Architecture Research Research Articles

Experiencing cinematic architecture: the impact of architecture on the audience emotional engagement

PurposeThe goal of the study is to underline “Cinematic Architecture” as another source of architectural thinking and research. This study is also a response to the shortage in empirical research on architecture in the cinema. Moreover, the study introduces the architectural components that qualify the cinematic spaces to be influential cinematic experience. This is in addition to investigating the impact of these components on the viewers' cognitive and emotional experience of films.Design/methodology/approachIn the reported study, an empirical experiment examined scenes from three different movies as experienced by a selected group of audience of movies fans (architects and laypersons). The audience was asked to report feelings the audience had about each scene using a questionnaire that was designed for this purpose, and the audience was asked to write down the aspects that affected the audience's emotions. The experiment evaluated selected emotional states and could specify the architectural features and/or objects that significantly contributed in inducing these emotions.FindingsThis study's findings concluded that emotions, which exist in the positive margin of the emotions “circumplex model,” were influenced by architectural components that were different from those that influenced emotions which lie in the negative margin of the model.Research limitations/implicationsAs for filmmakers, the study contributes in developing filmmakers' knowledge about the role of architecture in scenic creation and thus how that knowledge enhances filmmakers' film narrative and the narrative's spatial imagery. As for academia, this study contributes in developing the knowledge about film cognition as related to architectural semiotics. In the context of behavioral approach to architectural design, a behavior setting which is the basic element in environmental design can be dramatized by applying a cinematic narrative to a human activity system within a milieu of architectural design elements.Practical implicationsThis study is important for architects, as the study provides architects with an alternative tool for fictional experience and for testing architectural ideas through cinematic architecture. This study also helps in developing new venues for the practice of architecture into the world of fiction. This study also contributes in developing the trend that architectural design thinking can learn from cinematic thinking and practice.Originality/valueThis study introduces an empirical approach to evaluate architectural entities as part of cinematic experience. This study also comes as a response to the shortage in empirical research on architecture in the cinema.

ND testing and establishing models of a multi-span masonry arch bridge

The Olla bridge, built in the second half of the nineteenth century, is an arch bridge consisting of five brick masonry arches with stone masonry piers. The bridge crosses the Stura river along the State Route SS 21, connecting the French border with the South-West part of the Piedmont region, and still represents a crucial node for the local commercial traffic. The paper summarises selected results of the extensive research programme carried out to assess the structural conditions of the historic bridge, which exhibited local damage of the arches and diffused surface decay. After a discussion on the common issues arising in the structural assessment of historical infrastructures, the Olla bridge is described and full details are given on the different steps of the investigation: (a) historical research, geomatic survey, on-site visual inspection and limited local tests on materials; (b) operational modal testing and analysis; (c) development of a FE model based on architectural research and selected modelling assumptions; (d) choice of the uncertain structural parameters and identification of the optimal parameters based on the experimentally obtained data.

Architectural design research in small practices

PurposeThere has been a recently growing interest by architects in practice-based research and the impact of research. At the same time, several post-graduate architecture programmes with practice-led research agendas were founded. This shift towards architectural design research is analysed using the notions of “process-driven research”, “output-driven research” and “impact”. The study aims to investigate and unveil the link between graduate programmes and graduates with a research interest and to test the tripartite model of “process-driven research”, “output-driven research” and “impact” in the context of small architectural practices.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a qualitative and exploratory research approach that includes 11 in-depth interviews conducted in 2020, during the first nationwide COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom (UK) selected interviews were architects representing (1) members or alumni of practice-related graduate architecture programmes in London and (2) founders of London-based small architectural practices within the last decade.FindingsWhile focussing on the London context, the paper offers transferable insights for the key potentials of practice-led design research in small architectural practices and the actions that might improve research practice.Originality/valueThis paper addresses a lack of studies on how design research differs between diverse types and sizes of architectural firms, why emerging small architectural practices increasingly engage with research and how this shapes their practice. This knowledge is important to fully understanding architectural design research and its strengths or weaknesses.

