Wireless Communication Architecture Research Articles

Reconfigurable Distributed Antennas and Reflecting Surface: A New Architecture for Wireless Communications

Reconfigurable Distributed Antennas and Reflecting Surface: A New Architecture for Wireless Communications

Intelligent Encoding through OCDM for High Capacity and Connectivity in Wireless 5G and Beyond Networks

Multioperator multiservice support over mobile front haul networks would be an important requirement in the evolving 5G Wireless Communication architectures. This in turn dictates the need for high capacity and high connectivity front-haul options. Optical Code Division Multiplexing over Wavelength Division Multiple Access could be one of the most promising system architectures to support the last/first-mile bottleneck of the Mobile Networks. This paper reports a comparison impact of the energy efficiency and electromagnetic radiation effects for a multioperator multiservice OCDM-based Spectrally Amplitude Encoded Analog Radio over Fiber front-haul for a small cell configuration. The WDM multiplexed mm-wave signals at 60GHz and 28GHz and Prime code-based spectral amplitude patterns assigned for conventional services are analyzed and compared with theWavelength Division Multiple Access system of the same kind. The comparison results confirm that the proposed architecture will be a suitable candidate to meet the 5G challenges of Mobile fronthaul Networks.

Fully parallel low‐density parity‐check code‐based polar decoder architecture for 5G wireless communications

AbstractA hardware architecture is presented to decode (N, K) polar codes based on a low‐density parity‐check code‐like decoding method. By applying suitable pruning techniques to the dense graph of the polar code, the decoder architectures are optimized using fewer check nodes (CN) and variable nodes (VN). Pipelining is introduced in the CN and VN architectures, reducing the critical path delay. Latency is reduced further by a fully parallelized, single‐stage architecture compared with the log N stages in the conventional belief propagation (BP) decoder. The designed decoder for short‐to‐intermediate code lengths was implemented using the Virtex‐7 field‐programmable gate array (FPGA). It achieved a throughput of 2.44 Gbps, which is four times and 1.4 times higher than those of the fast‐simplified successive cancellation and combinational decoders, respectively. The proposed decoder for the (1024, 512) polar code yielded a negligible bit error rate of 10−4 at 2.7 Eb/No (dB). It converged faster than the BP decoding scheme on a dense parity‐check matrix. Moreover, the proposed decoder is also implemented using the Xilinx ultra‐scale FPGA and verified with the fifth generation new radio physical downlink control channel specification. The superior error‐correcting performance and better hardware efficiency makes our decoder a suitable alternative to the successive cancellation list decoders used in 5G wireless communication.

Analysis and optimization on partition-based caching and delivery in satellite-terrestrial edge computing networks

As a viable component of 6G wireless communication architecture, satellite-terrestrial networks support efficient file delivery by leveraging the innate broadcast ability of satellite and the enhanced powerful file transmission approaches of multi-tier terrestrial networks. In the paper, we introduce edge computing technology into the satellite-terrestrial network and propose a partition-based cache and delivery strategy to make full use of the integrated resources and reducing the backhaul load. Focusing on the interference effect from varied nodes in different geographical distances, we derive the file successful transmission probability of the typical user and by utilizing the tool of stochastic geometry. Considering the constraint of nodes cache space and file sets parameters, we propose a near-optimal partition-based cache and delivery strategy by optimizing the asymptotic successful transmission probability of the typical user. The complex nonlinear programming problem is settled by jointly utilizing standard particle-based swarm optimization (PSO) method and greedy based multiple knapsack choice problem (MKCP) optimization method. Numerical results show that compared with the terrestrial only cache strategy, Ground Popular Strategy, Satellite Popular Strategy, and Independent and identically distributed popularity strategy, the performance of the proposed scheme improve by 30.5%, 9.3%, 12.5% and 13.7%.

