Architecture Strategy Research Articles

Yolk-shell Fe2O3@mesoporous hollow carbon sphere hybrid sub-micro reactors for effective degradation of organic contaminants

Carbon–metal oxide composites are important class of catalytic materials in persulfate (PS)/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. But, their poor catalytic stability during oxidation limits its practical use. Herein, we demonstrate the yolk-shell architecture strategy for the fabrication of highly stable Fe2O3 mesoporous carbon hollow spheres (Fe2O3@MCHS) catalyst. The prepared material exhibits high PS activation ability for effective degradation of phenolics. The surface properties of hybrid Fe2O3@MCHS system were examined using FE-SEM, TEM, BET and VSM techniques. Physical characterization data confirmed that Fe2O3@MCHS sub-micro reactors possess a magnetic property, high specific surface area (SSA; >1200 m2 g−1), orderly arranged mesopores, and excellent degree of particle dispersion. Owing to the fact, the Fe2O3@MCHS catalyst exhibited highest reactivity for the degradation of 2,4-dichlorophenol and bisphenol-A by PS even with very low catalyst dosage (10 mg L−1). ESR and scavenging experiments exclude the role of reactive radicals and other reactive oxygen species (ROS) (1O2) during pollutant degradation. Open circuit potential (OCP) measurements further reveal that low pollutant degradation efficiencies in the presence of 1O2 scavengers (L-histidine and NaN3) were caused due to strong interaction between scavenging molecules and catalytic surfaces rather than ROS quenching. Electrochemical investigation also supports that degradation occurs through mediating electron transfer from pollutant to Fe2O3@MCHS. This study provides new understanding in PS activation and also in developing stable PS activating hybrid catalytic systems for pollutant degradation.

Folding the Energy Storage: Beyond the Limit of Areal Energy Density of Micro‐Supercapacitors

AbstractDespite the ever‐growing interest in micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) as a promising power source for microelectronics, their low areal energy density has plagued practical applications. Herein, accordion foldable MSCs (af‐MSCs) are presented as a cell architectural strategy in contrast to traditional material‐driven approaches. The constituent unit cells of an in‐plane MSC array are compactly stacked in a confined device footprint via accordion folding. Decoupling the energy storage (MSC cells) and folding section (electrical interconnection between the cells) in the MSC array, in combination with neutral plane‐controlled flexible hydrophobic cellulose nanofiber (CNF) substrates, enables the realization of the af‐MSCs. The af‐MSCs achieve high areal integration density with a fill factor of 81.1% and on‐demand (in‐series/in‐parallel) cell configurations owing to the microscale direct‐ink–writing of rheology‐tuned MSC cell components on the CNF substrates. The af‐MSC with a miniaturized footprint (22.75 mm2) achieves exceptional areal electrochemical performances (areal energy density of 89.2 µWh cm−2), which exceed those of previously reported in‐plane MSCs.

A telerobotic system enabling online switching among various architectures and controllers

With the increasing complexity of teleoperation tasks, various teleoperation architectures, including the Single-Leader/Single-Follower (SLSF), Multiple-Leader/Multiple-Follower (MLMF), Single-Leader/Multiple-Follower (SLMF), and Multiple-Leader/Single-Follower (MLSF) systems, are emerging. Although numerous works have focused on the control strategies or a specific architecture, the study on online switching among different architectures is not equally prolific. However, the online switching among different architectures/controllers is required in a wide spectrum of robotic applications to perform complex tasks. This feature can also promote the development of shared autonomy robotic systems, including the seamless adaption of the autonomy level, the better co-adaption between human and robot, and so on. Here a generic, flexible, and expandable telerobotic system is developed. Instead of focusing on the control strategy of a specific architecture, the physical topology, the software design, and the switching strategy during transitions are all considered to enable the online switching among various architectures and/or controllers. The experimental results of several scenarios validate the main features of the proposed system and demonstrate the benefits of these features.