МОДЕЛЬ АНАЛИЗА ИСТОРИКО-АРХИТЕКТУРНЫХ ОБЪЕКТОВ

The purpose of the study is to consider the classical model of the analysis of an architectural object, which is a trinity of traditional (universal), professional (modern) and general scientific research methods (methods of related sciences). Traditional research methods include the analysis and interpretation of historical research, archival documents, manuscripts and other sources. Professional methods include examination, engineering analyses and research using modern technologies. General scientific research methods include the use of knowledge from various scientific disciplines, such as history, archaeology, architectural theory and practice, sociology, psychology, and others. The process of formation of classical analytical methods for studying architectural objects took place within the framework of ancient philosophy and aesthetics. formation and development of the analysis methodology. Structural analysis involves the consideration of the scientific method as a system of its constituent elements and the principles of interaction of these elements, the study of their interrelationships. The application of this approach in the study of the scientific method is justified by the complexity of its organization. Attention is paid to the analysis of aspects of the perception of architectural monuments. The structure of the method of historical and architectural research allows us to show the theoretical foundations of a special research method that establishes a link between the categories of general and particular in the methodology of architectural monuments, analyze historical and architectural data in the context of their general significance and specific features. In conclusion, the article emphasizes the importance of analyzing historical and architectural objects for the preservation of historical heritage and cultural value of buildings.

Addis Ababa’s sefer, iddir, and gebbi

This research is motivated by the scholarly calls for new concepts and analytic tools for documenting, analysing, and theorizing complex urban territories such as those of cities in Africa. With implicit comparative intent, it takes the case of Addis Ababa city and its old and typifying places—the sefer, to develop and test a new architectural transdisciplinary research methodology referred to as the trinocular. By way of this methodology, it unearths and introduces sefer, iddir, and gebbi of Addis Ababa as not only socio-spatial phenomena but concepts and vocabulary for a located and nuanced reading of the city itself. Sefer are introduced as flexible boundary conditions that are primarily cognized by their dwellers—results of indigenous and autochthonous foundation and continued processes of self-actualization by communities that construct them. Iddir is unearthed as a form of social capital embedded in sefer that appears in the structures of relations among residents. And the gebbi as an urban spatial typology that constitutes the sefer’s morphology—the last frontier of communality just prior domestic spaces which, in many cases, can be a single multi-functional room. These concepts and vocabulary, it is argued, in both practical and metaphoric sense, should be the starting point of new urban imaginaries for Addis Ababa. Urban planning and housing projections thus, should draw inspiration from these notions, elements, and phenomena. Furthermore, lessons learnt from the trinocular and the findings are presented as new avenues for architectural research in similar, less-known, and complex urban conditions as the sefer of Addis Ababa.

Resource Scheduling in Edge Computing: Architecture, Taxonomy, Open Issues and Future Research Directions

An inflection point in the computing industry is occurring with the implementation of the Internet of Things and 5G communications, which has pushed centralized cloud computing toward edge computing resulting in a paradigm shift in computing. The purpose of edge computing is to provide computing, network control, and storage to the network edge to accommodate computationally intense and latency-critical applications at resource-limited endpoints. Edge computing allows edge devices to offload their overflowing computing tasks to edge servers. This procedure may completely exploit the edge server’s computational and storage capabilities and efficiently execute computing operations. However, transferring all the overflowing computing tasks to an edge server leads to long processing delays and surprisingly high energy consumption for numerous computing tasks. Aside from this, unused edge devices and powerful cloud centers may lead to resource waste. Thus, hiring a collaborative scheduling approach based on task properties, optimization targets, and system status with edge servers, cloud centers, and edge devices is critical for the successful operation of edge computing. This paper briefly summarizes the edge computing architecture for information and task processing. Meanwhile, the collaborative scheduling scenarios are examined. Resource scheduling techniques are then discussed and compared based on four collaboration modes. As part of our survey, we present a thorough overview of the various task offloading schemes proposed by researchers for edge computing. Additionally, according to the literature surveyed, we briefly looked at the fairness and load balancing indicators in scheduling. Finally, edge computing resource scheduling issues, challenges, and future directions have discussed.

