View Of Architecture Research Articles

Hawk: An industrial-strength multi-label document classifier

There are a plethora of methods for solving the classical multi-label document classification problem. However, when it comes to deployment and usage in an industry setting, most if not all the contemporary approaches fail to address some of the vital aspects or requirements of an ideal solution: i) ability to operate on variable-length texts or rambling documents, ii) catastrophic forgetting problem, and iii) ability to visualize the model’s predictions. The paper describes the significance of these problems in detail and adopts the hydranet architecture to address these problems. The proposed architecture views documents as a sequence of sentences and leverages sentence-level embeddings for input representation, turning the problem into a sequence classification task. Furthermore, two specific architectures are explored as the architectures for the heads, Bi-LSTM and transformer heads. The proposed architecture is benchmarked on some of the popular benchmarking datasets such as Web of Science - 5763, Web of Science - 11967, BBC Sports, and BBC News datasets. The experimental results reveal that the proposed model performs at least as best as previous SOTA architectures and even outperforms prior SOTA in a few cases, along with the added advantages of the practicality issues discussed. The ablation study includes comparisons of the impact of the attention mechanism and the application of weighted loss functions to train the task-specific heads in the hydranet. The claims regarding catastrophic forgetfulness are further corroborated by empirical evaluations under incremental learning scenarios. The results reveal the robustness of the proposed architecture compared to other benchmarks.

Optimized expansion microscopy reveals species-specific spindle microtubule organization in Xenopus egg extracts.

The spindle is a key structure in cell division as it orchestrates the accurate segregation of genetic material. While its assembly and function are well-studied, the mechanisms regulating spindle architecture remain elusive. In this study, we investigate the differences in spindle organization between Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis, leveraging expansion microscopy (ExM) to overcome the limitations of conventional imaging techniques. We optimized an ExM protocol tailored for Xenopus egg extract spindles, improving upon fixation, denaturation and gelation methods to achieve higher resolution imaging of spindles. Our protocol preserves spindle integrity and allows effective pre-expansion immunofluorescence. This method enabled detailed analysis of the differences in microtubule organization between the two species. X. laevis spindles overall exhibited a broader range of bundle sizes, while X. tropicalis spindles contained mostly smaller bundles. Moreover, while both species exhibited larger bundle sizes near and at the spindle center, X. tropicalis spindles otherwise consisted of very small bundles, and X. laevis spindles medium-sized bundles. By enhancing resolution and minimizing distortions and fixation artifacts, our optimized ExM approach offers new insights into spindle morphology and provides a robust tool for studying the structural intricacies of these large cellular assemblies. This work advances our understanding of spindle architecture and opens up new avenues for exploring underlying mechanisms.

Exome sequencing of 20,979 individuals with epilepsy reveals shared and distinct ultra-rare genetic risk across disorder subtypes.

Identifying genetic risk factors for highly heterogeneous disorders like epilepsy remains challenging. Here, we present the largest whole-exome sequencing study of epilepsy to date, with >54,000 human exomes, comprising 20,979 deeply phenotyped patients from multiple genetic ancestry groups with diverse epilepsy subtypes and 33,444 controls, to investigate rare variants that confer disease risk. These analyses implicate seven individual genes, three gene sets, and four copy number variants at exome-wide significance. Genes encoding ion channels show strong association with multiple epilepsy subtypes, including epileptic encephalopathies, generalized and focal epilepsies, while most other gene discoveries are subtype-specific, highlighting distinct genetic contributions to different epilepsies. Combining results from rare single nucleotide/short indel-, copy number-, and common variants, we offer an expanded view of the genetic architecture of epilepsy, with growing evidence of convergence among different genetic risk loci on the same genes. Top candidate genes are enriched for roles in synaptic transmission and neuronal excitability, particularly postnatally and in the neocortex. We also identify shared rare variant risk between epilepsy and other neurodevelopmental disorders. Our data can be accessed via an interactive browser, hopefully facilitating diagnostic efforts and accelerating the development of follow-up studies.

A historical perspective on the neurobiology of speech and language: from the 19th century to the present.

