Architectural Masterpiece Research Articles

ARSITEKTUR, MATERIAL BANGUNAN DAN KEHARMONISAN KEHIDUPAN

Architecture is not only focused on the physical stucture, but it contains many things that can be synergized, including nature and culture. That synergies were expected to create a work of architecture that is familiar and acceptable. From this premise, the term of eco-architecture known, that will help us create environmentally architectural masterpiece. There were Romo Mangun and Eko Prawoto that give us an understanding on how the architect and their work can be closer to nature and local cultures that exist in the location where the architect is putting their work. This works maybe not using building materials that are super luxurious and high tech. However, from the simplicity born an architectural works that have a 'soul'. Similarly as we as human beings, adapting the architecture to the environment will make the architecture may survive. Harmony of life will be created when the environment and architecture walk in harmony, coexistence and also mutual respect to each other. Architecture is not only focused on the physical stucture, but it contains many things that can be synergized, including nature and culture. That synergies were expected to create a work of architecture that is familiar and acceptable. From this premise, the term of eco-architecture known, that will help us create environmentally architectural masterpiece. There were Romo Mangun and Eko Prawoto that give us an understanding on how the architect and their work can be closer to nature and local cultures that exist in the location where the architect is putting their work. This works maybe not using building materials that are super luxurious and high tech. However, from the simplicity born an architectural works that have a 'soul'. Similarly as we as human beings, adapting the architecture to the environment will make the architecture may survive. Harmony of life will be created when the environment and architecture walk in harmony, coexistence and also mutual respect to each other.

Towards a harmonious development between nature and culture on Walisanga religious site, Indonesia – learning from the best practices in Japan

Nature and culture are elements that play an important role in the development of a place. Sites of Walisanga spread all over Java since in 16 century. Muslim communities respect respect for these sites. These sites have become an attractive destination of religious tourism on the North Coast of Java. Some of these sites are very close to nature and as a part culture. Shinto shrines and Buddhist temples in Japan are the examples of the master pieces of indigenous architecture which are still maintained very well. The Japanese religious sites with the beautiful architecture and landscape in the culture format have been successfully attracting tourist from all over the world. This paper aims to determine the potency and problems associated with the development of spatial harmony between the nature and culture on the Walisanga religious sites in Indonesia by conducting a dialogue with best practices cases in Japan. This study used descriptive analysis methods. The result showed that, there are similarities between Indonesian and Japan in treating cultural heritage assets. Indonesian government gives quite significant roles to public to participate in preserving cultural heritage. Japan government has given support through the modern technology and funding, assets registration, maintenance and protection, and the assets management. Creating the harmony between nature and culture is necessary to enhance performance, facilities and infrastructure.

Choreographing architecture

‘Man is Space: Vitić Dances’ is a multiyear community art project in a 10-storey condominium building in Zagreb, Croatia. Built by the architect Ivo Vitić, the building, considered a masterpiece of modern architecture, and registered as a national monument is now in a deteriorated state that threatens the lives of its 256 inhabitants. The project started in 2003 when Croatian artist Boris Bakal (Shadow Casters) moved into the building and became deeply acquainted with its history, its tenants and their everyday hardship. The artist aimed to raise the awareness of the tenants and local community to restore this iconic building though a complex interdisciplinary endeavor that combined permanent artistic and social interventions and programs, in and around the building. This ‘artivism’ project re-created and socialized a commonly shared space through intensive artistic presence by unifying tenants to collaborate for its preservation. It allows us to move away from a notion of the building as a whole to a notion of the building as multiplicity, from the study of the urban neighborhood to the study of urban choreographies of architecture. Vitić Dances has also secured funds for the restoration of the building’s facade and for the recording of a documentary film about this project and the building. Indeed, restoration started in February 2016 and will constitute a major investment, funded in part by the City of Zagreb, in residential housing in Croatia.