Deep Learning in Cervical Cancer Diagnosis: Architecture, Opportunities, and Open Research Challenges

Nowadays, deep learning (DL) is a popular tool used in various applications in different fields, including the medical domain. DL techniques can cope with several challenges, which are difficult to resolve via traditional artificial intelligence (AI) techniques. Cervical cancer (CC) is one of the leading reasons for death in females and ranks second after breast cancer, with more than 700 mortalities daily. This number is estimated to be 400,000 annually by 2030. However, if the cancer is detected in the early and precancerous stages, it is completely curable. Pap smear and colposcopy are the most widely used screening methods for the detection of cervical cancer. But manual screening approach suffers from a high false rate due to human errors. To overcome this challenge, machine learning (ML) and DL-based computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) techniques are being extensively expanded to automatically segment and categorize cervical cytology and colposcopy images. These methods increase the accuracy of detecting different stages of cervical cancer. Hence, there is an increased interest in creating computer-aided solutions for CC screening, especially in less-developed countries where the majority of cervical cancer-related fatalities occur. This review overviews state-of-the-art approaches that use DL techniques to analyze cervical cytology and screening images. It reviews and discusses relevant DL techniques, their architectures, classification methods, and the segmentation of cervical cytology and colposcopy images. Finally, it reviews the DL algorithms that are currently used in CC screening and offers useful insights, research opportunities and future directions in this field.

ЦЕЛИ, ЗАДАЧИ И РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ГЕОДЕЗИЧЕСКИХ ИЗЫСКАНИЙ В БОТАНИЧЕСКИХ САДАХ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ТОПОГРАФИЧЕСКОЙ СЪЕМКИ НИЖНЕГО ПАРКА НИКИТСКОГО БОТАНИЧЕСКОГО САДА)

The availability of planning documentation is a necessary condition for the creation and reconstruction of botanical gardens expositions, the normal operation of the territory, including the repair of road surfaces, garden stairs, and accounting for botanical collections. However, in reality, many objects of landscape architecture do not have actual plans for various reasons, and the existing planning documentation does not reflect the situation with the relief, roads, structures and plant elements. Since 2022, in the Nikitsky Botanical Garden, the laboratory of landscape architecture and ethnobotanical research has begun systematic work on engineering and geodetic surveys, which makes it possible to develop the basis for design and working documentation in the local coordinate system. The work is carried out using the Topcon GM 52 total station, which allows you to obtain data on angles, distances, and excesses of certain geometric parameters. Based on the results of engineering and geodetic surveys, projects are being carried out and project proposals are being developed for the creation and reconstruction of expositions, the placement of retail outlets, and the strengthening of landslide slopes.

ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION AT THE STAROSTA CASTLE IN GALICIA

