Architectural Projects Research Articles

Integration of Thermo-Responsive Materials Applied to Bio-Inspired Structures

This paper investigates the integration of thermo-responsive materials into bio-inspired structures, combining biomimicry and adaptive technologies in architecture. A problem-based biomimetic approach and a morphological analogy with the plate-type snowflake—known for its lightness, transparency, and crystalline organisation—were adopted to develop the geometry of an architectural pavilion. This research highlights glass as a main constructive material, analysing the potential of thermochromic film and the hydrogel technique, both inserted in the context of thermo-responsiveness. In this regard, the focus is on adaptations to temperature changes, exploring how these materials can alter their properties in response to solar incidence, offering solutions for energy efficiency, thermal regulation, and environmental adaptation. The pavilion demonstrates that this integration is feasible, and this is supported by an interdisciplinary approach that combines materials science, bio-inspired design, and practical experimentation. It also highlights biomimicry’s fundamental role as a tool for guiding the development of innovative architectural geometries, while thermo-responsive materials expand the possibilities for creating structures that are adaptable to temperature variations and solar exposure. The conclusion points to the applicability and relevance of this combination, highlighting the transformative potential of thermo-responsive materials in architectural projects, especially in the development of lightweight, transparent, and environmentally responsive structures.

The future of artificial intelligence in BIM technologies.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) with building information modelling (BIM) technologies is revolutionising the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry. This article explores the transformative potential of AI-based solutions in BIM, focusing on their ability to improve design accuracy, automate processes and optimise construction workflows. Key advances include predictive analytics, generative design and sustainability modelling, which enable professionals to create smarter, more efficient and more sustainable buildings. By analysing emerging trends and challenges, this research highlights the important role of AI in shaping the future of BIM technologies and the wider digital transformation of the AEC sector. This article also explores the successful integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into architectural and urban planning projects, highlighting real-world examples of its application, demonstrating how AI enhances design efficiency, sustainability, and innovation in the built environment.

Popular trends in the use of forged elements in the interior and exterior of residential and commercial spaces

The article systematizes and characterizes the most clearly manifested and popular trends in the use of forged elements in the interior and exterior of residential and commercial spaces. The relevance of this topic is due to the unique ability within the framework of the considered approach to combine aesthetic expressiveness, durability, as well as functionality. Modern architectural and design projects actively turn to this traditional art form, which requires an analysis of historical experience, technological achievements, and available opportunities. The purpose of the study is to identify the key trends shaping the role of forged products in the design of spaces, as well as to summarize the knowledge accumulated to date about the stylistic and functional aspects of their application. In the course of work, contradictions were discovered in the scientific literature: some authors focus on the need to preserve traditional technologies, while others emphasize the crucial importance of innovation to increase productivity and adapt forging to current requirements. The results demonstrate that the studied elements remain in demand due to their versatility, the ability to harmoniously integrate into various stylistic concepts, and create accents that emphasize the individuality of the space. The main trends are the use of wrought—iron stairs and railings, decorative grilles on windows, gates and fences, furniture with metal elements, loft-style lighting fixtures, balcony fences, garden accessories, small architectural forms, metal panels and art objects, openwork partitions. The article will be useful for architects, interior designers, specialists in the field of artistic metalworking, as well as researchers studying the history and development of decorative and applied arts.

Project Success from the Stakeholder’s Perspective: Evaluating Global Architecture Projects from the User’s Perspective

Several research and studies have sought to assess the success of the projects. The vast majority of research has focused on the elements of the triangle, i.e. whether the project is delivered on time, within budget and with the desired outcome. However, the assessment of the desired outcome is clearly a viewpoint based on the subjective choices and opinions of users. We can list many projects from all over the world that look interesting, sound and world famous, but when we ask the end-users, they are very negative about them. It doesn't meet their needs, their expectations, or it just seems inconvenient or useless from a usability point of view. In this study, I aim to present an evaluation of large-scale, global mega-projects from the perspective of users and stakeholders, which are of outstanding importance in global terms, or even represent the symbol of a country or its tourist attraction. The results of the research on which the study is based shed light on what these mega-projects are saying and what users see from them, who should ultimately be the main recipients of the projects.