APLIKASI KARAKTERISTIK ARSITEKTUR FUTURISTIK PADA TERMINAL PENUMPANG PELABUHAN YOS SUDARSO DI KOTA AMBON

<p><em>Maluku as one of the archipelago provinces in Indonesia would require a sea transportation system to improve movement of goods and services inter-islands both within and outside of the Province. Ambon City as the capital of Maluku Province has an important role in accommodating it . Ambon City itself currently has six ports with different functions. One of the main ports is the Port of Yos Sudarso Ambon which currently accommodates two functions. First, as a port of passenger and second as a container port. However, along with the increasing container demand and inadequate port area. Then, there are various proposals which proclaimed in various regional and national development programs to focus on the transition function of Yos Sudarso Port in accommodating the activities of departure and arrival of passengers and eliminate the function of containers activity. The futuristic architectural approach is intended to find the need for architectural masterpieces of modern character and stand out along the Ambon Waterfront City development area. This approach represents progress, something new that is different from the other building on the environment and speed points which is identical with building of transportation. So it is expected that through this approach can be generated a redesign concept that can provide first impression for its users.</em></p><p><em><strong><em>Keyword</em></strong><em> : Port, Passanger Terminal, Futuristic Architecture, Transportation Building</em></em></p>

Keeping it modern, making it sustainable. Monitoring and energy retrofitting the Urbino University Colleges

This paper presents a research to balance building conservation, users’ comfort and energy efficiency of a masterpiece of XX century architecture. The Urbino University Colleges were designed by architect Giancarlo de Carlo and built since 1962 to 1983 beside the Renaissance city. They host more than 1,000 students within 5 dormitories and 62,000 m2 surface. Authors discuss some outcomes from the “Keeping it modern” research program financed by the Getty Foundation in 2016, which aims at providing the Colleges with a sustainable conservation plan. The goal is to lower heating and operational costs to allow funds in conservation activities. Specific issues regard: the striking dimensions of the complex, the constructive features (brickwork walls, exposed concrete structures, single-glazed windows) and the lack of data about the hygrothermal performances.The research thus includes a hygrothermal analysis, a proposal for the energy retrofitting, a building-HVAC model, a test on a pilot site. Authors have monitored surface temperatures, indoor air temperature and humidity for one year, even mapping their distribution through a digital psychrometer. Thermal imaging has been used to detect heat losses, thermal bridges and heat gains due to the solar radiation. Data have fed a building-HVAC model, which was a reference to design an appropriate strategy for retrofitting and improving the energy efficiency of the complex. Some solutions are being implemented on a pilot site. The building performances before and after retrofitting are compared.Results provide indications to merge conservation and sustainability of a XX century heritage building.In conclusion, the solid knowledge of each case confirms being required to support a retrofit proposal of a heritage building, moreover in case of a XX century building, as the cultural value of such a huge heritage is often disregarded to improve its energy performance.

