Preservation Of Architecture Research Articles

Heritage Preservation Education: Teachers’ Preconceptions and Teachers Implementation in Visual Arts Classes

In Slovenia, teachers of the school subject visual arts (implemented at the primary level by primary school teachers and at secondary level by fine visual arts teachers) play a significant role in planning and implementing visual arts tasks with preservation concepts. With these activities, they can raise awareness of cultural heritage meaning, strengthening the nation’s cultural identity. Pupils should develop into active and responsible citizens who are able to understand heritage problems in general and express their sensitivity and respect for their cultural heritage and its preservation. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the teachers’ preconceptions about the preservation of architecture in the Slovenian countryside and the implementation of heritage preservation concepts in visual arts teaching. Altogether, 125 teachers from Slovenia participated in this study. The research revealed the teachers’ preconceptions regarding some problems in the Slovenian countryside, as well as sufficient awareness of the importance of the implementation in heritage preservation concepts in visual arts activities, according to contemporary professional guidelines. Teachers’ preconceptions reveal a lack of some basic knowledge of preservation concepts, which lead us to compare the results with the current guidelines. It can be concluded that greater emphasis should be placed on developing training programmes for teachers with specific preservation concepts and didactic materials for students in the field of preservation education with the aim of developing the students’ positive and responsible attitudes to those problems. More heritage preservation education content should be incorporated into pre- and in-service teachers’ education, and teachers should develop competences to implement these topics into their teaching.

Effects of dietary Hermetia illucens meal inclusion on cecal microbiota and small intestinal mucin dynamics and infiltration with immune cells of weaned piglets

BackgroundThe constant interaction between diet and intestinal barrier has a crucial role in determining gut health in pigs. Hermetia illucens (HI) meal (that represents a promising, alternative feed ingredient for production animals) has recently been demonstrated to influence colonic microbiota, bacterial metabolite profile and mucosal immune status of pigs, but no data about modulation of gut mucin dynamics are currently available. The present study evaluated the effects of dietary HI meal inclusion on the small intestinal mucin composition of piglets, as well as providing insights into the cecal microbiota and the mucosal infiltration with immune cells.ResultsA total of 48 weaned piglets were randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments (control diet [C] and 5% or 10% HI meal inclusion [HI5 and HI10], with 4 replicate boxes/treatment and 4 animals/box) and slaughtered after 61 days of trial (3 animals/box, 12 piglets/diet). The cecal microbiota assessment by 16S rRNA amplicon based sequencing showed higher beta diversity in the piglets fed the HI-based diets than the C (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the HI-fed animals showed increased abundance of Blautia, Chlamydia, Coprococcus, Eubacterium, Prevotella, Roseburia, unclassified members of Ruminococcaceae, Ruminococcus and Staphylococcus when compared to the C group (FDR < 0.05). The gut of the piglets fed the HI-based diets showed greater neutral mucin percentage than the C (P < 0.05), with the intestinal neutral mucins of the HI-fed animals being also higher than the sialomucins and the sulfomucins found in the gut of the C group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the piglets fed the HI-based diets displayed lower histological scores in the jejunum than the other gut segments (ileum [HI5] or ileum and duodenum [HI10], P < 0.05).ConclusionsDietary HI meal utilization positively influenced the cecal microbiota and the small intestinal mucin dynamics of the piglets in terms of selection of potentially beneficial bacteria and preservation of mature mucin secretory architecture, without determining the development of gut inflammation. These findings further confirm the suitability of including insect meal in swine diets.

LEISHMANICIDAL ACTIVITY in vivo OF A MILTEFOSINE DERIVATIVE IN Mesocricetus auratus