Multi‐layer Architecture of Novel Sea Urchin‐like Co‐Hopeite to Boosting Overall Alkaline Water Splitting

AbstractElectrochemical water splitting coupled with renewable energy offers a promising avenue for energy conversion and storage, but it is also extremely suppressed by the sluggish kinetics of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, a multi‐layer architecture strategy was utilized by the in situ growth for cobalt phosphate of Hopeite‐like phase (Co‐H) on NiCo‐layered double hydroxide (NiCo‐LDH) to prepare a self‐supported electrode (Co‐H/NiCo@NF). The Co‐H formed over the NiCo‐LDH shows a unique sea urchin‐like morphology. The Co‐H/NiCo@NF displays excellent HER and OER activity, requiring only overpotentials of 180 mV and 350 mV to deliver 100 mA cm−2, consequently, be capable to generate an appealing cell potential of 1.76 V for overall water splitting at the corresponding current density. In addition, the prepared Co‐H/NiCo@NF has long‐term stability against 500 mA cm−2 and exhibits a trend of increased activity, which may associate with the structural reconstructions to form new phases and the strong bonding between layers. These findings demonstrate that the multi‐layer architecture with fine‐component modulation is a promising strategy for the development of robust and efficient cobalt phosphate electrocatalysts, and the role of multi‐layer in the evolution of structural reconstructions deserves further investigation.

Multiscale Architectured Membranes, Electrodes, and Transport Layers for Next-Generation Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells.

Over the past few decades, considerable advances have been achieved in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) based on the development of material technology. Recently, an emerging multiscale architecturing technology covering nanometer, micrometer, and millimeter scales has been regarded as an alternative strategy to overcome the hindrance to achieving high-performance and reliable PEMFCs. This review summarizes the recent progress in the key components of PEMFCs based on a novel architecture strategy. In the first section, diverse architectural methods for patterning the membrane surface with random, single-scale, and multiscale structures as well as their efficacy for improving catalyst utilization, charge transport, and water management are discussed. In the subsequent section, the electrode structures designed with 1D and 3D multiscale structures to enable low Pt usage, improve oxygen transport, and achieve high electrode durability are elucidated. Finally, recent advances in the architectured transport layer for improving mass transportation including pore gradient, perforation, and patterned wettability for gas diffusion layer and 3D structured/engineered flow fields are described.

Investigation into the thermal comfort and some passive strategies for traditional architecture of Li nationality in South China

The ecological experience of traditional regional architecture provides an excellent reference for coping with increased energy consumption from cooling in tropical developing countries. However, the thermal comfort of traditional architecture and the effectiveness of its passive measures still need to be further verified in summertime conditions in hot and humid regions. In this study, we selected the traditional Li architecture, including boat- and Kim-shaped houses, for thermal environment tests. Subsequently, we analyzed the operative temperature and PMV-PPD index to determine their indoor thermal comfort and major passive strategies under hot summer conditions. Finally, we propose suggestions for improving the deficiencies of existing passive strategies. Our results show that the traditional Li architecture failed to satisfy indoor thermal comfort for more than half of the test time during the summer. Gable bottom openings and entry door ventilation can increase indoor ventilation with negligible increases in heat gain; however, existing ventilation efficiency is too low to substantially improve indoor thermal comfort. Additionally, we found that the evolution from boat- to Kim-shaped houses was not fully compatible with the significance of climatic adaptation. Kim-shaped houses benefited from the change in the envelope and external environment and its indoor moisture dissipation rate was accelerated; however, their eave shading made the wind speed attenuation more remarkable between indoor and outdoor. These results can help improve the indoor thermal comfort of traditional architecture in hot and humid regions.

From Local to Global: Reconsidering Material Experience in the Age of Global Regionalism