Democracy in Crisis

Studies • volume 106 • number 423 274 Democracy in Crisis Democracy in Crisis Thomas N Mitchell Democracy is an appealing form of government that recognises the dignity, equal value and basic rights of every human being. But it is also a system that is vulnerable on many fronts. Donald Kagan, in his book on Pericles, has aptly described it as ‘one of the most fragile flowers in the jungle of human experience’.1 Modern democracy is experiencing that fragility, and is going through one of the most challenging eras in its relatively short history. Before examining the state of modern democracy, it is worth reviewing democracy’s beginnings; how this radically new ideal of government emerged in Athens, the principles on which it was based, its successes and shortcomings and the lessons it has left for modern democracy. There is no better guide to a fuller understanding of the true character of the democratic ideal than the Athenian story. The Athenian revolution Before democracy’s first coming, the world knew only the rule of monarchs, tyrants and aristocratic elites, a rule that was often oppressive, unconcerned with the well-being of the many and unconstrained by a defined code of law. By the sixth century bc the abuses perpetrated by these regimes had generated widespread discontent across the Greek world. In Athens, a respected aristocrat, Solon, was appointed civil head of the state in 594 with full powers to reform the legal and political system. He succeeded in enacting laws to protect the personal freedom of all citizens and equality before the law, with rights to appeal against the so-called crooked judgments. He also marginally increased the political role of the people, but he left the wealthy and well-born firmly in control of government. After Solon’s departure, Athens was soon again mired in factional strife, which brought a populist factional leader, Peisistratus, to a position of absolute power which he held until his death in 527. More turmoil followed, but this time there emerged from it a reformist aristocrat, Cleisthenes, who was intent on radically changing the social and political order. In 507–8 he brought forward a new form of constitution based on a vision of the state as 276 Studies • volume 106 • number 423 a community of free citizens, equal in their right to freedom, equal before the law, equal in their political rights, a community governing themselves under laws of their own making and working together to advance the common good. The constitution would have a new name, demokratia, which meant that power lay with the people. The voice of the people would be sovereign, and every citizen would count as one and no one would count as more than one. This was true self-rule, trusting in the native instincts and capacities of the people themselves to decide collectively their common destiny and how best to advance the common interest. It was an inspiring vision, warmly supported by the demos, and its implementation marked an important moment in the history of human progress. Under the new order Athens flourished. It created the most powerful fleet in Greece, masterminded the rout of the invading Persian forces, established under Athenian leadership a formidable union of Aegaean states known as the Delian League, and gave the world its first age of enlightenment, which produced masterpieces of architecture, literature and foundational philosophical works, all of which have permanently shaped the character of western civilisation in fundamental ways. But, buoyed by success, the Athenian demos fell victim to what the Greeks termed hubris, an arrogant pride that moved them to set their sights on gaining dominance over all of Greece. They were chiefly led in this by one of their most gifted leaders, Pericles, a talented military commander, an exceptional orator and a visionary who had the goal of converting the Delian League into an Athenian empire and giving Athens primacy in the Greek world. He succeeded in gaining full control of the League, but the upshot of his wider ambition was a ruinous war with the other major coalition in Greece – Sparta and her allies. The war began in 431, but Pericles died soon afterwards in a deadly...

SPIRAL PARABOLIC DOME: HISTORICAL STUDIES OF IRANIAN ARCHITECTURE

Ancient Dezful city is located in the SW of Iran (5000BC-2016AC) near Dez River. This spiral domes are used to demonstrate the symbolic special constructions which is similar to the construction of Denial’s holy shrine, the Jewish messenger (500BC), the Lion King Yaghob Saffari’s tomb (800AD) and the Rood-band Syd’s burial place (1409AD). These structures are made by simple local materials. The common materials used are bricks and Sarooj mixture. Sarooj is the main mortar, a man-made concrete. After thousands of years, it still stands all kinds of tension, pressure, wind, rain, conflicts and wars, weapons and rockets effects (1980-1988), and sewage exposure. All bricks were set to demonstrate the cubic elements around the spiral curve. It turns around circles with variable radiuses on the spiral path-line which makes a conic parabolic sharp dome. Two domes constructed in each parabolic dome. The first dome is fixed between the supports that are called the inner dome. It was erected on the semi sphere space. The second dome is constructed by the parabolic conic section to demonstrate a beautiful, cultural and architectural masterpiece of engineering. The Main materials are bricks, dolomite, canes, stone blocks and Sarooj, a special mortar. The height of the Spiral Parabolic Dome (SPD) is about 10m and the radius of the inner dome is measured about 2 m with a ratio of 2.5 that would vary with the Geo-technical conditions and the architectural considerations.

THE CALOUSTE GULBENKIAN MUSEUM IN LISBON

The Calouste Gulbenkian Museum is located off the tourist paths, on the outskirts of Europe, and far away from the centre of Lisbon, in the serenity of the Santa Gertrudes Park. Its austere concrete buildings hide treasures from the collection of an extraordinary man, a millionaire of Armenian origin, an oil magnate, and an art and garden lover. The article presents the collector, the history of his collection and the museum buildings which now form an original park and museum complex run by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. In 2010, the complex was entered into the register of national monuments of Portugal, thus being the first masterpiece of the 20th-century architecture to feature in this register.

