reflects on how the post-Occupation environment and the shifting context of historical writing contributed to the forgetting of Creyssel. A coda discusses the central place of France’s archival holdings for our continuing investigation of Vichy, and reflects on the potential damage caused by recent state-sponsored restrictions on the consultation of such materials.

Fostering Archive Awareness at Art Museums in South Africa

The purpose of this article is to emphasise the importance of exhibiting archival records in art museum spaces as a knowledge development and information dissemination stance. The article also draws attention to the limitations that are encountered in fostering the public programming of archives through digital technology in art museums. The 2013 Revised White Paper on Arts, Culture and Heritage states that cultural and creative industries should ensure that as many South Africans as possible have access to arts, culture, and heritage offerings, and this includes archival records. However, art museum archives continue to be exclusionist and often act as historical, social, and information barriers for end users. This qualitative study accentuates the importance of physical and remote public programming activities for art museums and art galleries. The study followed a phenomenological research approach and explored the experiences and perceptions of art museum end users in relation to the adequacy of archive public programming. The findings suggest that exhibiting archival holdings at art museums can create awareness among audiences and expose such audiences to cultural history through the archival exhibits, which could be shared externally through digital media.

Портал «Архіви Європи» та репрезентація України в європейському просторі оцифрованого культурного надбання

The purpose of research. The article updates for the fi rst time the information about the representation of Ukrainian archival institutions on European portals of representation of digital copies of cultural heritage. The research is based on archival documents, special literature and information messages from open sources (Internet media and offi cial web portals of Ukrainian and European authorities). The methodological basis is the general scientifi c principles of objectivity, systematics, historicism. In order to analyze the functioning of information resources of European documentary heritage, system-structural and comparative research methods were used. Research results. The problem of improper representation of Ukrainian archives in European digital cultural heritage projects is outlined. In particular, the basic principles of work, purpose of creation and practice of the sites «Europeana. eu» and «Archivesportaleurope.net» are described. There are described the process of creation and attempts to present on these portals the fi rst Ukrainian archival collections: «Trident – a symbol of the Ukrainian revolution of 1917–1921» from the fonds of the Branch State Archives of the Security Service of Ukraine and the collection «The Unique Documents of the National Archival Holdings» from the web portal of the State Archival Service of Ukraine. The importance of disseminating in the digital space documents with the image of the state emblem of the Ukrainian People’s Republic in order to inform the European environment about the longevity of state traditions of the Ukrainian people and the tradition of using state symbols. Prospects for further research. The State Archival Service of Ukraine intends to act as the offi cial representative of the web portal «Archives of Europe» in Ukraine and further provide advisory and methodological assistance to Ukrainian archives on the online placement of digitized archival documents. In the long run, this experience should be useful for all public and private archives of Ukraine and will help to ensure a dignifi ed representation of Ukraine in the European space of digitized cultural heritage.

“Cartographic Aggression”: Media Politics, Propaganda, and the Sino-Indian Border Dispute

The middle of the twentieth century witnessed a serious border dispute between China and India. This article explores how these countries used multiple media (e.g., historical documents and film) to support their respective territorial claims. The two countries pursued similar authoritarian approaches by expanding their archival holdings, banning books, and selectively redrawing maps. They regarded dissenting views not only as incorrect but as national security threats. China and India policed domestic media to legitimize government policies and to present their cases to the international community. The British government, for its part, demonstrated its support for India. Because British leaders sympathized with their former colony and because the borders of India were a product of the British Empire, leaders in the United Kingdom endorsed Indian propaganda. Nevertheless, democracy in India and the United Kingdom rendered complete control of the media difficult. The Sino-Indian conflict therefore represented a war over information as well as territory.