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic and systemic disease; if untreated, it can cause death in a large number of cases. The therapy is based on the use of antimonials, which have been used for over 50 years. However, cases of resistance have been reported in some countries. In this context, miltefosine (MIL) was introduced to treat antimonial unresponsive cases. Nonetheless, in recent years MIL unresponsive and relapse cases of VL have increasingly been reported. In the current study, the therapeutic potential of compound 5-(4-(3-methanesulfonatepropyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)dodecyl methanesulfonate (C11), an MIL derivative, was assessed in an experimental VL hamster model. For this purpose, golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were infected with Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi and treated daily for 10 days with C11 and MIL administered orally; in addition, Glucantime (GLU), peritoneal route, were administered at 15, 10, 50 mg/kg body weight/day, respectively. Twenty four hours after the end of treatment the animals were euthanatized; and the specimens were collected to evaluate the relative mRNA expression of cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-17, TGF-β, IL-4 and IL-10 in fragments of the spleen and liver; moreover, the parasitism in these organs was evaluated as well as the main histopathological alterations. The C11-treated animals showed greater expression of IL-17 and TNF-α cytokines and reduced expression of IL-10 in the spleen in comparison to the infected untreated group (UTG) (p <0.05). The C11 and GLU groups showed a significant reduction in the IgG levels in comparison to the UTG group (p <0.05). Moreover, the C11-treated animals had fewer parasites in the spleen than the UTG animals (reduction of 95.9%), as well as a greater preservation of white pulp architecture in the spleen than the UTG, GLU and MIL groups (p <0.05). For the liver, the animals from the C11 and MIL groups showed a significant increase in TNF-α relative expression in comparison to the UTG animals, which would explain the increase in the number of granulomas and the reduction in the parasitic load (p <0.05). Combined, these findings indicate that C11 is an interesting compound that should be considered for the development of new drugs against VL, mainly due to its leishmanicidal effect and immunostimulating action.

Improving Freezing Protocols and Organotypic Culture: A Histological Study on Rat Prepubertal Testicular Tissue.

Testicular tissue freezing before gonadotoxic treatments allows the preservation of fertility for children suffering from cancer. Recently, the testis organ culture method was presented as a relevant method to restore the fertility of these patients. However, the yield of spermatozoa production is low in the mouse model and no gamete has been obtained in vitro in the rat model. Here, we assess different cryopreservation protocols and culture conditions to improve the efficiency of in vitro maturation of rat prepubertal testes. Testes from male rats aged 5 or 8 days post-partum were cultured onto agarose gels of different percentages. After determining the best culture conditions, different cryopreservation protocols were assessed. Finally, testicular tissues were cultured with media of various compositions and analyzed at different time points. Our results show that the cryopreservation protocols allow the preservation of tissue architecture, cell proliferation, with no or moderate increase of cell death. In vitro spermatogenesis did not proceed beyond the pachytene spermatocyte stage. Only 2 of the 6 tested media allowed the survival of differentiated germ cells over the 45-day culture period. In conclusion, this study highlights the necessity to further improve the organ culture method before applying it into the clinics.

Metformin: Sentinel of the Epigenetic Landscapes That Underlie Cell Fate and Identity.

The biguanide metformin is the first drug to be tested as a gerotherapeutic in the clinical trial TAME (Targeting Aging with Metformin). The current consensus is that metformin exerts indirect pleiotropy on core metabolic hallmarks of aging, such as the insulin/insulin-like growth factor 1 and AMP-activated protein kinase/mammalian Target Of Rapamycin signaling pathways, downstream of its primary inhibitory effect on mitochondrial respiratory complex I. Alternatively, but not mutually exclusive, metformin can exert regulatory effects on components of the biologic machinery of aging itself such as chromatin-modifying enzymes. An integrative metabolo-epigenetic outlook supports a new model whereby metformin operates as a guardian of cell identity, capable of retarding cellular aging by preventing the loss of the information-theoretic nature of the epigenome. The ultimate anti-aging mechanism of metformin might involve the global preservation of the epigenome architecture, thereby ensuring cell fate commitment and phenotypic outcomes despite the challenging effects of aging noise. Metformin might therefore inspire the development of new gerotherapeutics capable of preserving the epigenome architecture for cell identity. Such gerotherapeutics should replicate the ability of metformin to halt the erosion of the epigenetic landscape, mitigate the loss of cell fate commitment, delay stochastic/environmental DNA methylation drifts, and alleviate cellular senescence. Yet, it remains a challenge to confirm if regulatory changes in higher-order genomic organizers can connect the capacity of metformin to dynamically regulate the three-dimensional nature of epigenetic landscapes with the 4th dimension, the aging time.