Abstract: Global design tends to simplify and homogenize the discourse of architectural practice. Global practices typically avoid concrete solutions addressing the specific needs of the local. Global production is concerned with solving not a single problem but the same problem at high volume. Global design leads to an estrangement of local tradition and material history, delivering unfitting contextual insertions that progressively impoverish local memory in material, cultural, and ultimately, social terms. The global is not context antagonistic; it is acontextual by definition, because its concerns are related to abstract systems of economic value and the demands of industrial production. Conversely, the local celebrates the idiosyncrasies that relate to a specific location. Local architectural strategies promote a connection between material work and sensory experience, providing an architectural framework for the collective memory that avoids compromising contextual responses with uprooted designs. The tactile experience of materials over time contributes to construct the memory of places, ultimately building up its identity. Material memory opposes the homogenizing and alienating dimension of generic global design. The associations between material perception and collective memory facilitate a foundation for contemporary architectural production through sensory experience, while incorporating regional idiosyncrasies that embody contextual continuities. The connections between material memory and tactility can in fact reveal pathways to productive models of responsible globalism. The qualities embodied in the material memory of a place speak to a common history that embodies the very traces of how and why a place is what it is. Material memory and the direct experience of tactility oppose many of the homogenizing and alienating conditions of generic global design, providing a model that provides continuity between the local and the global, between past and future. This essay reflects on local techniques and material tactility as a potential path to grounding interventions that oppose the homogenizing discourses implemented by global trends. In proposing a model based on Global Regionalism, materials are considered the canvas upon which the intimacy of contextual traces connects memory with innovation, incorporating experience and tradition into the global mainstream.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Low carbon design strategies for landscape architecture based on renewable energy technologies

We, the Editor-in-Chief and Publisher of Intelligent Buildings International (the ‘Journal’), have retracted the following articles that were published in the Special Issue titled ‘ AI and IoT Applications for Energy Conservation for Smart and Sustainable Buildings ’, guest edited by Zhenling Liu: Fanwei Meng & Huaiyuan Yu (2023) Low carbon design strategies for landscape architecture based on renewable energy technologies, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2179010 Yujuan Jin & Jiaqi Wang (2023) Integrated application strategy of large-scale intelligent building based on renewable energy technology, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2167801 Hui Tang, Jie Yan & Chaohui Zheng (2023) Supply–demand matching and coupling coordination characteristics of urban park green space from a health perspective, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2166895 Yangyang Wei & Shan Li (2023) Research on indoor light environment optimization of nursing home community based on artificial neural network, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2176812 Zhihui Xi & Xiaotong Jin (2023) Study on ecological aesthetic wisdom in Hunan ancestral hall architecture based on BIM technology, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2182754 Hong Chai & Yibo Zhang (2023) Research on application of BBMOPSO algorithm in building energy efficiency design, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2185192 Liang Guo, Wenqiang Li, Li Wang, Zhen Jing & Jun Ma (2023) An error estimation method for harmonic control of smart grid based on BP neural network, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2199141 Cong Du, Jiaxin Zhang, Haoyang Bai, Lijian Ren & Yi Wen (2023) Seismic detection and analysis method of concrete structures in building construction based on BIM technology, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2206988 Jialing Li, Haihong Li & Jiayi Huang (2023) Research on the renewal and renovation of Rabbit Mountain Site Park oriented by the construction of green blocks, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2223895 Ting Hu & Wei Wang (2023) 3D image reconstruction of architectural model based on 3D printing technology, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2228780 Rui Deng (2023) Research on the application of RAGA-PP projection model in sustainable architecture: evaluation and optimization, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2256709 Chengquan Gao & Yufeng Zhao (2023) Genetic algorithm-based land use optimization for smart city planning, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2256726 Jia Ling Li, Jia Yi Huang & Ru De Liu (2023) Research on the optimization of the spatial structure of the rural complex based on spatial syntax–the example of Fushan village in Pingjiang County, Intelligent Buildings International, DOI: 10.1080/17508975.2023.2288350 Following publication, the Publisher identified concerns regarding the editorial handling of the Special Issue and the peer review process. An investigation by the Taylor & Francis Publishing Ethics & Integrity team in full cooperation with the Editor-in-Chief concluded that the articles included in this Special Issue were not peer-reviewed appropriately, in line with the Journal’s peer review standards and policy. As the stringency of the peer review process is core to the integrity of the publication process, the Editor-in-Chief and Publisher have decided to retract all of the articles within the above-named Special Issue. The Editor-in-Chief and the Publisher have not confirmed if the authors were aware of this compromised peer review process. The Journal is committed to correcting the scientific record and will fully cooperate with any institutional investigations into this matter. The authors have been informed of this decision. We have been informed in our decision-making by our editorial policies and the COPE guidelines. The retracted articles will remain online to maintain the scholarly record, but they will be digitally watermarked on each page as ‘Retracted’.