Digital delivery in architecture from design to execution

Digital delivery in architecture, as an innovative approach, enables the integration of design and construction processes through digital tools and technologies. This paper examines the role of these technologies in improving efficiency, reducing errors, and enhancing the quality of architectural projects. The primary aim of this research is to analyze the impact of digital technologies on the coordination between design and construction phases and to provide solutions for optimizing these processes. The study employs qualitative analysis and case studies to investigate the application of tools such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) and digital simulations in various projects. The findings indicate that the use of digital technologies can improve project timelines, reduce costs, and increase accuracy during execution phases. This study highlights the importance of digital delivery as an essential tool for architects and engineers in future projects and provides practical recommendations for utilizing these technologies effectively.

МЕТОДИКА СОЗДАНИЯ КОМПЬЮТЕРНОЙ МОДЕЛИ КОНСТРУКТИВА СКУЛЬПТУРЫ

Abstract. The levels of internal dynamics of the sculpture are proposed in the article, taking into account the position of the four main axes of the sculpture frame. This gives us the opportunity to model the frame of a sculpture using the Poser computer program, taking into account the historical experience of creating a sculpture. Subject of research: To study the dynamics of form on the example of sculptural compositions that convey the dynamics of living objects, based on the formalization of the dynamic properties of sculpture. Materials and methods: The analysis of geometric aspects of artistic shaping was carried out on the basis of determining the leading principles of the organization of an integral composition (the principle of subordination of elements), characteristics of methodological techniques for graphic formalization of art objects and substantiation of computer modeling of compositional formations. Results: The dynamic properties of a circular sculpture are realized in its external manifestations as a result of the displacement of the center of gravity of a free-standing figure relative to the compositional axis and are characterized by the position of the center of gravity (outside the support or within the support). Conclusions: The development of an algorithm for creating a computer model of the sculpture frame, taking into account its internal dynamics, seems necessary for the activities of sculptors and designers performing architectural and landscape projects using computer technology.

Les monuments inachevés de l’époque romaine au Liban. Une approche analytique du phénomène

During the Roman era, Lebanon experienced significant economic and urban growth. Thus, the Lebanese territory was marked by the development of dozens of largescale architectural projects. This evolution took two main aspects: on the one hand, several already existing buildings underwent an ‘upgrade’ in order to conform them to the newly introduced ‘canonical’ Roman models. On the other hand, several new projects emerged both in coastal towns and in rural areas. However, many, if not most, of these monuments remained unfinished. These unfinished states vary between the cancellation of large parts of the original construction program and the incompleteness of decorative details such as the entablatures of several others. Thus, through this article, we will discuss several examples showing the various aspects and levels of incompleteness of these monuments as well as the potential hypotheses linked to this phenomenon which seems to have become widespread during this period.

A Comparative Study on Philosophy, Epistemology, and Methods of Teaching in Design Studios in the Beaux Art, Polytechnique, and Bauhaus: Regeneration, Development, or Transformation?

The paper aims to investigate some philosophical and epistemological foundations in collecting knowledge in three important schools of architecture including Beaux Art, Polytechnique, and Bauhaus. Those three schools not only had differentiation in the time and location but also different ontological views of the built environment. Despite the less philosophical arguments on the architecture education, the curriculum and structure of the design studios (ateliers) referred to the beliefs, ideology, and philosophy even though they were not explicit. The content analysis, logical argument, and interpretation techniques were applied in this research to compare, investigate, and analyze the content of design studios and curricula to demonstrate the epistemological approach and the philosophical foundations in those three schools. The findings of the research show some linkages between the contextual and philosophical movements in the times of the schools and the structure of teaching. The effective philosophical foundations in those schools included neoclassicism, idealism, and romanticism for Beaux Art, rationalism, empiricism, and functionalism for Polytechnique, and socialism, modernism, and constructivism for Bauhaus. While it was not possible to draw a distinctive line between other philosophical thoughts from the schools, however, those philosophical schools were more related. In conclusion, the research realized a significant connection between four factors that form any architecture school, curriculum, and studio including philosophical and ontological context, epistemological discourses on knowledge, architecture projects and context, and architect’s beliefs and ideology. These four factors orient architecture education. The results could be useful for architecture schools, which will guide the other schools to select their orientation in the future.