In this essay, we review 19th century conceptions on the neurobiology of speech and language, including the pioneer work of Franz Gall, Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud, Simon Alexandre Ernest Aubertin, Marc Dax, Paul Broca, and Carl Wernicke. We examine how these early investigations, anchored in the study of neurological disorders, have broadened their scope via neuropsychological and psycholinguistic theories and models. Then, we discuss how major technological advances have led to an important paradigm shift, through which the study of the brain slowly detached from the study of disease to become the study of individuals of all ages, with or without brain pathology or language disorders. The profusion of neuroimaging studies that were conducted in the past four decades, inquiring into various aspects of language have complemented-and often challenged-classical views on language production. Our understanding of the "motor speech center," for instance, has been entirely transformed. The notion of cerebral dominance has also been revisited. We end this paper by discussing the challenges and controversies of 21st century neurobiology of speech and language as well as modern views of the neural architecture supporting speech and language functions.

A Review of Negligible Factors Inimical to Building Failures in Nigeria: Architectural View

Building failures pose significant risks to public safety, property, and the environment, making it imperative to identify and address the negligible factors contributing to such failures in Nigeria. This review examines the architectural perspective of building failures in Nigeria, focusing on factors that play a role in mitigating risks and promoting safer construction practices. Through an analysis of recent literature and empirical evidence, the study highlights key findings, conclusions, and recommendations aimed at enhancing construction safety standards nationwide. The findings of the review reveal the multifaceted nature of building failures, influenced by regulatory frameworks, construction materials, skilled labor, community engagement, technological integration, economic incentives, and environmental considerations. Strengthening regulatory enforcement, promoting the use of high-quality construction materials, and investing in skilled labor development emerge as critical strategies for mitigating risks and improving construction safety outcomes. Community engagement initiatives and technological innovations, such as building information modeling (BIM) and real-time monitoring systems, are also identified as effective measures for enhancing transparency and accountability in construction projects. Based on the findings, the study concludes that addressing the negligible factors inimical to building failures requires a holistic approach, encompassing regulatory reforms, capacity building, and technological advancements. Furthermore, the study emphasizes the importance of fostering collaboration between government agencies, industry stakeholders, and local communities to promote construction safety and sustainable development goals. The recommendations proposed include enhancing regulatory enforcement mechanisms, promoting the use of high-quality construction materials, and investing in skilled labor development programs. Additionally, leveraging technological innovations and fostering community engagement initiatives are identified as key strategies for enhancing construction safety standards and fostering sustainable development in Nigeria. Overall, this review provides valuable insights and actionable recommendations for policymakers, construction professionals, and community stakeholders seeking to address the negligible factors contributing to building failures in Nigeria. By implementing the recommendations outlined in this study, stakeholders can work collaboratively to create safer, more resilient built environments that promote the well-being of communities and support sustainable development goals.

First Graduated Women Architects and Urbanists in Eastern Mediterranean Europe 1900-2000. The Cases of Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey

This paper provides an overview of the history of the first women graduates in architecture in Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey. Based on a review of digital archives and secondary sources written by local researchers, the aim of this research is to contribute to the dissemination and valorisation of women’s work and contributions to the history of modern architecture. The three countries under study constitute one of the most interesting European peripheries from the point of view of architecture, but also from the point of view of gender studies and women’s history. Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey, with their peculiarities and differences, condense in their recent history the political and cultural milestones that clearly show the direct link between the advance of democracy and women’s rights. Similarly, all this has an impact on architecture and urban planning; from the type and focus of projects and plans that are developed as a priority, to the people who are recognised and validated by architectural culture and its historical narrative. The research reveals the barriers and alliances of the first generations of women who studied architecture in Cyprus, Greece, and Turkey. It also reveals certain trends in the way the profession is practised, almost always linked to the socio-political context of the country and the percentage of women in the profession, among other considerations. Working for public institutions is seen as a priority working environment from which many of them have been able to make great contributions to their countries, developing infrastructures, public facilities and regulatory frameworks to improve spatial standards. Housing and heritage conservation are two areas in which these generations of women have been particularly active, some of them becoming international references in this field.

Quad-mesh modelling for finite element method applications in heritage structures

The historical architectural heritage is often exposed to a high risk of damage due not only to natural events, but also to poor maintenance or neglect. In order to preserve it, it is necessary to conduct a series of multilevel and multidisciplinary studies capable of supporting the design choices for all the figures working in this field. The use of appropriate geomatic techniques and the choice of suitable sensors based on digital acquisition, allow the elaboration of accurate, high-performance 3D models with high quality photorealistic content. In this manuscript, a methodology is illustrated that, starting from the generation of a point cloud (TLS survey or integration of different digital sensors) allows the elaboration of an accurate 3D model for two different case studies from the point of view of architecture and survey data acquisition. In order to analyse these architectures from a structural point of view, the 3D model is optimised and transformed from a TIN model into a polygonal model (Quad-Mesh). This process represents a new approach in the management of complex architectures, capable of responding optimally to the computational capabilities for FEM (Finite Element Model) analysis, for the structural characterisation of the elements under investigation.