An Introduction to Concept and Evolution of the Guardstone and Its Architectural Visualization of the Contemporary Religious and Cultural Diversities

<p>This specific study deals with a unique piece of Buddhist architecture, the Guardstone found almost in every part of ancient kingdoms in Sri Lanka spanning from Anuradhapura to Kandy period significantly. The Guardstone is an excellent piece of structure placed on either side of the first step of the flight of stairs at the entrance of ancient religious buildings or palaces in Sri Lanka. The origin of this architectural masterpiece is still to determine. Nevertheless, it is widely accepted in an evolutionary point of view that the guardstone has passed through several developmental stages from a simple slab to a highly sophisticated artifact in its dimensions, complexity and artistry. The numerous inclusions as well as exclusions from time to time to this artifact still remain uncertain as to whether they were due to secular or ecclesiastical reasons or simply due to the creators own culture influenced imagination. This study will peruse all the possible evidence that are available architecturally and to develop a logical reasoning for any identifiable characteristic and to elucidate with reasonable legitimacy as to how and why such a character is present or absent in a particular guardstone. This study in no way has any intention of rejecting or amending any proposition available at present but will pursue its best to shed light only on the attributes of a guardstone and to concentrate on the diversities of this beautiful monastic artifact that deserves serious academic study and meticulous aesthetic evaluation.</p>

Diagnóstico y evaluación de las viviendas en el patrimonio arquitectónico de Mendoza, Argentina

Este artículo aborda el análisis y la evaluación de una fracción específica de la producción arquitectónica, las viviendas de valor patrimonial, dentro del territorio del área metropolitana de Mendoza, Argentina. En su desarrollo hemos considerado como fuentes, por una parte, investigaciones anteriores que han permitido comprender el desarrollo histórico y la evolución de este tipo de edificios en la arquitectura de la ciudad, y por otra, apelamos a los datos primarios de un proyecto concluido recientemente sobre el patrimonio arquitectónico del área metropolitana de Mendoza. El análisis y evaluación de las características arquitectónicas, posibilidades y límites de este conjunto de viviendas, contribuye en la proposición de directrices y en el diseño de estrategias sobre las cuales orientar la conservación y la puesta en valor de los bienes. Lamentablemente, en la última década se ha incrementado la pérdida de estas obras, ya sea por desvalorización de su importancia cultural como por las fuertes presiones del mercado inmobiliario, por lo cual se conservan cada vez menos ejemplares de cada agrupamiento tipológico. La investigación histórica ha brindado en nuestro trabajo el marco interpretativo de los bienes patrimoniales relevados, y nos ha permitido dibujar un mapa explicativo de la evolución particular de este tipo de edificios: las viviendas. Si la historia nos permite reconstruir lo que fue, lo patrimonial nos permite en el presente evaluar lo que queda, como testimonio fragmentario que puede actuar de soporte de la memoria histórica vinculada a las formas del habitar en el desarrollo socio cultural de la ciudad y su enclave en el oasis norte de la provincia.

Anatomical theatre place of Knowledge – the pivotal role of anatomist in its realization