Architekci pogranicza kulturowego: Julian i Alfred Zachariewiczowie, Iwan Lewiński, Tadeusz Obmiński

ARCHITECTS OF THE CULTURAL BORDERLAND: JULIAN AND ALFRED ZACHARIEWICZS, IVAN LEVYNSKYI, TADEUSZ OBMIŃSKIThis text has been dedicated to the four most prominent architects of the city of Lviv in the late 19th and early 20th centuries – the architectural «quartet» whose members are: Julian Octawian Zachariewicz (1837-1898), Alfred Zaсhariewich Jr. (1871-1937), Ivan Levynskyi (1851-1919), and Tadeusz Obmiński (1874-1932). These four carried out the most important architectural and construction projects of Lviv in the age of the greatest construction boom in the city’s history. The role of the «elder» in this group was played by Julian Zachariewicz – a professor at Lviv Polytechnic, the founder of Lviv’s architectural school of the latter half of the 19th century, its leader during the era of historical styles. The creative work of Julian Zachariewicz impresses with its style metamorphoses, which can be traced from the neo-Renaissance building of the Polytechnic (1874-1877), oriented to the Ringstrasse, up to the Julietka villa (1891-1893), its design reflecting the influence of the English concept of a reformed singlefamily house. In addition, Professor Zachariewicz devoted much of his time and effort to various projects outside of practical architecture, acting as a theorist, restorer, archaeologist, museum curator and public figure. His son Alfred left his mark in history as an outstanding builder of Lviv in the first third of the last century, a highly gifted representative of the local architectural school during the periods of Art Nouveau, early modernism, and Neoclassicism of the early 20th century, the initiator of promoting the reinforced concrete in the construction industry of Galicia. Alfred Zachariewicz became famous, in particular, for the projects of the buildings for the Lviv Chamber of Commerce and Industry (1907-1910) and the Land Credit Society (1911-1916). Ivan Levynskyi was a leading construction entrepreneur of Galicia in the late 19th – early 20th centuries whose firm erected the largest objects of Lviv architecture of the period, such as the Civic Theater (1897-1900), or the Main Railway Station (1901-1904). During the 1880s-1910s, Levynskyi, being a brilliant specialist in architectural planning, built numerous complexes of residential architecture – both single-family and multi-apartment. He also effectively served architectural and construction orders received from a number of Ukrainian institutions in Lviv. Tadeusz Obmiński entered the history of architecture as a researcher of folk wooden construction, and at the same time as a leading architect of Art Nouveau style, taking part in designing such objects as Segal’s house (1904-1905) or the Dnister insurance company building (1905-1906). The complex, multiple identities of the four creative professionals to whom this article is dedicated can be interpreted in various contexts: political, social, national, confessional, linguistic, artistic. During the fin de siècle and throughout subsequent historical cataclysms, each of these four was destined to a greater or lesser extent to experience a deep crisis, and even more so – a dramatic collapse of their mixed identity.