A GENERIC PROCESS OF DOCUMENTATION AND DATA MANAGEMENT FOR HISTORICAL MALAY ARCHITECTURE USING BIM

Historical Malay Building Information Modelling (HMBIM) is a prototype library of historical Malay BIM objects, which are developed based on historical study on the architecture of Malay heritage. The objective of this paper is to outline a generic process of documentation and data management (data collection, modelling and retrieval using BIM), specific for the preservation and conservation effort of Malay architecture. This research employs multiple case studies technique and the process begins with the collection of data using multiple reliable sources namely archival reports, measured drawings and scan-to-BIM. HMBIM is enriched using reverse engineering approach where the information about building components are semantically identified according to Malay architecture characteristics and enriched into data coding system. Since there is no standard approach for conservators in the work of conservation, assembly and disassembly of Malay buildings in Malaysia, HMBIM is anticipated to be able to suggest ‘standard’ for the work. The main output for this paper is the creation of framework in demonstrating the processes involved.

Modulation of thymic architecture and T cell function by Mesenchymal stromal cell extracellular vesicles in a model of neonatal hyperoxia

Abstract Therapies based on mesenchymal stem/stromal cell extracellular vesicles (MEx) have shown promise in experimental models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a disease of disrupted lung development that can result from neonatal exposure to hyperoxia. The effects of oxygen exposure on other developing organs in the neonatal period remain poorly understood and whether MEx treatment may modify these responses is not known. Our research aimed at understanding the effects of neonatal exposure to hyperoxia and the immunomodulatory properties of MEx on thymic architecture and T cell development. Using a mouse model of neonatal hyperoxia, we showed that, in addition to lung injury resulting in BPD, there was involution of the thymic medulla with altered T cell function. Administration of a single dose of MEx resulted in preservation of thymic architecture, and restoration of normal thymic function through modulation of the thymic medullary antigen presentation network and T cell phenotypes. Consequently, MEx reinstated the mechanisms of thymic-driven central tolerance that are perturbed upon hyperoxia exposure, as demonstrated by increased FoxP3+ regulatory T cell generation and decreased T cell autoreactivity. Overall, our study demonstrates that MEx represent a promising cell-free therapeutic option to restore thymic architecture and ensure the development of central tolerance by preventing thymic injury associated with neonatal hyperoxia exposure.

MERCHANTS IN DEVELOMPENT OF SIBERIAN CITIES IN THE 19-20th CENTURES (THE TYUMEN AND TOBOLSK CASE STUDIES)

The article covers historical and cultural heritage of Tyumen and Tobolsk, which are the capitals of the Tobolsk region. Historical cities of Siberia have rich historical, cultural and architectural heritage. The aim of this work is to assess the role of merchantry in the architectural image of West Siberian cities such as Tyumen and Tobolsk.The novelty lies in a full analysis of historical buildings of Tyumen and Tobolsk, identification of the role of local merchantry in establishing their architectural image and preservation of historical and architectural heritage.The scientific methods include a complex scientific analysis of historical archives and of bibliographical sources, a systems and architectural analyses of the research findings. Practically, the research results can be used in preparation of lectures, papers and essays on the history of the Siberian architecture.The work is based on theories and methods of historians and architects, and the full-scale experiment carried out by the authors in the years 2013−2019.It is shown that merchant buildings are extremely valuable. The majority of the assessed buildings are historical and architectural monuments of the local and federal significance. Buildings financed from merchant’s funds preserve knowledge about the history of towns, urban planning culture of the region, development of architectural styles, social and economic standards of the West Siberian cities late in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

Minimally guided bone regeneration procedure for immediate implant placement and provisionalization of a maxillary lateral incisor: A case report

Immediate implant placement has some advantages, such as time-saving, optimal soft tissue architecture preservation, and patient acceptance. In this case, prior to implant placement, minimally guided bone regeneration was performed to augment the concavity on the apico-labial aspect of a fractured maxillary right lateral incisor. After eight months, the tooth was extracted, and an implant was immediately inserted, and a provisional composite-based crown was delivered in the same appointment. After four months, well molded mid-facial gingiva and interproximal papilla were obtained, and a final metal-ceramic crown was fabricated.

Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy in Rats with Cysteamine Induced‐Terminal Ileitis

AimWe introduce pentadecapeptide BPC 157 therapy in rats with cysteamine induced‐terminal ileitis, 1 h, 1 month, 2 months. We counteracted gross hyperemia, edema, erosion, bleeding, and, microscopically, significant loss of villous architecture, loss and shortening of villae and severe lymphocytic infiltrate. BPC 157 counteracts various lesions in the whole GI‐tract and free radicals formation (Curr Pharm Des 2018;24:1990–2001), and tested in ulcerative colitis trials and now in multiple sclerosis (Curr Pharm Des 2018;24:1990–2001). Previously, cysteamine, was known to induce gastric acid hypersecretion, as a prototype of duodenal lesion (Lancet 1979 Oct 27;2(8148):880–2). Subsequently, cysteamine induced duodenal lesions after gastrectomy, and applied as an enema, ulcerative colitis in rats. BPC 157 counteracts all of these lesions (Life Sci 1994;54(5):PL63‐8, Dig Dis Sci 1997 May;42(5):1029–37, J Physiol Paris 2001 Jan–Dec;95(1–6):283–8, J Physiol Paris 2001 Jan–Dec;95(1–6):261–70, Eur J Pharmacol 2003 Sep 5;477(1):73–80, J Physiol Pharmacol 2013 Oct;64(5):597–612)MethodsCysteamine (400 mg/kg, 1 ml/rat) was applied in female Albino Wistar rats, 200 g bw into the terminal ileum, 5 cm segment up to ileocecal valve, which was kept gently compressed for 1 min, and then released. Medication (/kg) (BPC 157 (10 μg, 10 ng), or saline (5 ml) (controls)) was applied as an abdominal bath immediately after the end of the cysteamine application procedure, and then if rats were not sacrificed at 1 h, continuously, perorally in drinking water (0.16 μg/ml, 0.16 ng/ml, 12 ml/rat/day) till the end of 1 or 2 months.ResultsFor gross assessment, the hyperemia, edema, erosion and bleeding scores (0–3) were summarized (giving the 0–12 scoring, and assessed as Min/Med/Max). Control rats exhibit the following scoring: 11/11/12 at 1 h, 8/8/9 at 1 month, and 8/8/9 at 2 months. Contrarily, all BPC 157 rats present markedly lower scoring (3/3/4 at 1 h, 0/1/1 at 1 month, and 0/1/1 at 2 months, 10 μg regimen Min/Med/Max, P&lt;0.05, vs. control, at least, while 10 ng regimen shows similar beneficial effect). Microscopically, much like in patients, cysteamine induced terminal ileitis goes with submucosal congestion, significant loss of villous architecture, loss and shortening of villae, lamina propria infiltrated with mild to severe lymphocytic infiltrate much like intraepithelial lymphocytes infiltration and some epithelial elevation from lamina propria. Contrarily, better preservation of mucosal architecture appears in pentadecapeptide BPC 157 treated rats. There is only mild villous edema with capillary congestion and mild lymphocytic infiltrate. No epithelial elevation from lamina propria is found (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, left control, right BPC 157).ConclusionFor further therapy, beneficial effect of the BPC 157 counteracts cysteamine‐terminal ileitis.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by the University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia (Grant BM 099).Cysteamine Terminal Ileitis, 1 hourFigure 1

Microneedle manipulation of the mammalian spindle reveals specialized, short-lived reinforcement near chromosomes.

The spindle generates force to segregate chromosomes at cell division. In mammalian cells, kinetochore-fibers connect chromosomes to the spindle. The dynamic spindle anchors kinetochore-fibers in space and time to move chromosomes. Yet, how it does so remains poorly understood as we lack tools to directly challenge this anchorage. Here, we adapt microneedle manipulation to exert local forces on the spindle with spatiotemporal control. Pulling on kinetochore-fibers reveals the preservation of local architecture in the spindle-center over seconds. Sister, but not neighbor, kinetochore-fibers remain tightly coupled, restricting chromosome stretching. Further, pulled kinetochore-fibers pivot around poles but not chromosomes, retaining their orientation within 3 μm of chromosomes. This local reinforcement has a 20 s lifetime, and requires the microtubule crosslinker PRC1. Together, these observations indicate short-lived, specialized reinforcement in the spindle center. This could help protect chromosome attachments from transient forces while allowing spindle remodeling, and chromosome movements, over longer timescales.