Human anatomy dissection represented a cornerstone in the evolution of medicine and modern scientific thought. The anatomical theatres, some of which are considered true masterpieces of architecture, are the place where concretely men learned to know themselves with a scientific method. Anatomists had a pivotal role in the buildings of anatomical theatres, using their knowledge in the research process of more functional architectures for demonstrative and experimental science. Antonio Scarpa (1752-1832) is an emblematic figure in this scenario. He studied anatomy at the University of Padua in the oldest permanent anatomical theatre of the world, originate in 1594 from a joint project conceived by Paolo Sarpi, scientist and church reformer, and Hieronymus Fabricius Ab Aquapendente, anatomist. In 1772, Scarpa became professor at the University of Modena. Bearing witness to the architectural value of the theatre in Padua is the fact that in 1774 Scarpa, involved in the planning for an anatomical theatre in Modena, had the professor of surgery in Padua, Girolamo Vandelli, send him a wooden model of the theatre there. Another project, less expensive, was selected instead. Later, in 1783, Scarpa was made professor of anatomy at the University of Pavia and promptly he promoted the building of an anatomical theatre there. The building was concluded in 1785, its semicircular layout is modeled on ancient theatres and the Palladian Olympic Theatre of Vicenza. Today, most of the anatomical theatres are lost or forgotten. The Thesa project will provide a census of anatomical theatres, both survived and not, which will allow us to identify connections among them, among the anatomists who studied there and the mutual influences that characterize their form. We believe the achievement of these objectives defines the essential conditions necessary to regain full awareness of the value of anatomical theatres in both the academic and popular contexts, thus creating a fertile cultural basis for new initiatives that can continue the quest for knowledge undertaken in the past in these places. From an architectural and evocative perspective, they are and will remain places where man puts himself at the centre and at the same time observes himself.

Modern Movement in Myanmar

This paper highlights the course of the development of modern architecture in Myanmar, a country with an original and vital architectural tradition. There are case studies of well-known foreign and Myanmar architects who dealt with the relationship of spatial, cultural and environmental factors of modern architecture. Some architectural masterpieces created during the second half of the 20th century between 1950 and 1970 in Yangon are presented in this article in order to highlight the inspiration, imagination and limitation of these pioneer architects. The main reason for selecting these case studies are not only because of the influences from the outside world occurred in the post-independence period, but they can reveal the intertwined logic of the nation’s identity-building. They reveal the new consciousness of globalization as well as the development of regionalism.

„Got do Arkadii potrzebny”. Rozważania o nurcie neogotyckim w polskiej architekturze doby klasycyzmu

„Got do Arkadii potrzebny”. Rozważania o nurcie neogotyckim w polskiej architekturze doby klasycyzmu

Comments on the Poem “Architecture” by Joseph Brodsky

The poem “Architecture” by Joseph Brodsky was commented on by Alexander Rappaport, Konstantin Lidin and Elena Bagina. The poem deserves to be studied at all architectural schools and to be learnt by heart by future architects; and the problems touched upon in this poem deserve to be thought about by architectural theorists. This poem is a quintessence of the contemporary theoretical thought about architecture. It raises such themes as time and memory, space, place and substance. It also speaks about ideal geometric shapes in architecture and dynamics of architectural forms. Architectural works are “a step beyond the drawing”, an unbreakable link of times. The domes of architectural masterpieces form a safety parachute of our civilization. Alexander Rappaport, Konstantin Lidin and Elena Bagina made a comment on each line of this short but remarkably concise, lofty and ironical work by Joseph Brodsky. These comments partially coincide and partially differ. You may either agree or argue with the authors’ opinion. But any meaningful talk about the place and the role of architecture and architectural profession in the present-day world is of importance. It is symptomatic that the modern architectural studies are focused on the history of architecture, being afraid (or unwilling due to a complex and controversial situation in today’s profession) to deal with urgent and difficult problems. Wherever the architectural theory of the late 20th century looked for fertility drugs, be it in mathematics, semiotics, sociology, linguistics, it was in vain. In the early 21st century it came to the crossroads. It is no good to verify the death of architecture, because it would mean, according to Brodsky, the end of civilization. Let’s believe that architecture has its future and that it will remain “a thing of stone”, the strongest material on Earth.