INTERDISCIPLINARY OUTLOOKS ON SHILPASHASTRAS: INTEGRATING ART, AESTHETICS AND SPIRITUALITY

This paper aims to explore the multidimensional possibilities of Shilpashastras, an ancient Indian recognised tradition about various disciplines - Shilpashastras, the ancient Indian texts on art, architecture, aesthetics and craftsmanship, represent an insightful source of knowledge that has significantly formed the cultural and artistic backdrop of the ancient India. Among these, Sangramansutradhara, Manasollas, Aparajitpreccha, Kashyapshilpshastra, shilpratnakar, 'Manasara Shilpa Shastra'etc. As an inclusive guide, investigating into the elaborate details of architectural and sculptural components found in temples and other structures. It precisely outlines philosophies of design, spatial geometry, and construction techniques, providing a complete view of temple architecture. The 'Vastu Shastra' additional covers the discourse by focusing on the main beliefs of design, layout, and three-dimensional prearrangement, offering an insightful considerate of how spaces can be organized to harmonize with cosmic dynamisms. This concise study aims to lighten the elaborate links between artistic expression, aesthetic principles, and spiritual symbolism essential in ancient Indian texts. Themes to be addressed include historical perspectives on the development of Shilpashastras, philosophical insights into their aesthetic foundations, the spiritual significance of symbols and iconography, contemporary applications in art and design, and strategies for cultural heritage preservation. It seeks to expedite dialogue and collaboration among scholars, artists, practitioners, and enthusiasts, enriching our understanding of ancient Indian iconography, approach to reflect a all-inclusive understanding of the relationship between art, architecture, and spirituality in ancient India, providing invaluable insights into the symbolic language and visual culture of the time.

Application of 4A Concept in Bogor Botanical Garden Tourism Development Strategy

Indonesia is very rich in natural tourism potential (ecotourism), one of which is natural tourism in conservation areas. Bogor Botanical Garden is an ex-situ conservation area that has long been used by the wider community as a tourist attraction and in many countries, Bogor Botanical Garden is one of the most popular tourist destinations because it presents a panoramic view of natural landscape architecture. The research entitled "Application of the 4A Concept in the Development of Bogor Botanical Garden Tourism" focuses on the 4A concept, namely Attraction, Accessibility, Amenities, and Ancillary services. This type of research is qualitative, using qualitative descriptive analysis methods. Data collection is carried out by means of field observation, interviews, and literature studies. SWOT analysis was also used in this study, to identify the strengths and opportunities of Bogor Botanical Garden, and determine strategies to reduce weaknesses and challenges. The results showed changes in the management system of Bogor Botanical Garden. By analyzing the 4A concept, this study seeks to provide recommendations for the right development strategy for KRB, so that it can develop better and the vision of Bogor Botanical Garden can be achieved.

An Architectural View Model for Designing and Implementing Microservices-based Systems: Use Case in FinTech

Describing the architecture of microservices systems allows for the illustration of various aspects of design and implementation with information tailored to different stakeholders. On the one hand, the microservices architecture provides flexibility, scalability, faster deployment times, and the potential to design solutions incorporating multiple technologies. An architecture-centered, scenario-driven, iterative development method, on the other hand, is used to explain the system from the perspective of many stakeholders, such as project managers, system architects, developers, and end users. To complement this point of view, this paper proposes an architectural view model that highlights numerous viewpoints and disciplines in microservices-based software development. Such methods are typically well suited for developing and implementing microservices-based software processes to satisfy stakeholders' demands and expectations.

A Knowledg Graph Model for e-Government

Many governments around the world have invested huge amount of resource to build their e- Government capabilities, to meet government objectives of effective public service delivery and citizens engagement. The increase in size of an e-Government landscape has led to the increase in complexity of the infrastructure. This increasing complex infrastructure presents a challenge for governments to continue to meet its objectives. Knowledge Graph (KG), a constituent AI technology, has shown a lot of promise in helping governments meet its objectives in the midst of the complexity. A major aspect of this complexity is the need to maintain a single view of the world, in the form of a unified meaning of data, within a given e-Government instance, given the heterogeneity in data models used in the different departments within an e-Government instance. In this paper, we present a unique perspective in addressing the problem of deriving semantic meaning from disparate data in an e-Government context, using KG. Our aim is to advance the objectives of effective service delivery and citizens engagement in a complex e- Government instance. We focus on creating a data- centric architectural model that is single, simple and extensible, based on KG. We create a functional model based on architectural view and viewpoints from standards such as The Open Group Architectural Framework (TOGAF). The functional model highlights the various components that underpin the functions. We have developed our model within the context of a Design Science Research (DSR) approach, and we provide evaluation of same model within that context. An e- Government KG model guides the development of KG solutions in e-Government, in order to achieve the e- Government enterprise goals of effective service delivery and citizens engagement.