Heritage and Rehabilitation Strategies for Confucian Courtyard Architecture: A Case Study in Liaocheng, China

During the past decades, many traditional vernacular buildings have been forced to be demolished or abandoned due to the accelerating trend of urbanisation in China, which has resulted in regional culture, historical memory, and architectural narratives being gradually lost. The contemporary development of courtyard-style architecture under the influence of Confucianism, an important architectural form that carries Chinese culture, remains unclear. To preserve these vernacular buildings and local culture, this paper traces the historical value of courtyard houses. Through a case study, the effectiveness of local courtyard-style building rehabilitation in Shandong is assessed, and key components, building materials, and construction techniques corresponding to Confucian cultural connotations are examined, leading to a more comprehensive dialectical analysis of building rehabilitation. The results indicated that rehabilitation can be effective in preserving vernacular components and cultural narratives in the context of sustainable development strategies for traditional buildings. Moreover, by identifying and evaluating the sense of place and rehabilitation strategies of the architectural heritage, new perspectives are offered to the world of vernacular architectural practice, and existing knowledge of the architectural courtyard is expanded.

Resource allocation for target tracking in multiple radar architectures over lossy networks

Communication packet losses are unavoidable in two-orientation communication between a fusion center (FC) and radar nodes, called a lossy network. In this paper, we propose a joint node selection and power allocation (JSPA) strategy of multiple radar architecture over a lossy network. First, a centralized multitarget tracking architecture considering bilateral packet loss is developed. Based on the centralized fusion architecture, the deterministic lower bound of the expected error covariance (DLBEEC) considering bilateral packet loss is derived. Then, minimizing the sum of weighted DLBEECs and the number of selected nodes simultaneously, we formulate the JSPA strategy as a bi-objective optimization problem. This optimization is an NP-hard problem involving binary and continuous variables, which is solved by a sparsity-enhancing sequential convex programming (SE-SCP) approach. Finally, numerical results show that the proposed JSPA strategy outperforms the traditional allocation strategies ignoring packet losses.

Enhancing Security in Residential Building through Architectural Approach: Improving Building Occupants’ Safety through Additional Security Measures

Insecurity is a crucial challenge confronting the Nigerian nation in recent time with dire consequences of deaths, vandalisms and reversals of developmental strides. This had left many homeless, traumatized and several communities deserted in search of safer habitations. Residential buildings being homes that hold valuables of people and cocoons offering shelter had been targets of perpetrators of insecurity which often takes the forms of stealing, banditry, kidnapping, farmer-herder clashes, terrorism and militancy. The various reports on insecurity suggested that there is a correlation between the architecture of buildings and safety of its occupants when they are confronted with security challenge. This spurs the study to explore how best architectural strategies can be deployed to enhance safety of building occupants. The study area was Lokoja, a city in North central Nigeria where many had suffered insecurity in their homes. A total of 122 questionnaires were circulated among different categories of home-users to obtain data for analyses which provided answers to the various research questions of the study. Finally, SPSS statistical tool was used for the descriptive statistical survey conducted to reveal the study’s findings such as the need for additional security measures by respondents and a proof of significant association between the nature of security challenge and knowledge of building design.In conclusion, the study showed that insecurity will continued to be a trendychallenge among the home owners in the light proliferation of firearms and high rate of unemployment in the country.

Tribological Properties and Cutting Performance of AlTiN Coatings with Various Geometric Structures

The development of advanced machining techniques requires high-performance tool coatings. To improve the wear resistance and cutting performance of AlTiN coatings, a structure optimization strategy involving bias control and a nano-multilayer architecture strategy is presented. The investigated AlTiN coatings were deposited by cathodic arc evaporation and studied with regard to phase structure, hardness, adhesion, and tribological properties by a combination of X-ray diffraction, nanoindentation, scratch, and ball-on-disk friction tests. A high bias potential (up to −120 V) with enhanced adatom mobility suppressed the formation of the wurtzite structure AlN in AlTiN. In addition, the epitaxial growth of Al0.67Ti0.33N on Al0.5Ti0.5N in the AlTiN nano-multilayer could also promote the single-phase structure. The hardness of AlTiN-based coatings with a dominated cubic structure was 3–4 GPa higher than conventional ones. In addition, the interlayer interfaces in the Al0.67Ti0.33N/Al0.5Ti0.5N multilayer could deflect the cracks and thus improve the fracture toughness. As a consequence, the Al0.67Ti0.33N/Al0.5Ti0.5N multilayer with enhanced mechanical properties obtained the lowest wear rate of 1.1 × 10−5 mm3/N·m and the longest cutting lifetime of 25 min during dry turning the SUS304 stainless steel.