Decellularization of Extracellular Matrix from Equine Skeletal Muscle

Equine represents an attractive animal model for musculoskeletal tissue diseases, exhibiting much similarity to the injuries that occur in humans. Cell therapy and tissue bioengineering have been widely used as a therapeutic alternative by regenerative medicine in musculoskeletal diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to produce an acellular biomaterial of equine skeletal muscle and to evaluate its effectiveness in supporting the in vitro culture of equine induced pluripotency stem cells (iPSCs). Biceps femoris samples were frozen at −20°C for 4 days and incubated in 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 5 mM EDTA + 50 mM Tris and 1% Triton X-100; the effectiveness of the decellularization was evaluated by the absence of remnant nuclei (histological and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole [DAPI] analysis), preservation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins (immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry) and organization of ECM ultrastructure (scanning electron microscopy). Decellularized samples were recellularized with iPSCs at the concentration of 50,000 cells/cm2 and cultured in vitro for 9 days, and the presence of the cells in the biomaterial was evaluated by histological analysis and presence of nuclei. Decellularized biomaterial showed absence of remnant nuclei and muscle fibers, as well as the preservation of ECM architecture, vascular network and proteins, laminin, fibronectin, elastin, collagen III and IV. After cellularization, iPSC nuclei were present at 9 days after incubation, indicating the decellularized biomaterial-supported iPSC survival. It is concluded that the ECM biomaterial produced from the decellularized equine skeletal muscle has potential for iPSC adhesion, representing a promising biomaterial for regenerative medicine in the therapy of musculoskeletal diseases.

Protective and Curative Effects of Aqueous Extract of Terfezia Boudieri (Edible Desert Truffle Specie) against Paracetamol Acute Toxicity in the Rat

The current study was aimed to evaluate the protective and curative effect of aqueous extract of edible desert truffle specie (Terfezia boudieri) against rat’s liver and kidney injuries induced by paracetamol (PCM). Terfezia boudieri was genetically identified by PCR and then sequencing (Genbank NCBI: LT718236.1). Terfezia boudieri aqueous extract (TBAE) was characterized by antioxidant capacity evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl test (EC50 = 0.415 mg/ml). LC-MS analysis shows that TBAE contains several actives biomolecules such as B3 vitamin (2.73 ± 0.3 mg/100g dm), quinic acid (2 ± 0.22 mg/100g dm), chlorogenic acid (0.18 ± 0.02 mg/100g dm) and quercetin-3-o-rhamonoside (0.09 ± 0.01 mg/100g dm). Liver and kidney Biochemical parameters showed no significant variation in rat’s plasma treated with PCM and/or TBAE. However, the histological studies showed that the liver injuries induced by PCM were characterized by hemorrhage and inflammation. The pretreatment by TBAE showed preservation of normal liver and kidney architecture, this finding suggests its protective effects on these two organs. The co-treatment by TBAE reduced the PCM hepatotoxicity proved by normal central vein and small vacuols. In addition, TBAE reduced kidney PCM toxicity proved by less area inflammation and normal glomerulus. Therefore, TBAE is promoting eventual protective and curative drug against acute toxicity.

Patrimônio industrial e o reconhecimento cultural

A construção de vilas operárias ou núcleos residenciais de empresas tornaram-se comuns nos empreendimentos fabris brasileiros desde o século XIX. Além da necessidade de oferecer moradia e comodidade com vistas a atração e retenção de mão de obra foram construídas como uma forma de controle dos empregados. Com o processo de desmonte desses núcleos empresariais, em especial a partir da segunda metade do século XX, muitos se tornaram objeto de interesse no campo do patrimônio cultural. Nesse sentido, o presente artigo analisa aspectos do processo da implantação ao abandono da vila operária da Companhia Santista de Papel em Cubatão, tendo em vista o pioneirismo desse tipo de estabelecimento na Baixada Santista. A partir dessas informações se conclui que sua importância atualmente se dá no campo da história da arquitetura e da preservação, ao mesmo tempo em que verifica a fragilidade das políticas públicas de reconhecimento cultural do patrimônio industrial no Brasil.