Comments on the Poem “Architecture” by Joseph Brodsky

The poem “Architecture” by Joseph Brodsky was commented on by Alexander Rappaport, Konstantin Lidin and Elena Bagina. The poem deserves to be studied at all architectural schools and to be learnt by heart by future architects; and the problems touched upon in this poem deserve to be thought about by architectural theorists. This poem is a quintessence of the contemporary theoretical thought about architecture. It raises such themes as time and memory, space, place and substance. It also speaks about ideal geometric shapes in architecture and dynamics of architectural forms. Architectural works are “a step beyond the drawing”, an unbreakable link of times. The domes of architectural masterpieces form a safety parachute of our civilization. Alexander Rappaport, Konstantin Lidin and Elena Bagina made a comment on each line of this short but remarkably concise, lofty and ironical work by Joseph Brodsky. These comments partially coincide and partially differ. You may either agree or argue with the authors’ opinion. But any meaningful talk about the place and the role of architecture and architectural profession in the present-day world is of importance. It is symptomatic that the modern architectural studies are focused on the history of architecture, being afraid (or unwilling due to a complex and controversial situation in today’s profession) to deal with urgent and difficult problems. Wherever the architectural theory of the late 20th century looked for fertility drugs, be it in mathematics, semiotics, sociology, linguistics, it was in vain. In the early 21st century it came to the crossroads. It is no good to verify the death of architecture, because it would mean, according to Brodsky, the end of civilization. Let’s believe that architecture has its future and that it will remain “a thing of stone”, the strongest material on Earth.

Comments on the Poem “Architecture” by Joseph Brodsky

The poem “Architecture” by Joseph Brodsky was commented on by Alexander Rappaport, Konstantin Lidin and Elena Bagina. The poem deserves to be studied at all architectural schools and to be learnt by heart by future architects; and the problems touched upon in this poem deserve to be thought about by architectural theorists. This poem is a quintessence of the contemporary theoretical thought about architecture. It raises such themes as time and memory, space, place and substance. It also speaks about ideal geometric shapes in architecture and dynamics of architectural forms. Architectural works are “a step beyond the drawing”, an unbreakable link of times. The domes of architectural masterpieces form a safety parachute of our civilization. Alexander Rappaport, Konstantin Lidin and Elena Bagina made a comment on each line of this short but remarkably concise, lofty and ironical work by Joseph Brodsky. These comments partially coincide and partially differ. You may either agree or argue with the authors’ opinion. But any meaningful talk about the place and the role of architecture and architectural profession in the present-day world is of importance. It is symptomatic that the modern architectural studies are focused on the history of architecture, being afraid (or unwilling due to a complex and controversial situation in today’s profession) to deal with urgent and difficult problems. Wherever the architectural theory of the late 20th century looked for fertility drugs, be it in mathematics, semiotics, sociology, linguistics, it was in vain. In the early 21st century it came to the crossroads. It is no good to verify the death of architecture, because it would mean, according to Brodsky, the end of civilization. Let’s believe that architecture has its future and that it will remain “a thing of stone”, the strongest material on Earth.

Nero’s “Solar” Kingship and the Architecture of the Domus Aurea

The Domus Aurea, Nero’s last “palace” constructed in the very heart of ancient Rome, is a true masterpiece of Roman architecture. We explore here symbolic aspects of the emperor’s project, analyzing the archaeoastronomy of the best preserved part of the Domus, the Esquiline Wing. In particular, we study the so-called Octagonal Room, the huge vaulted room which is in many respects a predecessor of the Pantheon. The project of the room turns out to be connected with astronomy, as is Hadrian’s Pantheon sixty years later. Indeed, the divinization and “solarization” of the emperor — placed at the equinoxes as a point of balance in the heavens — are shown to be explicitly referred to in the rigorous orientation of the plan and in the peculiar geometry of the design of the dome.

Aalto University Undergraduate Centre. Protected Alvar Aalto Building Awarded for Accessibility After Renovation.

The main building of the former Helsinki University of Technology (TKK) designed by Alvar Aalto is part of the cultural heritage in Finland. The building underwent a major renovation in 2011-2015 and has now become an awarded Undergraduate Centre for the modern interdisciplinary education of Aalto University. This paper presents how the architectural masterpiece from the 1960's was renovated and updated into a modern and accessible university building. Particular attention was paid for entering the building by wheelchairs, prams and pushchairs. The successful renovation was awarded in 2015 by the 'Esteetön Suomi -palkinto' (Accessible Finland Award), given every two years as a mark of recognition to activities or locations implementing the principles of accessibility and Universal Design for all on a broad scale and in a nationally significant way.