BIOPHILIC DESIGN AS A COMPONENT OF VISUAL ARCHITECTURE MANAGEMENT IN GREEN STANDARDS

The article discusses the principles of managing the visual qualities of architectural projects in green standards using biophilic design strategies. The relevance of the research is related to the dynamic development of construction, technologies, as well as the growth of economic, social and environmental challenges. Regular updating of rating systems for environmental certification of architecture allows taking into account current trends, flexibly adapting to them and offering an effective approach to modern project solutions. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the introduction of clear methodologies into green standards regarding the consideration of visual and aesthetic parameters of architecture. Therefore, an argumentative base is being formed regarding the need to assess the visual impact of an architectural project. The research analysis indicates an interest in the research and application of the principles of biophilic design in architecture, its connection with the visual impact, which corresponds to the Global Goals of the Sustainable Development Strategy. The credit criteria of the project version of the LEED v5 standard and the WELL v2 standard, which refer to biophilic design, are investigated. In the LEED standard, it is a "Connection with nature" credit, in the WELL standard, it is planning and site selection. Kehlert and Calabrese's Biophilic Design Practices and the environmental design and planning consultancy Terrapin Bright Green's regulated biophilic design strategies are analyzed in detail. In Kellert's strategy, defined 24 attributes are considered, which are divided into 3 categories - "Direct experience of nature", "Indirect experience of nature", "Experience of space and place". The "Terrapin Bright Green" strategy considers 14 attributes of biophilic design, divided into 3 categories - "Nature in space, "Natural analogies", "Nature of space". The article notes that the visual and aesthetic components of architecture affect human condition. Therefore, the considered green standards, such as LEED v5, WELL v2, refer to biophilic design as one of the strategies that allows to manage at a certain level the visual qualities of architecture. In addition, the use of modern augmented and virtual reality tools in the study of biophilic design is noted. It is noted that such an approach can be used in the development of a systematic methodology for assessing the visual qualities of architecture certified according to green standards.

IMMERSIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN ARCHITECTURE

Immersive technologies offer an alternative means of presenting and communicating data derived from BIM modeling. Augmented, virtual, and mixed reality technologies allow architects to visualize and interact with digital data, providing a simulation of their physical presence in an architectural structure, and thus a more realistic and interactive approach to various stages of project activities. In fact, immersive technologies can be used throughout the entire life cycle of an architectural project: planning, design, construction, and operation. The aim of research is to identify and systematize data on computer tools using immersive technologies and the prospects for its development in architectural activities. The scientific paper describes three groups of software products based on immersive technologies with BIM modeling support. Each of the groups is based on a particular immersive technology: augmented reality (AR), virtual reality (VR), or mixed reality (MR). The main difference between these technologies is the level of immersion in the virtual environment: AR overlays computer-generated content on the real world; VR content is 100% digital; MR is a digital overlay that allows virtual 3D elements to interact with the real environment. Each group contains different software products: the first group is mostly characterized by mobile applications, since the physical world is supplemented with digital content through the screens of smartphones, tablets, and other compact equipment; the second group includes various plug-ins that integrate into professional tools and improve them in terms of visualization in a virtual environment and the possibility of its research; The third group with mixed reality support is smaller in number of programs, but it is the most promising for the future development of the architectural profession, as it provides an integrated approach to architectural activity by expanding the professional tools.

Pemaknaan Ruang Dalam pada Arsitektur Vernakular Jawa di Indonesia

The rapid flow of globalization has drowned out local cultural characteristics, thus blurring the identity of local architecture. Some architects seek to help preserve cultural heritage by incorporating Javanese vernacular architectural components into modern design structures. As a result, there is a visual blend of modern and traditional structures. This article aims to investigate the various uses of Javanese vernacular architecture in modern architectural projects, especially in buildings in the center of Kudus City. The systematic literature review (SLR) method is used to find practical theories related to the application of aesthetic aspects for modern architectural purposes. Another discovery concerns the understanding of the philosophical values inherent in existing vernacular building forms. Field observations are used to describe the observed situation in order to obtain primary data. The sample in the study included 4 traditional house locations in the city of Kudus.

STEAM Architecture—A STEAM Project for Pre-University Studies to Connect the Curricula with Architectural Concepts