Vitrified Human Umbilical Arteries as Potential Grafts for Vascular Tissue Engineering.

The development of a biological based small diameter vascular graft (d < 6mm), that can be properly stored over a long time period at - 196°C, in order to directly be used to the patients, still remains a challenge. In this study the decellularized umbilical arteries (UAs) where vitrified, evaluated their composition and implanted to a porcine model, thus serving as vascular graft. Human UAs were decellularized using 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate (CHAPS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) detergents. Then, vitrified with vitrification solution 55 (VS55) solution, remained for 6months in liquid nitrogen and their extracellular matrix composition was compared to conventionally cryopreserved UAs. Additionally, total hydroxyproline, sulphated glycosaminoglycan and DNA content were quantified in all samples. Finally, the vitrified umbilical arteries implanted as common carotid artery interposition graft to a porcine animal model. Decellularized and vitrified UAs characterized by proper preservation of extracellular matrix proteins and tissue architecture, whereas conventionally cryopreserved samples exhibited a disorganized structure. Total hydroxyproline content was preserved, although sulphated glycosaminoglycan and DNA contents presented significantly alterations in all samples. Implanted UAs successfully recellularized and remodeled as indicated by the histological analysis. Decellularized and vitrified UAs retained their structure function properties and can be possible used as an alternative source for readily accessible small diameter vascular grafts.

Controls on the deposition and preservation of architectural elements within a fluvial multi-storey sandbody

Architectural elements of fluvial multi-storey sandbodies provide principal controls on the distribution of meso-scale (100–101 m scale) heterogeneity and reservoir quality. Consequently, it is valuable to understand the deposition and preservation of sedimentary architecture in such systems in relation to autogenic (stream capture and avulsion) and allogenic controls (subsidence rates, climate and sediment supply). The aims of this study are to quantify the architectural and erosional nature of a fluvial multi-storey sandbody and to establish the effects of downstream distance and subsidence rates upon the preservation of architectural elements, using the Lower Castlegate Sandstone, Utah, USA, as an example. Quantitative architectural element analysis and palaeodischarge reconstructions were undertaken from eight locations using sedimentary logs and three terrestrial photogrammetric outcrop datasets along a 150 km down-dip profile. These observations were supplemented by burial history analysis of ten wells across the same profile. Results show the Lower Castlegate comprises channel-fill, downstream accretion, lateral accretion, upstream accretion and overbank elements. From these observations, calculations of sinuosity and flow depths along with architectural geometric analysis provide evidence of stream capture contemporaneous with foreland basin subsidence. The preservation of lateral accretion and overbank elements is limited within the distal portion of the multi-storey sandbody, as a result of local avulsion and limited subsidence rates. Results demonstrate that complex sedimentary architecture can form in fluvial multi-storey sandbodies as a product of variable discharge rates, the fluvial graded profile and spatially variable aggradation rates, driven principally by subsidence rates. The use of meso-scale architectural analysis, with analysis of in-channel sinuosity and hydrodynamics, along with erosional bounding surfaces, has helped to complemented basin-scale interpretations of fluvial architecture.

Multispectral Imaging Enables Characterization of Intrahepatic Macrophages in Patients With Chronic Liver Disease.