The article introduces the materials of the architectural and archaeological cross-section of the defensive ditch of the Starostyn castle of the 14th - 18th centuries in the town of Halych, Ivano-Frankivsk region. The stratigraphy of the exploration trench is described in detail. Among the discovered immovable objects are a rampart embankment, a two-row palisade, the remains of an internal paving, the foundations of the defensive walls of a log-frame wooden and earthen structure, a stone wall with a drainage hole. The chronology of the archaeological complexes is based on relatively narrowly dated movable artefacts: sleeved crossbow arrowheads of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; bowl- and pot-shaped tiles of the fifteenth century; fragments of household ceramics, box tiles, and Gothic block bricks of the sixteenth century. Architectural details, building ceramics, iron and glass products of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; as well as materials of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finds from the princely period of the eleventh and first half of the fourteenth century and the early Iron Age of the sixteenth century BC were found in a redeposited state. The study of Starostynskyi Castle in the historical aspect makes it possible to identify seven specific construction periods of late medieval and early modern fortifications in the stratigraphic column. On the basis of the results of architectural and archaeological research, a number of hypothetical reconstructions of the development of wooden, earthwork and stone fortifications of the southern spine of Starostyn castle were made. The analysis of stratigraphic sections and the general urban situation prompts the author to put forward a hypothesis about the possible location of the entrance to the castle in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The archaeological reconnaissance crossing of the fortification line demonstrates a complex and still poorly understood history of the development of the Galician castle fortifications on the Dniester. It shows a promising prospect for both further thorough archaeological research and thoughtful preservation and use of the architectural and archaeological heritage of the unique complex in the future.

A Tutorial on Internet of Behaviors: Concept, Architecture, Technology, Applications, and Challenges

In his blogs of 2012, Dr. Göte Nyman coined Internet of Behaviors (IoB). In his idea, people’s behaviors are very good predictors of their needs, and hence technology companies can network human behaviors and construct behavior-based systems to deliver more timely, responsive, and intelligent services with privacy protection. In 2020, Gartner ranked IoB first among its top nine strategic technology trends and suggested that IoB would touch almost half of the world population. Built on his core idea of IoB, this paper is the first one to comprehensively, systematically, and deeply introduce the IoB concept, essential features, architecture, enabling technologies, applications, and open research issues. In this paper, we first give a formal definition and classification of IoB and reveal its fundamental difference from Internet of Things (IoT). Then, we propose a five-layer IoB architecture (consisting of behavior perception, behavior networking, behavior computing, service provision, and security/privacy) and provide the in-depth analysis of IoB enabling technologies. Particularly, we discuss functional requirements and possible fields of an IoB address (i.e., a human behavior identifier), present the networking and maintenance approaches to behaviors, explore four important implications of behavior computing, i.e., intention inference, behavior derivation, behavior programming, and behavior-chain optimization, as well as give a decentralized privacy-protection solution to Dr. Nyman’s behavior-identity-separation idea. Next, we deeply investigate potential IoB applications in smart home/transportation/healthcare/business, and human-robot interaction. Finally, we provide insightful discussions on open research issues. This paper should help researchers and practitioners understand IoB quickly and promote future IoB development.

Research and practice of restorative landscape design under the direction of healthy city

Because of its capacity to assist with individual physical and mental health, the restorative landscape design falling under the direction of healthy city is drawing more and more attention from a variety of businesses. One of the key concerns in landscape architecture research is how to handle with the interaction between restoration landscape, physical space environment, and behavioral space environment. The existing urban public space is increasingly inadequate to fulfill people’s diverse health demands. This essay examines the significance and objectives of contemporary revitalizing landscape design against the context of the expansion of healthy cities and the transformation of landscape design. It then suggests a revitalizing landscape design strategy with a healthy city orientation by combining the real-world example of Shanghai Wulong Commercial Plaza waterfront green space design.

The formal, the temporal and the modern A historical view on the unfnished urban transformation of the city of Prishtina