This article presents STEAM Architecture, a STEAM project for all educational levels, from pre-school to high school, a project that links the learning of subjects with architectural concepts, thus trying to generate meaningful learning in students. The project is the result of an ERASMUS+ project (DART4City (2020-1-ES01-KA227-SCH-095545) Empowering Arts and creativity for the cities of tomorrow) in which a methodology was developed to extract STEAM projects from European curricula. This methodology has two variants: “forward” and “backward”. The “forward” variant analyzes the curriculum and found the areas of opportunity with more connections among the contents while the “backward” methodology proposes a specific theme to look for the connections. The “backward” variant allows finding a topic that may be of social interest. This is the variant we use in this article. We explore the “backward” methodology in order to find an area of opportunity in society, in particular related to architecture. A questionnaire is distributed to different sectors of people in society to find out whether the learning of different architectural concepts at pre-university levels is interesting. The results of these tests show the potential of a STEAM project related to architecture. The design of the STEAM architecture project shows how the subdivision is carried out from an educational point of view, and also from an architectural point of view. Both worlds agree on dividing space into micro-, meso- and macro-space depending on the scale of what is being treated. For this reason, the STEAM architecture project is subdivided into Room, House, Neighbourhood and City for each educational level: pre-school, primary school and high school (which is 4 years of secondary school (ESO) and the last 2 years of high school). At the end of the article, we show the different workshops that were held in order to analyze the goodness of the proposal.

The architectural conception drawing in immersive virtual environments

Cognitive processes involved in initiating architectural ideas can be affected by technological incursion. Moreover, technological development of emergent and disruptive tools, such as immersive virtual reality, can further foster these processes. This research argues that the use of a virtual reality environment with HMD, haptic controls, and software created for artistic freehand drawing can generate the necessary phenomenological condition to facilitate the cognitive process of creating the first ideas of the architectural project; furthermore, the creation of such ideas would have the same characteristics of the traditional conception drawing made with pencil on paper. To verify this, experiments were carried out as part of a multiple case study methodology with 28 students in their first and last year of studies in a professionally accredited course of architecture and three instruments. The experimentation involved virtual creation of conceptual drawings of a small architectural project. The results showed insignificant differences in terms of the condition and characteristics of the cognitive creative process, and showed larger, but not significant, differences in terms of the drawing as a final product. While the process of virtual drawing presents some significant advantages that can make this technology an effective complement when creating the first architectural ideas, it cannot fully substitute the creative process.

ANALISIS EFEKTIFITAS VISUALISASI PERMODELAN DESAIN ARSITEKTUR BERBASIS KECERDASAN BUATAN (AI)

This research focuses on the iteration of architectural modeling using artificial intelligence (AI) as a solution to generate visualization concepts in the architectural iteration process. It examines the development of AI in architecture and highlights AI's position in current architectural practice. AI has revolutionized the way architectural designs are developed, presented, and interpreted. With its ability to process complex data, AI accelerates the design process, enables the exploration of innovative solutions, and enhances understanding of projects before construction begins. AI is used in various applications, from automating visualizations to generating floor plans, opening new potentials in designing and visualizing architectural projects. However, the use of AI in architecture is still in its early stages, and challenges remain in applying AI to conceptual design stages. This research will analyze the effectiveness of AI in architectural modeling and design visualization, evaluating its impact on efficiency, creativity, and design output quality, and exploring limitations and future recommendations for AI use in architectural practice. Based on platform evaluations, MidJourney and DALL·E show superiority in visual quality and design accuracy, each with the highest scores. MidJourney and DALL·E are the top choices for creative and technical architectural visualization, while Leonardo AI and Bing AI show limitations in creativity and flexibility.

Modern Typologies as Spaces of Inter-Religious Engagement in British-Mandate Jerusalem, 1917–1938

The architecture of Jerusalem has for centuries been defined by its being a space sacred to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. The end of World War I marked the beginning of British Mandatory rule, which lasted until 1948. During this period, Jerusalem witnessed a proliferation of architectural projects that repositioned religion within modern typologies representing the city’s communities. This research investigates four such buildings: the British Rockefeller Museum, the Palestinian Palace Hotel, the American YMCA Building, which functioned as a community center and hostel, and the new Zionist Executive Building. The integration of religious elements into these edifices is examined using the concept of inter-religious engagement and by applying the theory of purification and hybridization. The research demonstrates that British and American Christians, Zionist Jews, and Muslim Palestinians, used different strategies to produce inter-religious engagement—either intentionally or because of British-dictated political constructs. British and American Christians embedded religious elements within modern typologies to reflect peaceful co-existence, while Zionist Jews and Muslim Palestinians used them to construct national identity. Although conceived as “purely” secular, these modern typologies were hybridized by the integration of religious spaces or emblems, revealing further dimensions to our understanding and assessment of 20th-century urban secular architecture and its intersection with religions.