Nudges and choice architecture to promote healthy food purchases in adults: A systematized review.

Consistent with behavioral economic models that emphasize the context-dependance of behavioral choice, choice architecture strategies change the environmental context to promote or nudge healthier choices including the healthfulness of food purchases that may help reduce disease and premature death. This review summarizes research that investigated nudging interventions to promote healthful food purchase choices among adults. A comprehensive systematized search strategy identified research published since 2009 that investigated the role of nudges and choice architecture interventions on adult food purchasing decisions with behavioral outcomes. Study data were extracted and summarized regarding nudge characteristics, design features, study quality, and food purchasing outcomes. The search identified 1,129 articles, 33 of which met inclusion criteria. Twelve studies were rated as high quality, 21 as neutral, and none as low quality. Some evidence of effectiveness was found for priming nudges that manipulated physical, verbal, or sensational cues to promote healthy choices (8 of 11 studies); salience and affect nudges that used novel or personally relevant cues to direct attention to healthy choices (3/3); messenger nudges that presented information on socially normative food choices (2/2), and default nudges that made healthy options the preset choice (1/2). In studies that combined nudge types, combining priming and salience and affect nudges was at least partially effective in 5 of 5 studies. Nudge applications in food purchasing settings, particularly priming, offers a promising public health strategy to encourage healthier food choices among adults. More research is needed to determine optimal nudge combinations and contexts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Fashion-Oriented Image Captioning with External Knowledge Retrieval and Fully Attentive Gates.

Research related to fashion and e-commerce domains is gaining attention in computer vision and multimedia communities. Following this trend, this article tackles the task of generating fine-grained and accurate natural language descriptions of fashion items, a recently-proposed and under-explored challenge that is still far from being solved. To overcome the limitations of previous approaches, a transformer-based captioning model was designed with the integration of external textual memory that could be accessed through k-nearest neighbor (kNN) searches. From an architectural point of view, the proposed transformer model can read and retrieve items from the external memory through cross-attention operations, and tune the flow of information coming from the external memory thanks to a novel fully attentive gate. Experimental analyses were carried out on the fashion captioning dataset (FACAD) for fashion image captioning, which contains more than 130k fine-grained descriptions, validating the effectiveness of the proposed approach and the proposed architectural strategies in comparison with carefully designed baselines and state-of-the-art approaches. The presented method constantly outperforms all compared approaches, demonstrating its effectiveness for fashion image captioning.

Transforming Monolithic Systems to a Microservices Architecture

Context: microservices architecture enables organizations to develop an application as a suite of loosely coupled small and independent services that can be developed, tested, and deployed independently. Various organizations are re-architecting their existing monolithic systems with microservices architecture. However, re-architecting the entire system can bring some indefinite challenges. Objective: the goal of this research project is to investigate (i) the need for migration from monolithic to microservices architecture, (ii) architectural description for adopting microservices, (iii) refactoring tools and methods (iv) potential challenges while transforming to microservices, and (v) effective patterns and strategies to adopt microservice successfully. Methodology: the industrial empirical (interviews, case study, and questionnaire survey) approach will be used to meet the research objective. Possible outcomes: the expected outcomes would be (i) an evidence-based decision-making framework for transforming monolithic architecture (ii) strategies to refactor the monolithic architecture (iii) prioritization-based taxonomy of challenges while transforming to microservices. Finally, (iv) the development of a decision model for selecting patterns and strategies for successful implementation of the microservices system.