Genetic Modifiers of Sickle Cell Anemia Phenotype in a Cohort of Angolan Children.

The aim of this study was to identify genetic markers in the HBB Cluster; HBS1L-MYB intergenic region; and BCL11A, KLF1, FOX3, and ZBTB7A genes associated with the heterogeneous phenotypes of Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) using next-generation sequencing, as well as to assess their influence and prevalence in an Angolan population. Hematological, biochemical, and clinical data were considered to determine patients' severity phenotypes. Samples from 192 patients were sequenced, and 5,019,378 variants of high quality were registered. A catalog of candidate modifier genes that clustered in pathophysiological pathways important for SCA was generated, and candidate genes associated with increasing vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) and with lower fetal hemoglobin (HbF) were identified. These data support the polygenic view of the genetic architecture of SCA phenotypic variability. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the intronic region of 2q16.1, harboring the BCL11A gene, are genome-wide and significantly associated with decreasing HbF. A set of variants was identified to nominally be associated with increasing VOC and are potential genetic modifiers harboring phenotypic variation among patients. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of clinical variation in SCA in Angola using a well-customized and targeted sequencing approach.

Structure, biogenesis, and evolution of thylakoid membranes.

Cyanobacteria and chloroplasts of algae and plants harbor specialized thylakoid membranes (TMs) that convert sunlight into chemical energy. These membranes house PSII and I, the vital protein-pigment complexes that drive oxygenic photosynthesis. In the course of their evolution, TMs have diversified in structure. However, the core machinery for photosynthetic electron transport remained largely unchanged, with adaptations occurring primarily in the light-harvesting antenna systems. Whereas TMs in cyanobacteria are relatively simple, they become more complex in algae and plants. The chloroplasts of vascular plants contain intricate networks of stacked grana and unstacked stroma thylakoids. This review provides an in-depth view of TM architectures in phototrophs and the determinants that shape their forms, as well as presenting recent insights into the spatial organization of their biogenesis and maintenance. Its overall goal is to define the underlying principles that have guided the evolution of these bioenergetic membranes.

Abstract 6248: Multilayered molecular interactions underlying glioblastoma pathogenesis through multi-omics analysis

Abstract Glioblastoma, IDH-wild type (GBM) is the most common malignant and treatment-refractory brain tumor with a dismal prognosis. Despite the identification of various driver genes in previous large-scale genomic analyses, there has been limited progress in the development of novel treatments. Acquiring an extensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying GBM pathogenesis is crucial to improve prognostic outcomes. We analyzed 289 whole-genome sequencing data (WGS) including 159 unpublished deep WGS (≥ ×120 coverage) along with RNA-seq, DNA methylation array, and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with sequencing (ATAC-seq) to uncover the molecular mechanisms regulating development and progression of GBM. Our deep WGS enables us to delineate a fine view of clonal architecture, where mutational signature varies between clonal and subclonal mutations, suggesting that different mutational processes contribute to GBM pathogenesis depending on its developmental stage. The differentiation status of tumor cells detected by transcriptional deconvolution analysis is associated with multi-layer profiles including genomic alterations, expression subtypes, DNA methylation, and open chromatin status. Tumors predominantly comprised of differentiated cells display genetic and epigenetic profiles that align with the classical subtype, whereas tumors predominantly composed of stem-like cells exhibit profiles consistent with the proneural subtype. ATAC-seq unveils genome-wide chromatin accessibility features associated with gene expression subtypes. Motif enrichment analysis of differentially accessible sites among the subtypes identified specific transcription factors. The proneural subtype is enriched for the SOX10 binding motif, which is associated with regulating cell states, and exhibits higher expression of SOX10 compared to other subtypes. Conversely, the mesenchymal and classical subtypes are enriched for the CREB1 binding motif, which promotes cell proliferation and angiogenesis through TGFβ2 upregulation, wherein TGFβ2 expression is significantly elevated. These findings support a model in which the difference in chromatin structure also regulates the progression of GBM.Our analysis reveals the multi-layer molecular interactions underlying the progression of GBM enhancing our understanding of the pathogenesis. Citation Format: Takuma Nakashima, Yusuke Funakoshi, Ryo Yamamoto, Yuriko Sugihara, Shohei Nambu, Yoshiki Arakawa, Shota Tanaka, Joji Ishida, Ryuta Saito, Ryosuke Hanaya, Koji Yoshimoto, Yoshitaka Narita, Hiromichi Suzuki. Multilayered molecular interactions underlying glioblastoma pathogenesis through multi-omics analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 6248.