AI-based automation for structural design of buildings

With the recent advancement of technology and computational empowerment, processes that were executed manually have the potential to be automated. In Civil Engineering, this is being seen through the implementation of technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), Generative Design, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence. The objective of this work is to develop a computational system aiming to optimize the development of architectural and structural projects, implementing technologies such as artificial intelligence and generative design to automate and systematize processes inherent to the project pre-dimensioning phase when designing a building. Initially, the user interacts with an AI-based chatbot interface which allows the definition of a building’s main characteristics, such as number of stories, apartments per story and minimum areas. The system has access to a database that contains different architectural BIM models and will filter them in order to provide the best option according to the user specifications. The selected model is processed by a Dynamo script in Autodesk Revit that automatically creates and allocates structural elements, e.g. beams, columns, slabs, and foundation. The script considers the intersection between walls and building corners, also positioning columns in wider spans avoiding doors and windows. This structure is converted into an analytical model, so it can be exported to Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis where another Dynamo script is executed, which contains loads determined by technical standards as the Brazilian ABNT NBR 6118:2023 for concrete design. This script analyzes bending moments, shear effects and axial forces of the structural elements and, through limiting parameters, sends messages to Autodesk Revit, stating if a structural element needs to be modified to attend applied loads. This process runs continuously until all elements are adequate. Using this technology, enterprises specialized in architectural and structural projects will save time, since allocating and pre-dimensioning structural elements are processes that are executed manually. Therefore, engineers are then able to focus on greater challenges involved in structural analysis and architects can simulate the dimensions of elements more accurately. There are still many processes in Autodesk Revit and Robot Structural Analysis that can be automated, and these will be further developed as a sequence of this study.

Aesthetic Integration of Structural Elements: Joaquim Cardozo’s Legacy in Modern Architecture

In established architectural projects, the structure serves as a guiding parameter, meaning architecture is designed simultaneously with the structure. "Once the structure is complete, the architecture is already present, simple, and beautiful" (NIEMEYER, 2002). In modern Brazilian architecture, the role of structure in the composition of buildings is particularly noteworthy. Structural elements are often incorporated in an apparent manner, directly linked to the building's aesthetics. Engineer Joaquim Cardozo's works highlight several structural elements with these features, including the arches of the Alberto Torres Rural School in Recife (1935), the shells of the Igreja de São Francisco de Assis in Pampulha (1943), and the columns of the Igrejinha Nossa Senhora de Fátima in Brasilia (1957). In this study, we analyze these and other structural elements calculated by Joaquim Cardozo, using the software SAP2000. Our goal is to identify the significant contribution of the engineer and his structural solutions to modern Brazilian architecture, while also highlighting the relationship between structural systems and architectural aesthetics.

Project of a Historical Architecture

Project of a Historical Architecture

Petrov & Margos, Tolbuhin’e bağlı Aleksandriya köyü civarındaki ahşap tekke

This study consists of the translation of the article on Kanaat Mustafa Baba Tekke by two Bulgarian scholars, Architects Petrov and Margos. The preparation of the article for publication began with the preparation of an architectural project for the Kanaat Mustafa Baba Tekke by both scientists. This preparation started in 1950, and data were obtained at different times with the discoveries made in 1956-1957. The final version of the Kanat Mustafa Baba Tekke was published as an article with photographs and architectural plans. The Tekke was built with timber obtained from close by and is therefore known as the Wooden Tekke. Kanaat Mustafa Baba Tekke is located in Kapaklı Village and there are no studies on the tekke other than this article. Since Kanaat Mustafa Baba Tekke is located between Hardallı and Kapaklı Villages, the authors received information about the tekke from the Bektashis in Hardallı Village. Considering that Kanaat Mustafa Baba Tekke has not survived to the present day, this study is of great importance.