Research on Architecture Strategy and Estimation Model of Digitized and Business-oriented Smart Community System

The level of intelligence in the community has become an important indicator to reflect the level of urban development. This article starts with the architecture strategy of the system and builds a dynamic digital business smart community system. The goals of software product management for the three-dimensional digital community are clarified, which improves the effectiveness and reliability of system development. Based on the function points, data management system estimation model, geographic information system estimation model, APP system estimation model, and content management system estimation model are created separately. The interaction interfaces of the information management system, information publishing system, activity publishing system with the geographic information system, APP interaction interface, and content management system are unified into the data management system estimation model. By analyzing the technical and economic theory, the bottleneck problem of promoting the application of digital communities is solved, and the development cost of digital community software systems can be predicted clearly. This also facilitates the calculation of the direct economic and social benefits brought by the promotion and application of results.

Innovative architectural strategies for effective supervision and optimization of cloud compute environments

Innovative architectural strategies for effective supervision and optimization of cloud compute environments

Exploring and Thinking about the Digital Transformation of Enterprises under the Middle Office Architecture Strategy

Purpose - This paper provides a detailed analysis of the connotation of the middle office architecture. It explains the middle office’s role, operation mechanism, and development status. Design/Methodology/Approach - This paper focuses on the theoretical description of the enterprise portrait suitable for implementing the middle office architecture, the core value of the middle office output, the typical architecture of the central office construction, and the strategic adjustment of the organizational structure, and the strategy of maximizing the effectiveness of the middle office strategy. The typical areas of the current implementation of middle office architecture strategy are also listed, and further outlook on the development trend of middle office architecture is given. Findings - As a necessary tool for data-enabled businesses, data middle office applications have entered a period of development. This paper provides ideas and references for enterprises to build and implement a middle office architecture and thus drive their digital transformation. Research Implications - Digital transformation is gradually becoming necessary for enterprises to achieve sustainable operations. We need to digitize product development, supply chain, manufacturing, sales, and service, but most importantly, we need to digitize the user interface. Therefore, building a connection platform between “virtual” and “real” is necessary, and the middle platform architecture is one of the best solutions.

Longer epidermal cells underlie a quantitative source of variation in wheat flag leaf size.

The wheat flag leaf is the main contributor of photosynthetic assimilates to developing grains. Understanding how canopy architecture strategies affect source strength and yield will aid improved crop design. We used an eight-founder population to investigate the genetic architecture of flag leaf area, length, width and angle in European wheat. For the strongest genetic locus identified, we subsequently created a near-isogenic line (NIL) pair for more detailed investigation across seven test environments. Genetic control of traits investigated was highly polygenic, with colocalisation of replicated quantitative trait loci (QTL) for one or more traits identifying 24 loci. For QTL QFll.niab-5A.1 (FLL5A), development of a NIL pair found the FLL5A+ allele commonly conferred a c. 7% increase in flag and second leaf length and a more erect leaf angle, resulting in higher flag and/or second leaf area. Increased FLL5A-mediated flag leaf length was associated with: (1) longer pavement cells and (2) larger stomata at lower density, with a trend for decreased maximum stomatal conductance (Gsmax ) per unit leaf area. For FLL5A, cell size rather than number predominantly determined leaf length. The observed trade-offs between leaf size and stomatal morphology highlight the need for future studies to consider these traits at the whole-leaf level.

Civilia: Utopia in the Age of Photomechanical Reproduction. Architectural (Photo)copy as (Re)invention

In June 1971, The Architectural Review featured the culmination of Townscape, a campaign that the issue’s author, as well as the magazine’s editor and owner, Hubert de Cronin Hastings, promoted for decades. Civilia, The End of Suburban Man was a monograph that described a fictional English New Town, illustrated through an extensive collection of views of its urban scene made from hundreds of photographs of buildings, many of which had appeared in the pages of the different publications of the Architectural Press in the preceding decades. Civilia did not manage to provoke the debate that Hastings desired, remaining a mere curiosity wrapped in a spectacular visual apparatus that has hardly been analyzed. However, the striking vedute of Civilia hide an elaborate exercise in the generation of architectural form. Its collages include an extensive catalog of architectural strategies and forms in which buildings are appropriated through their photographic images, to engender a series of distorted copies, new architectural personae which simultaneously alter our perception of the originals by either enveloping them in new narratives or revealing their hidden qualities.