Following Walter Benjamin’s thinking of “the modern” – which is an important theoretical contribution to the study of form – one could understand that the term designates both a formal temporal structure and the diverse range of its historical instances, past and present, whose reinterpretation and critical reading can stimulate possible future scenarios for urban spaces, or the understanding of specific developments related to them. For Benjamin’s theory to be applicable in the discipline of architecture, particular knowledge and methods are required, through which unfold the processes of modernity in relation to the temporal and formal phenomenon. Thus, the aim of this essay is to re-read Benjamin’s modernity within the discussion on temporality, by using architectural form and language as tools. Temporality and modernity are widely discussed topics of scientific research, particularly linked to the tradition of the Frankfurt School. However, we are interested in deciphering these two topics through a historical category, as an object through which the scientific architectural research is crafted. And in order to connect this category to a practical level contextualized within an urban setting, this essay studies the urbanization of modernist cities, the historical events impacting it, and the stages of modernity, focusing on the city of Prishtina in Kosovo. Prishtina is used as a case-study on account of its particular history in the course of the twentieth and twenty-first century. It is the capital city of a post-socialist state that experienced a radical shift in ideological and political systems, characterized by a complex architectural and urban form with distinguished modern features. This paper will study the unfinished modernism in Prishtina (1945-ongoing), – interrupted by politico-ideological instances – which led to a fragmentation of the urban form and the presence of multiple urban realities. In so doing, this paper will decipher specific events from different time periods, to be defined as critical junctures of Prishtina’s modern history, which had a particular outcome in architecture and its urban setting. The study of the temporal and the formal in modern architecture and city planning will focus on two plans: 1) The political and economic context in Prishtina, within former Yugoslavia, which produces an ideological condition within which architecture becomes ideological; 2) The discipline of architecture, which impacts the form and aesthetics of buildings and cities through modern ideology and normativities.

Transformations of the form and façade of the Lehndorff palace in Sztynort Duży in the light of architectural research

Transformations of the form and façade of the Lehndorff palace in Sztynort Duży in the light of architectural research

Prospects for Introducing Medium-Density Row Housing in Jeddah City

Architectural researchers ensure that residential buildings in any area are appropriately planned for the landscape and meet the needs of current and future residents. Row houses are well known in residential sectors of the United States and many European countries, but the data on row housing in Saudi Arabia is very limited. As residential structures, row houses are reasonably priced and architecturally resilient. They also fill the affordable housing gap for middle-class residents – sometimes called the “missing middle” – in major urban centers such as Jeddah. Like other cities of its size, Jeddah has been slow to adopt medium-density residential structures. This research evaluates the Jeddah community’s likelihood of accepting row housing, surveying a cross-section of residents seeking housing options other than the apartments currently available. Our questionnaire investigated variables such as gender, age group awareness, house size, architectural functional features, preferable cost, and other considerations. The data and resulting analysis concluded that more than 90% of the respondents would prefer row houses to current options as their primary housing choice.

Impact of correlated colour temperature on user's time perception and emotional state: an experimental study with reference to fast-food outlets

Time is one of the most valuable resources in the world and is one of the most controversial concepts that can be discussed at experiential, conceptual, and philosophical levels. Concepts of time were recognizable even before the 19th century and most of the time its’ importance de- pends on the uniqueness of the moment or the irreversible factor of its perceptible nature. Keep- ing track of time in space is a key component of living beings, which intentionally or unintention- ally contributes to maintaining and concentrating attention, health, and well-being [1]- [4]. Due to rapid development and globalization, people are used to relying on mechanical clocks and clock time rather than brain time. These behavioral patterns and global movements influence people to deviate from their natural senses. Discouraging sensory stimuli to function at their full capacity can cause a range of diseases and impairments. Therefore, encouraging human senses is essen- tial for health and good performance. Studies have shown that the deliberate use of sensory cues can influence the brain’s timing mechanism to encourage or discourage its processing [5]-[8]. Accordingly, it is vital to recognize these brain time manipulative factors for their conducive incor- poration in an intuitively constructed environment. Even if time influences individuals’ emotions and behavior in built spaces, this notion has not been thoroughly discussed in the Architectural research domain. The sensory cues are mainly dominated by the visual cues of the contemporary world [9]. Among those visual cues, colour and lighting hold significant value in both natural and built environments [2]. This research primarily builds upon four well-structured research ques- tions given below.