Automatic multi-weigh-station for assessing sheep liveweight in small flocks

Sheep liveweight is a vital physiological parameter to monitor as it is directly correlated with the animals internal energy balance. Increases in liveweight in mature sheep coincide with an increase in fat and protein tissue while weight loss denotes an inverse relationship. This relationship underscores appropriate pasture stocking rates, production outputs, the correct dosing of medicinal treatments for maintaining a healthy flock and finding target markets. The sheep production industry is yearning for an accurate platform to provide real-time and accurate liveweight measurements without extensive labour. The two main methods for measuring sheep liveweight include; static yard weighting, which while accurate is labour intensive, and walk-over-weighing — which has the advantage of autonomy but lacks accuracy and requires the flock to be trained. In this work we describe a custom platform that accurately measures the liveweight of up-to three sheep simultaneously while they drink or eat from a field trough. A plywood frame consisting of three separated static weigh platforms — each with two commercially available weigh bars — was constructed to fit along side a conventional 3 metre trough. These strain gauges plug directly into a custom circuit board with a Teensy 3.6 microcontroller connected to several Analog-to-Digital converters, SDI-12, I2C and OneWire interfaces for additional environmental/agricultural sensors — all powered by a commonly available 12 V lead–acid battery and commercial solar charger. The device can communicate over LoRaWAN — a long range, low-power wireless communication architecture — making it suitable for remote deployment on large farms where traditional 3/4G telecommunications are unavailable. Firmware on the device sends device status updates every 15 min and calculates/transmits liveweight parameters in real-time — as animals use the trough. Five untrained mature wethers were given access to the device over a period of 57 days. A total of 1149 weights were captured, of that 853 were automatically flagged as reliable using algorithms provided in this work — equating to ∼74% of the original dataset. This work aims to enable producers to a quantify the physiological state of their flock without extensive labour, acting to increase their available decision making information in regards to flock productivity, stocking rates and animal welfare.

WITHDRAWN: Data Storage Framework Based On The Combination Of Hyperledger Fabric And Interplanetary File System

The use of blockchain technology is sweeping the globe and it has emerged as a game-changing technology for future generation of many industrial applications. This research proposes novel technique in blockchain based distributed resource sharing for wireless communication and cloud architecture to analyze the distributed resource sharing based on blockchain and decentralized system. The suggested framework is a strong contender for harnessing collective network resources in a truly large-scale wireless ad hoc networking environment due to the dispersed nature of method. Experimental analysis has been carried out in terms of resource sharing rate, spectral efficiency, computational time, computational complexity and communication overhead and the proposed technique attained energy efficiency of 91%, QoS of 66%, throughput of 96%, resource sharing of 88%, spectral efficiency of 79%, computational time of 45%, computational complexity of 51% and communication overhead of 61%

Self-Super-Resolution of an MRI Image with Assistance of the DSTTD System.

Motivation. In the modern world of information technology, the need for ensuring the safety of wireless transmissions while transiting through a given network is growing rapidly. The process of transmitting images via a wireless network is fraught with difficulty. There is a possibility that data may be corrupted while being transmitted, which would result in an image with low resolution. Both of these issues were investigated head-on in this research methodology using the aiding double space-time block coding (DSTTD) system and the self-super-resolution (SSR) method. Description. In recent times, medical image transmission over a wireless network has received a significant amount of attention, as a result of the sharing of medical images between patients and doctors. They would want to make sure that the image was sent in a risk-free and protected manner. Arnold cat map, often known as ACM, is a well-known and widely implemented method of image transmission encryption that has been in use for quite some time. At the receiver end, SSR is now being employed in order to view the transmitted medical image in the finest possible resolution. It is anticipated that in the near future, image transmission through wireless DSTTD will be technically feasible. This is performed in order to maximize the benefits that the system has to offer in terms of both spatial diversity and multiplexing as much as is possible. Conclusion. The SSR approach is used in order to represent the image in a document pertaining to human resources. ACM is used so that the image may be sent in a risk-free and protected way. The adoption of a DSTTD-based architecture for wireless communication is suggested. A comparison of the results is provided, and PSNR and SSIM values are detailed towards the results and discussion of the article.

Intelligent metasurfaces: control, communication and computing

AbstractControlling electromagnetic waves and information simultaneously by information metasurfaces is of central importance in modern society. Intelligent metasurfaces are smart platforms to manipulate the wave–information–matter interactions without manual intervention by synergizing engineered ultrathin structures with active devices and algorithms, which evolve from the passive composite materials for tailoring wave–matter interactions that cannot be achieved in nature. Here, we review the recent progress of intelligent metasurfaces in wave–information–matter controls by providing the historical background and underlying physical mechanisms. Then we explore the application of intelligent metasurfaces in developing novel wireless communication architectures, with particular emphasis on metasurface-modulated backscatter wireless communications. We also explore the wave-based computing by using the intelligent metasurfaces, focusing on the emerging research direction in intelligent sensing. Finally, we comment on the challenges and highlight the potential routes for the further developments of the intelligent metasurfaces for controls, communications and computing.