Comparative evaluation of trypsin and elastase digestion techniques for isolation of murine retinal vasculature

Dysfunctional pericytes and disruption of adherens or tight junctions are related to many microvascular diseases, including diabetic retinopathy. In this context, visualizing retinal vascular architecture becomes essential for understanding retinal vascular disease pathophysiology. Although flat mounts provide a demonstration of the retinal blood vasculature, they often lack a clear view of microaneurysms and capillary architecture. Trypsin and elastase digestion are the two techniques for isolating retinal vasculatures in rats, mice, and other animal models. Our observations in the present study reveal that trypsin digestion impacts the association between pericytes and endothelial cells. In contrast, elastase digestion effectively preserves these features in the blood vessels. Furthermore, trypsin digestion disrupts endothelial adherens and tight junctions that elastase digestion does not. Therefore, elastase digestion emerges as a superior technique for isolating retinal vessels, which can be utilized to collect reliable and consistent data to comprehend the pathophysiology of disorders involving microvascular structures.

An empirical investigation of challenges of specifying training data and runtime monitors for critical software with machine learning and their relation to architectural decisions

The development and operation of critical software that contains machine learning (ML) models requires diligence and established processes. Especially the training data used during the development of ML models have major influences on the later behaviour of the system. Runtime monitors are used to provide guarantees for that behaviour. Runtime monitors for example check that the data at runtime is compatible with the data used to train the model. In a first step towards identifying challenges when specifying requirements for training data and runtime monitors, we conducted and thematically analysed ten interviews with practitioners who develop ML models for critical applications in the automotive industry. We identified 17 themes describing the challenges and classified them in six challenge groups. In a second step, we found interconnection between the challenge themes through an additional semantic analysis of the interviews. We explored how the identified challenge themes and their interconnections can be mapped to different architecture views. This step involved identifying relevant architecture views such as data, context, hardware, AI model, and functional safety views that can address the identified challenges. The article presents a list of the identified underlying challenges, identified relations between the challenges and a mapping to architecture views. The intention of this work is to highlight once more that requirement specifications and system architecture are interlinked, even for AI-specific specification challenges such as specifying requirements for training data and runtime monitoring.

Quantification of mediation effects of white matter functional characteristics on cognitive decline in aging.

Cognitive decline with aging involves multifactorial processes, including changes in brain structure and function. This study focuses on the role of white matter functional characteristics, as reflected in blood oxygenation level-dependent signals, in age-related cognitive deterioration. Building on previous research confirming the reproducibility and age-dependence of blood oxygenation level-dependent signals acquired via functional magnetic resonance imaging, we here employ mediation analysis to test if aging affects cognition through white matter blood oxygenation level-dependent signal changes, impacting various cognitive domains and specific white matter regions. We used independent component analysis of resting-state blood oxygenation level-dependent signals to segment white matter into coherent hubs, offering a data-driven view of white matter's functional architecture. Through correlation analysis, we constructed a graph network and derived metrics to quantitatively assess regional functional properties based on resting-state blood oxygenation level-dependent fluctuations. Our analysis identified significant mediators in the age-cognition relationship, indicating that aging differentially influences cognitive functions by altering the functional characteristics of distinct white matter regions. These findings enhance our understanding of the neurobiological basis of cognitive aging, highlighting the critical role of white matter in maintaining cognitive integrity and proposing new approaches to assess interventions targeting cognitive decline in older populations.