Studying the Effect of Continent on Three Important Mosque of Timurid Period (Blue Mosque of Tabriz, Goharshadjame Mosque, Jame Mosque of Yazd)

<p class="zhengwen"><span lang="EN-GB">Mosques’ architecture is one of the monuments in the history of Iranian architecture that has alwaysbeen of interest andimportance and in the Timurid period was also welcomed by many architects and artists and e</span><span lang="EN-GB">xamples were built that were used as a perfect model for the architects of the next periods. The architecture of this period is known as a good example of harmony with the environment, which is a result of various climatic, historical, economic, cultural and political factors and have had the greatest impact and benefit fromthe continental and social and politicalconditions of Ilkhani and Seljuk periods. Timurid mosques of Iran are from the important elements of Islamic architecture in terms of architectural form and decorations that need to be reviewed in these two factors. Building mosques in Iran, as a public place and a political state for the spiritual guidance was started at the beginning of Islam and was completed in the Timurid era in the various buildings. Mosques were firstly build as Shabestani and then as one Iwan and two Iwans and four Iwans, as one of the important elements in the cities.</span></p><p class="zhengwen"><span lang="EN-GB">Given that the architectural design, construction and decorations of some of theTimurid mosques are from the architectural masterpieces of Iran, this article has considered three important mosques of the Timurid period in Iran, GoharshadJameMosque,Jame Mosque of Yazd, Blue Mosque of Tabriz, and has analyzed and compared the structural elements of the architecture of these mosques (dome, Iwan, courtyard,and use of geometry in buildings, etc.) as well as considering the climatic factors that impact on those building. The method of research is comparative study and case study and then with an analytical approach, we will compare three important mosquesin terms of political, social situations and also physics and structure and geometry and decorations of them. In addition to reviewing the related papers and books, we will have a comparative table for the physical elements and their decorations. Finally, in addition to achieving the objectives of constructing the mosques and their formal changes in this period and comparingthem, the status of each of them is reviewed in the main section of the paper and the analytical model for future studies for mosque’s architecture according to the continent, is recommended.</span></p><span lang="EN-US">In this research with the aim of considering the methodologies of building mosques’ architecture according to the continent, first we consider the physical features of architecture in Timurid period. Then we consider the architectural physical features of The Blue Mosque of Tabriz, GoharshadJame Mosque, and Jame Mosque of Yazd as some examples. After that, the general characteristics and structural form of mosques according to the continent and the domestic architecture of the regions was analyzed. At the end, comparing the features and similarities of mosques and the differences in mosques’ architecture in this period, we have found some strategies about building mosques according to the domestic and continental architectural features.</span>

Role of taklung Dzong among the Monpas of Kalaktang Area: A Preliminary study

The central idea of this paper is to examine the role of Dzong in socio-cultural practices of the Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh from historical perspective with special reference to Taklung Dzong. Dzong a distinctive type of fortress found among the Himalayan states’s is massive in style with towering exterior walls surrounding a complex of courtyards, etc. This magnificent, Dzong (fortress) is an architectural masterpiece of Himalayan states of both in Bhutan and Tibet. Dzongs were used for political and administrative purposes. It was provincial administrative centre through which these states used to control the local people. In each politico-administrative division there was a Dzong which served as the religious, military, administrative, and social centre. Inside this typical fortress, half of the rooms were allocated to administrative function headed by Dzongpan, and half to religious functionaries, primarily consisting of a temple and housing for monks. Culturally being akin with the Bhutanese and Tibetans, the Monpas of Arunachal Pradesh also has a Dzongs in their area. So here in this paper attempt will be made to describe the role of Dzong in socio-cultural practices of the Monpas. For these both the primary and secondary data have been collected from area under the study and collected data have been interpreted with historical method to draw a logical conclusion.