A General Access Architecture for Blockchain-Based Semi-Quantum 6G Wireless Communication and its Application

A General Access Architecture for Blockchain-Based Semi-Quantum 6G Wireless Communication and its Application

The Indoor Space Layout of University Laboratories Based on Wireless Communication and Artificial Intelligence Decision-Making

In recent years, people have found that the use of contactless wireless communication can be more quickly interactive information transmission, which greatly facilitates our daily life. However, in the past, wireless communication is generally large-scale regional information dissemination. In recent years, with the further development of closed scenes, people are thinking about whether wireless communication can be used in closed scenes to do small and fast information transmission. The purpose of this paper is to study the indoor space layout of university laboratories based on wireless communication and artificial intelligence decision-making support. We are looking at the information about wireless communication to learn that wireless communication was often used in military transmission of signals and information; it has been vigorously developed and popularized, is now mainly used for civilian use, and can be combined with artificial intelligence to implement rapid information transmission transfer, in the data processing volume at a certain time basically achieving second transmission. Wireless communication and artificial intelligence decision-making can be used to conduct research on the indoor layout of college laboratories. In response, after data query and data comparison, we applied to the school for a computer lab and several idle laboratories to cooperate in experiments to facilitate the completion of the architecture of wireless communication and artificial intelligence systems, as well as subsequent data processing analysis. After a period of time of experiments, according to the results of the experiment, the use of wireless communication and artificial intelligence decision-making can help college laboratories according to their own functions, the installation of intelligent equipment, and the indoor layout of better arrangements.

Performance Analysis of the Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Relay Network With Opportunistic Scheduling Over Generalized Fading Channels

A hybrid satellite-terrestrial relay network (HSTRN) has been envisioned as a promising communication architecture for future wireless communications, which can prominently reduce the impact of shadow fading and expand service coverage. In this paper, we conduct theoretical performance analysis for a dual-hop communication system, consisting of multiple relays and multiple users in the HSTRN with the amplify-and-forward protocol. For the shadowing effect and the multipath effect, we introduce the shadowed-Rician distribution and Nakagami-<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$m$</tex-math></inline-formula> fading to characterize the channel models for the satellite-relay and the relay-user links, respectively. Additionally, the opportunistic scheduling scheme is employed, where the optimal relay and the optimal user are selected from the alternative nodes with the maximum instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio. Thereafter, the analytical expressions including ergodic capacity and average symbol error rate (SER) are derived. More specifically, we also present the asymptotic behavior of the average SER at the high signal-to-noise ratio (SRN) regime. The theoretical analysis is validated by the numerical results. Moreover, the results also reveal that the performance of the system can be improved by increasing the number of relays and users under different channel parameters and various modulation schemes.

Processing of the Conceptual Semantics of Verbs and Clauses in English Learners under the Background of Wireless Communication and Artificial Intelligence

The development of wireless communication and artificial intelligence decision-making has allowed our scientific research to be carried out on a more convenient and precise basis. This kind of all-round progress is also very obvious in the field of linguistic research. The research presented to explain the observation that people may use one of the alternate clauses to describe the picture they see. This linguistic observation leads us to the assumption that there may exist a functional cortex connecting visual information of an event with a group of corresponding clauses. Between the visual information and a group of clauses can be understood as a shared conceptual content of both. It is well supported by the PET and the ERP experiments. In other words, if a group of alternate clauses are connected with the same visual information, they are said to have the same conceptual content. In our linguistic model, this shared conceptual content is represented as a conceptual frame. In most linguistic studies, however, alternate syntactic structures are said to be derived from different meanings of the same verb via different argument structures. The difference between the conceptual frame and its corresponding argument structures needs more substantial evidence from brain imaging for the plausibility of conceptual frame. To answer this question, we attempt to investigate the relationship between a group of alternate clauses and two different pictures via priming effect manifested by an ERP component. Also, we make full use of wireless communication and artificial intelligence decision-making technology to construct. This technical background allows this research to fully simulate the practical environment while also making more assumptions about uncertainty. In the clause-picture priming experiment, clauses are treated as prime stimuli, designated as S1. The pictures are treated as target stimuli, designated as S2. One picture is conceptually congruent with all the clauses, and the other is not. The ERP component N270 is expected to be sensitive to the degree to which the S2 (the target stimulus) is in agreement with S1 (stimulus). After many simulation experiments, the experimental framework of wireless communication and artificial intelligence decision-making technology architecture provides a lot of reference data for research. The results of the experiment show that the semantics of each individual clause of an event was consistent with the semantics of its following congruent picture but inconsistent with that of the incongruent picture. Therefore, each clause of an event, though has different grammatical structures, shares the same semantics. This shared semantics is understood as the conceptual frame.