A Method for Modeling and Testing Near-Real-Time System Scenarios

Unmanned platforms are becoming more and more widely used in both civilian and military applications. The flight safety of such aircraft is crucial. Therefore, it becomes necessary to formally model and rigorously test their software. Commencement of an unmanned air vehicle’s (UAV) operation requires it undergoing a certification process, which further heightens the quality requirements. The validation process of the designed system is presented on the example of verifying the correctness of the operational scenario involving the transfer of control over a UAV between two ground control stations (GCSs). The paper introduces the method of designing unmanned aerial vehicles and testing their functionality based on finite-state machines. The architecture description of the system encompasses the use cases view and logical view of the 1+5 architectural views model. The paper concentrates on system requirements and their transformation into unified modeling language (UML) state machine diagrams. The authors present a method of mapping requirements to functions related to flight safety and system dynamics models expressed as communicating extended finite-state machines (CEFSMs). Moreover, the paper shows the rules for testing the correctness of state machine models using methods based on determining flows in directed graphs. It should be emphasized that the paper considers the certification of UAV software components from the system safety viewpoint, which directly affects the airworthiness of the air platform.

Measurement of 2D and 3D Fractal Features of Urban Morphology from an Architectural View and Its Influencing Factors

Urban morphology has been empirically demonstrated to be self-organized and can be quantified by fractal dimension. However, the spatial variation rule of fractal features at the sub-zone scale has yet to be uncovered, as well as the relationship between fractal dimension values and road network or land-use patterns. In this study, the urban area is partitioned into 158 grid units, with subsequent calculations conducted to determine the fractal dimensions (using 2D box-counting and 3D voxel-counting methods), road network characteristics, and land-use patterns within each individual unit. The pattern of how architectures fill into the 2D or 3D embedding space at the grid level is revealed. Moreover, the spatial relationship between the road network, land-use, and their impacts on the local architectural layout is elucidated by employing MGWR, a model that incorporates the principles of fitting localized spatial regression. The results are as follows: (1) urban morphology follows fractal laws at a sub-zone scale, both in a 2D plane and 3D volume; (2) the filling degree of architecture is high in the urban center but low in the periphery areas; (3) the selected variables fit well with the regression models; (4) there is spatial heterogeneity regarding the influence of each factor. The research findings provide valuable insights into the theoretical relationship between urban morphology and the composite structure of road networks and land use. This facilitates identifying crucial areas and priority directions for urban renewal construction, as well as optimizing architectural design to improve efficiency and functionality.

Combining Health and Well-being: Designing a Modern Medicinal Garden to Meet Tourists' Expectations


 
 
 The tourism sector, a fast-growing, competitive, and diversified industry is a significant contributor to the global economy. Modern-day tourism embraces characteristics associated with history, nature, and leisure, thereby linking them with new destinations in a continual expansion. The main objective of this study was to develop a perception-based conceptual model for a sustainable medicinal garden (MG) that could benefit the tourism industry while supporting biodiversity conservation. The proposed MG aims to fulfill six intentions, such as, relaxing the mind from a busy day while treating illnesses and improving mental healthiness; incorporating leisure activities that are closely related to medical treatments; disseminating knowledge on Sri Lankan traditional medicine; promoting sustainable eco- friendly practices; increasing economic benefits for the country; and improving the community livelihood of the people in the region. The research focused on developing an MG using the perception intended for 144 local and foreign participants representing four tourist hubs (Galle, Kandy, Dambulla, and Udawalawe) in Sri Lanka. The study examined the expectations of MGs and their preference for the experience. The questionnaire was used to evaluate the visitors' perceptions of the proposed 40 components for the proposed MG, which enabled their ranking based on preferences. The mean preference value for the MG experience was recorded as 72.1%. 97.0% of tourists who participated in the survey preferred to experience the MG, exceeding the 50% acceptance level for all 40 components. Therefore, all 40 components were applied to the MG. However, 18 components exceeded the 75% acceptance level; therefore, they could be incorporated into the MG without changes. The other 22 were considered the accepted components with some minor modifications. Considering the selected region (Dambulla) and the architectural view, 124 medicinal plants were accepted for application to the MG, including terrestrial, water, fruit, and poisonous plants. The model MG consists of 3545 medicinal plants. Creating an MG with the concepts of traditional, cultural, sustainable, and eco-friendly was a different angle to addressing the Sri Lankan tourism sector. This research presents an overturned vision that considers tourism demand on novel concepts of traditional herbal tourism. A model MG was developed with modern architectural and environmental knowledge. Within a five-acre arbitrary land, three-dimensional structures were designed around the proposed model MG. The actual structure of the MG was visualized with a virtual walk-through using architectural software (i.e., AutoCAD 19.0, Sketch-Up Pro 2015, and Lumion 5.0). This model can promote minimal environmental impact through the processes, conserve the environment and gain economic benefits from all these eco-services to the tourism sector and Sri Lankan economy to the advantage of the community or country.
 Keywords: Eco-tourism, Architectural software, Medicinal plants, Traditional medicine, Sri Lankan economy