Intrahepatic macrophages influence the composition of the microenvironment, host immune response to liver injury, and development of fibrosis. Compared with stellate cells, the role of macrophages in the development of fibrosis remains unclear. Multispectral imaging allows detection of multiple markers in situ in human formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. This cutting‐edge technology is ideal for analyzing human liver tissues, as it allows spectral unmixing of fluorophore signals, subtraction of auto‐fluorescence, and preservation of hepatic architecture. We analyzed five different antibodies commonly observed on macrophage populations (CD68, MAC387, CD163, CD14, and CD16). After optimization of the monoplex stains and development of a Spectral Library, we combined all of the antibodies into a multiplex protocol and used them to stain biopsies collected from representative patients with chronic liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis C, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Various imaging modalities were tested, including cell phenotyping, tissue segmentation, t‐distributed stochastic neighbor embedding plots, and phenotype matrices that facilitated comparison and visualization of the identified macrophage and other cellular profiles. We then tested the feasibility of this platform to analyze numerous regions of interest from liver biopsies with multiple patients per group, using batch analysis algorithms. Five populations showed significant differences between patients positive for hepatitis C virus with advanced fibrosis when compared with controls. Three of these were significantly increased in patients with advanced fibrosis when compared to controls, and these included CD163+CD16+, CD68+, and CD68+MAC387+. Conclusion: Spectral imaging microscopy is a powerful tool that enables in situ analysis of macrophages and other cells in human liver biopsies and may lead to more personalized therapeutic approaches in the future.

A comparative study of conventional cytology and cell block method with immunohistochemistry in the diagnosis of serous effusions

Introduction: Conventional smear (CS) examination of serous effusions is of paramount importance for diagnosis, staging, prognostication, and management of malignancy. The method has some disadvantages which can be overcome by cell block (CB) preparation. CB technique increases the diagnostic accuracy due to increased cellularity, preservation of tissue architecture and feasibility of performing immunohistochemistry (IHC). Aims and Objectives: To assess and compare the diagnostic yields of CS and CB techniques for detection of malignancy in pleural and peritoneal effusions and to study the utility of CB preparation with special emphasis on the feasibility of performing IHC in identifying the primary site of malignancy in the cases of carcinoma of unknown primary (CUP). Materials and Methods: In ESI-PGIMSR, Manicktala, each of 104 fluid samples were divided into two equal parts: one part was subjected to CS technique, the smears were stained with Leishman-Giemsa and Papanicolaou stains while the other part was subjected to Plasma thromboplastin CB technique and the sections stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin. IHC was performed whenever required. Provisional diagnoses made on CSs were compared with the diagnoses revised after examining CB slides. Results: Out of 104 fluid samples, on CS, 19 (18.27%) cases were positive for malignancy, whereas on CB 39(37.5%) cases were diagnosed as malignancy. The additional yield of malignancy was 19.23% more by the CB method. IHC done on CBs could suggest the possible primary site in 31 cases. Conclusions: The current study reports the diagnostic efficiency of the CB method to be superior to that of conventional smear alone as it has various advantages. Hence CB preparation should be routinely incorporated along with the use of IHC, if required, in the evaluation of serous effusions for a more accurate diagnosis.

Study and Restoration of the Yi Ma Wu Hui Layer of the Ancient Coating on the Putuo Zongcheng Temple

ABSTRACT The Putuo Zongcheng Temple was built over two hundred years ago. The ancient coating on its wooden structures has been seriously damaged and needs restoration. To restore the original structure, the YMWH (Yi Ma Wu Hui) layer of the ancient coating in the Putuo Zongcheng Temple is separated and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). At the same time, the components of the YMWH layer are compared with the commercial materials used for restoration. The analysis and comparison indicate that nonblood YMWH technical processes were used in the Putuo Zongcheng Temple. The similarity between ancient materials and commercial restoration materials is confirmed. On this basis, the restoration of the ancient coating is successfully completed. This research on the YMWH layer in ancient coatings will probably improve the understanding and application of traditional coating techniques in the preservation of ancient cultural architecture.

Nostalgic element to support the sustainable reasons for architecture preservation – case study Metropole XXI, Jakarta

There are some reasons as a background for preserving the architecture building, one of them is nostalgic reason, “Old buildings have intrinsic value and are reminders of a city’s culture and complexity [1]. The nostalgic reasons is refer to a feeling or inspiring nostalgia [2]. The architecture and interior elements are among that create the nostalgic reasons of one place. Using mixed methodology between qualitative and quantitative, this research aims to overview the architecture, interior and some famous food that people remember about Metropole XXI building in Jakarta. The research found that some architecture and interior elements are among of what people remember about Metropole XXI as nostalgic reason that could help for future research on preserving this building as one of the oldest and well maintain historical building in Jakarta. The research also found that the nostalgic reason would lead to sustainable design for architecture and interior works because of its strong bond to the people who has their emotional closeness.