Optical microscopy and SEM-EDS on wall-painting fragments from the St. George’s cathedral at Novgorod

This paper presents the latest data obtained from the analyses of fragments of Russian-Byzantine wall paintings recovered from the architectural excavations carried out in the church of St. George in the Yuriev Princely Monastery built in 1119 at Veliky Novgorod, one of the oldest cities in Russia and UNESCO World site. In the last 7 years the archaeologists of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow excavated the 12th century layers and extracted a large number of wall-paintings fragments, which are extremely important for the reconstruction of the history of Novgorod and for the study of Russian-Byzantine art in general. The pigments employed for the paintings and the painting techniques, together with color layers, substrates and mortars, have been studied and analyzed in the last two years in the Laboratory of the Architectural Archaeology and Multidisciplinary Methods for Architectural Research, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The employed analytical methods were optical microscopy (OM), X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS). OM permits to distinguish the superficial painting method, the inclusions in the mortars, the intonaco and intonachino layers and the various substrates. XRF was applied for a first screening of the fragments and for the first pigment identification. The samples of painted mortar were then mounted in epoxy resin and polished for the analysis with SEM-EDS. The analytical data we possessed up to now indicate a very classical Byzantine technique with the use of expensive pigments such as lazurite and cinnabar, but also green earth, various types of ochres and mixtures of pigments. Special care was taken for the identification of the substrates.

Four Aspects of Architectural Tectonics Through Exploration of the Meaning of Tectonics with a Systematic Literature Review Method

Architectural tectonics which has a meaningful relationship with aesthetic and construction aspects in buildings is still sometimes understood separately from one another. In addition to the need for architectural practice and education, in this context, this article seeks to enrich the meaning of architectural tectonics by exploring and synthesizing meaning from leading online and architectural dictionaries as well as various libraries of journals, proceedings, reports, and architectural books. Tectonics in architectural research and design still needs to be explored where this concept can be useful in the design process because it does not separate structure and aesthetics in architecture. In this study, it is known that there have been various theories from architectural experts about the architectural tectonic theory from 1781 to 2022. This research is a literature review method with a systematic review method with synthesis results through narrative (qualitative) techniques from analogy processes and meaning synthesis. The results of this study, among others, produce the meaning of tectonic in synthesis 1, namely architectural tectonics in aspects of the appearance on the surface, aspects of tectonics processes, and aspects of internal factors. Meanwhile, in synthesis 2, other aspects were produced outside of the three aspects in synthesis 1.

A survey on processing-in-memory techniques: Advances and challenges

Processing-in-memory (PIM) techniques have gained much attention from computer architecture researchers, and significant research effort has been invested in exploring and developing such techniques. Increasing the research activity dedicated to improving PIM techniques will hopefully help deliver PIM’s promise to solve or significantly reduce memory access bottleneck problems for memory-intensive applications. We also believe it is imperative to track the advances made in PIM research to identify open challenges and enable the research community to make informed decisions and adjust future research directions. In this survey, we analyze recent studies that explored PIM techniques, summarize the advances made, compare recent PIM architectures, and identify target application domains and suitable memory technologies. We also discuss proposals that address unresolved issues of PIM designs (e.g., address translation/mapping of operands, workload analysis to identify application segments that can be accelerated with PIM, OS/runtime support, and coherency issues that must be resolved to incorporate PIM). We believe this work can serve as a useful reference for researchers exploring PIM techniques.

Choosing a neural network architecture for a vehicle autopilot

The solution of the problem of driving and research of the neural network architecture based on a self-created neural network model is considered. The construction of a convolutional neural network is proposed for solving the problem of image recognition and driving. Illustrations: 11, bibliography: 9 titles.
 Keywords: neural network, convolutional neural network, autopilot, driving task, image recognition;

Peer-Reviewed Articles: Introduction

The peer-reviewed section of Asylum 2022 comprises five papers on architectural and urban research, built project investigations and pedagogical innovation, and collaboration with communities and industry. The papers are grouped both thematically and based on their research category, stated on the first page of each paper as: Original Research Article, Short Communication – Preliminary Original Research Article, or Commentary/Critique/Polemical Article.