Beyond 5G Wireless Communication Technologies

The fifth generation (5G) wireless systems have been begun to be widely deployed over the world in recent years. As the 5G technology will not be able to meet the demands of the huge data traffic growth from massively interconnected devices that is forecasted for future years, the attention of the research community is shifting toward what will be the next innovations in wireless communication architectures and technologies for beyond 5G. The topic of beyond 5G wireless communication technologies has gained much momentum in the industry and the research community very recently. In this issue of IEEE Wireless Communications, we are pleased to present two Special Issues to bring together researchers, industry practitioners, and individuals working on the related areas to address some of these technical challenges for 5G and beyond wireless communication technologies. The Special Issue on &#x201C;6G: The Paradigm for Future Wireless Communications&#x201D; includes a collection of nine articles presented by Guest Editors S. Mumtaz, C. Jiang, A. T&#x00F6;lli, A. Al-Dulaimi, M. Butt, H. M. Asif, and I. Ashraf; the other Special Issue, on &#x201C;Smart, Optimal, and Explainable Orchestration of Network Slices in 5G and Beyond Networks,&#x201D; includes a collection of five articles presented by Guest Editors Z. M. Fadlullah, M. M. Fouda, K. Rabie, and R. Li. Thanks to the two Guest Editor teams who did an excellent job in editing these two Special Issues for our readers. Please stay tuned for new developments in the research area of beyond 5G wireless communication technologies, and read the editorials and the articles in the Special Issues.

Effects of the adjacent channels on IP3 and IP5 of RF amplifier

This paper discusses the impact of the adjacent channels on the 1-dB compression point, the IP3 and the IP5 of Radio Frequency (RF) amplifier by n-tone test. By combining the theoretical derivation and software simulation, the model analysis for the third/five order polynomial nonlinear amplifier has been achieved. Moreover, the control variable method is adopted to draw the curves for the input/output signals. The research shows that the 1-dB compression point, the IP3 and the IP5 drop as n increases, and they all have symmetry for a given n. The fifth-order polynomial nonlinear amplifier model is proposed, the research shows that the adjacent channels have a great impact on the 1-dB compression point, the IP3 and the IP5 of the desired channel. This effect must be taken into account in actual RF amplifier designs and wireless communication architectures.

Multi-Channel Near-Field Terahertz Communications Using Reprogrammable Graphene-Based Digital Metasurface

Digital metasurfaces have opened unprecedented ways to accomplish novel electromagnetic devices thanks to their simple manipulation of electromagnetic waves. However, the metasurfaces leveraging phase-only or amplitude-only modulation restricted the full-functionality control of the devices. Herein, a digital graphene-based metasurfaces engineering wavefront amplitude and phase are proposed for the first time to tackle this challenge in the terahertz (THz) band. The concept and its significance are verified using reprogrammable multi-focal meta-lens based on a 2/2-bit digital unit cell with independent control of 2-bit states of amplitude and phase individually. Moreover, we introduce a novel method to directly transmit digital information over multiple channels via the reprogrammable digital metasurface. Since these metasurfaces are composed of digital building blocks, the digital information can be directly modulated to the metasurface by selecting specific digital sequences and sent them to predetermined receivers distributed in the focal points. Following that, a multi-channel THz high-speed communication system and its application to build three-dimensional wireless agile interconnection are demonstrated. The presented method provides a new architecture for wireless communications without using complicated components of conventional systems. This work motivates versatile meta-devices in many applications envisioned for the THz frequencies, which will play a vital role in modern communications.

The Development of Cascode Low Noise Amplifier with Double Feedback Technique Architecture for Wireless Communication

The paper aims to develop a new cascode low noise amplifier (LNA) by using double feedback technique architecture for wireless communication especially for long term evolution (LTE). The objective of this article is to display the improved performance of gain by minimizing noise figures with innovative techniques for the realization of Long Term Evolution (LTE). The innovation technique with implementation double feedback technique architecture outlines the possibility to improve the performance in various parameters such as bandwidth, stability, gain, noise figure, power consumption and complexity. The realization using cascode LNA is verified by using FHX76LP Super Low Noise HEMT that operate at 5.8 GHz in compliant with LTE standard. The Advance Design System (ADS) software is used to obtain characteristics for collecting data in a smith chart and s-parameter generated by simulation. The cascode LNA with the double feedback technique achieves an average gain of 20.887 dB with a noise figure of 0.341 dB. The input return loss and output return loss are – 14.354 dB and – 11.879 dB respectively. The outcome of this work will contribute to providing a better wireless signal receiver especially for the LTE standard and it potentially addressing wireless communication issues in rural areas.

Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Communication Infrastructure for Grid-Connected AC Microgrids Management

In a context with an increasing number of non-traditional power sources, smart inverters function as the main interfaces between distributed energy resources (DERs) and the power bus. This role is even more prominent in microgrids (MGs), where numerous DERs must be controlled and coordinated. For this aim, MGs need to implement suitable communication links since, even in distributed control, the system must compensate voltage and frequency deviations caused by local controllers. Likewise, a communication system is required to optimize its operation. This paper aims to apply the technological advances brought by the Internet of Things (IoT) to the issue of communication within an MG. The work proposes a wireless communication architecture based on the message queuing telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol, accompanied by a set of requirements and specifications to establish a multi-directional information flow between DERs in an MG, and potential energy management system (EMS) or secondary controllers. A laboratory-scale testbed was implemented to demonstrate the operation of an EMS in the proposed architecture. The experimental results showed how current control structures seamlessly integrate with the proposed communication system. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that communication latencies or failures did not comprise the stability of the MG, but only decreased the optimality of the EMS control strategy.

Rolling Horizon Based Time-Triggered Distributed Control for AC/DC Home Area Power Network

An energy-efficient smart home generally integrates renewable energy sources (RESs) with intelligent energy devices (IEDs) to make itself cost-efficient. However, the stochastic nature of the RESs and IEDs makes the power network uncertain, and it degrades the economic efficiency of the smart home. Hence a co-simulation based intelligent home energy management system (HEMS) is proposed in this article. It interconnects the rolling horizon-based model predictive energy scheduling mechanism with robust control strategies. It manages the load following energy supply entities (ESEs) optimally and efficiently. A time-ahead scheduler integrates an optimal algorithm to estimate the cost-optimal (e.g., minimizing total energy cost) decision signals for various ESEs by incorporating component based losses and efficiencies. Besides, a real-time distributed robust control strategy is established executing a coordinated energy sharing mechanism by incorporating an auxiliary power source. Time-triggered low-jitter wireless communication architecture is adopted to transfer the optimal decision signals from the central scheduler to the distributed device level local controller. A scenario based comparison of various ac/dc models of a home area power network evaluates the strength of the prospective HEMS.

Performance analysis of a fail-safe wireless communication architecture for IoT based fire alarm control panels

This study presents a fail-safe wireless communication architecture for Internet of Things based fire alarm control panels. In fire safety industry, one of the most important issues is to ensure the key information be delivered. A radio frequency wireless communication link is considered for enabling the fail-safe feature when the primary Internet of Things link is failed. In this paper, the design of the wireless communication architecture is proposed, and the system hardware based on customised micro-controller and wireless communication processors is implemented. In order to examine the performance of the proposed wireless communication architecture, a long-term evaluation is designed and conducted in an industrial warehouse, to demonstrate the information latency with parameter of round-trip time, and system reliability with parameter of probability failure rate. The experimental results show that the proposed wireless communication architecture could achieve the low latency and high reliability requirements and reduce the chance of key information loss. With the multi-disciplinary findings discovered, the proposed wireless communication architecture is feasible to be considered to use in future Internet of Things based fire safety products.

An intelligent adaptative architecture for wireless communication in complex scenarios

This paper discusses a communication node architecture that can intelligently adapt to the unknown and possible confrontation-communication environment. The architecture includes three core functions: communication environment understanding, communication waveform adaptation, and learning and evolution. To support these functions, it also provides a hardware platform that integrates the capabilities of communication and computation. The proposed intelligent adaptive architecture supports the continuous accumulation and evolution of knowledge bases of communication environments, communication waveforms, and the match between them. Through online waveform reconfiguration, communication nodes can adapt to typical communication scenarios and unknown environments, thus support the sustainable development of intelligent communication. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the applications of reinforcement learning, online learning, and transfer learning in intelligent adaptive wireless communications, also providing a typical example of the application of machine learning to the channel estimation process.