Architectural Design Stage Research Articles

Using Model-to-Model Transformations for Web Software Architecture Simulation

The development of evaluation methods that allow improving the capture of quality data regarding software architectures is a topic of interest in Software Engineering. However, the dynamic of the traditional methods used for architecture evaluation is not enough to deal with the architectural complexity exhibit in new types of software products (such as cloud and web applications). In this paper, we present a model-to-model mapping based on modeling and simulation techniques that can be used as a complement of the traditional evaluation methods to improve the architecture design of complex systems. Using the set of elements that compose the architecture design of web applications, an abstraction model is designed with the aim to define the basic structure for the equivalent simulation model. Such a simulation model is detailed using two discrete-event formalisms: Discrete Event System Specification and Routed DEVS. In each case, a mapping is proposed to capture the full structure of the architecture with all its complexity. We compare both solutions to judge their applicability. Hence, the main advantages and disadvantages of both approaches are analyzed with the aim to evaluate their use in the architecture design stage of Software Engineering projects related to web applications.

A TYPOLOGY OF APPROACHES OF SPACE ARCHITECTURE FOR LUNA SETTLEMENTS

Problem statement. Humanity is inching closer to the technical possibility of establishing outer space settlements on the Moon. The space club nations have joined their potential or move ahead with their own space exploration efforts to work on outer space projects of Luna habitats. The new Moon Race has begun with its first stage of architectural design played out on Earth. The Internet resources and research publications in printed journals suggest different approaches to lunar settlement designs, which can be explained by extreme surface conditions and configurations of the Moon, as well as various goals and objectives set by the states seeking to gain a foothold on our nearest neighbor in space. In cooperation with other nations, Ukraine participates in the exploration of the Moon. However, the global expert comunity has not yet come up with clear and unambiguous concepts of the typology of the organizational architecture for lunar settlements. The purpose of this article is to give insight into the typology of objective timeless approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements. Conclusions. Colonisation of other planets, as an immediate objective of the humankind, will begin with the exploration of the Moon, where various adaptation methods could be developed relevant to the conditions of other worlds. Nevetherless, there are some common objective factors affecting the settlements of pioneers from Earth. Thus, the need for identifying and systematising an objective typology of approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements as a condition for the subsequent colonisation of more distant planets has become important.

Modified Method of Selection on a Topographic Plan for Reconstructing a Three-Dimensional Scene of Urban Space

The article presents a method for identifying contours in a topographic plan, which is a highly noisy binary image of a city development plan. The method of reconstruction is based on use of wave algorithm of Lee. The modified algorithm is compared with the classic wave algorithm. Its modification is proposed, which is aimed at reducing the execution time of the algorithm. Highlighted contours in use for building urban models of objects in scenes of space. Closed contours are recognized on the image, which are then classified into various objects: building outlines, inscriptions, service symbols, etc. Topographic plans are the main initial data at all stages of architectural planning and engineering design. They contain information about the geometry of the foundations of buildings and their position among other objects. Result of work of algorithm — the textured 3D-scene consisting of models of buildings.

An approximate parametric model for quantifying the thermal mass with harmonic variation of outdoor air temperature

The appropriate use of thermal mass (TM) in buildings can maintain thermal comfort and reduce building energy consumption, and this depends mainly on reasonably estimating the amount of building heat storage when meeting the allowable indoor air temperature variation range. However, there is a lack of a general model to evaluate the effect of TM on indoor air temperature. Because the existing models can neither estimate the effective heat capacity (EHC) of building external walls nor consider the effects of window heat transfer on indoor air temperature. To overcome the limitations, the temperature elasticity factor (TEF) is introduced to describe the relationship between the temperature of the inner surface of the external wall and indoor air temperature, and EHC is proposed to quantify TM. A second-order effective heat capacity (SEHC) model is then developed by employing the TEF and EHC with the consideration of heat transfer through windows. The results by the SEHC model show good agreement with those of the previous models. Furthermore, the SEHC model is applied to a case study on room ventilation. The results show that decrement factor will be overestimated, and time lag will be underestimated without considering the influence of window heat transfer and EHC of external TM on indoor air temperature. The SEHC model, combined with the database models of EHC and TEF, can provide an accurate, effective, and systematic tool for architects and engineers to estimate the impact of TM on the indoor air temperature in the early stage of architectural design.

Applying Neutrosophic Iadov Technique for assessing an MDD-based approach to support software design

Performing a correct architectural design is essential to satisfy the quality requirements of a software. In this phase, the high-level components that will compose the system, as well as their relationships, are defined. Since the architects must struggle with complex and challenging tasks in this phase, providing them with advanced and helpful tools and methods is suitable. For example, MDD-based approaches are a valuable means to deal with the complexity during the software development process, particularly during the architectural design stage. However, despite the notable benefits of this type of approaches, the architects are often sceptical about adopting new technologies. Hence, before formally adopting new methods or tools, it is suitable to consider the opinion of those using them. In that sense, this paper aims to describe the results of an assessment of an MDA-based approach to support the architectural design. This assessment was carried out applying the Iadov neutrosophic technique. This technique has been extensively applied in a wide variety of domains to analyze the satisfaction level of potential users of different proposals. The results indicate a high satisfaction level of potential users of the assessed approach.

Standards and Problems for Epidemic Prevention in Buildings: A Systemic Review

The complexity of the building environment directly affects the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 inside the building. Therefore, the paper systematically reviewed the effective and feasible measures, designs and relevant epidemic prevention guidelines formed in the field of epidemic prevention during the period of COVID-19, as well as the excellent research and projects around the world. The study found that most of the people infected with COVID-19 were infected indoors, but the current building design was not included in the scope of epidemic prevention design, not effectively resist the spread of infectious diseases, and there is no standard guideline for epidemic prevention building design so far. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate building epidemic prevention standards, and by considering the epidemic prevention design in the architectural planning and design stage, the use of building epidemic prevention products, healthy wind environment design, etc. to establish a healthy building environment can effectively reduce the risk of epidemic transmission inside the building. However, due to insufficient epidemiological data and pathological research on the risk of epidemic transmission among residents, further research on the standards for epidemic prevention and quantitative risk assessment methods of building is limited.

TYPOLOGY OF APPROACHES TO THE ARCHITECTURAL ORGANIZATION OF LUNAR SETTLEMENTS

Problem statement. Humanity is inching closer to the technical possibility of establishing outer space settlements on the Moon. The space club nations have joined their potential or move ahead with their own space exploration efforts to work on outer space projects of Lunar habitats. The new Moon Race has begun with its first stage of architectural design played out on Earth. The Internet resources and research publications in printed journals suggest different approaches to lunar settlement designs, which can be explained by extreme surface conditions and configurations of the Moon, as well as various goals and objectives set by the states seeking to gain a foothold on our nearest neighbor in space. In cooperation with other nations, Ukraine participates in the exploration of the Moon. However, the global expert comunity has not yet come up with clear and unambiguous concepts of the typology of the organizational architecture for lunar settlements. The goal of this paper is to give insight into the typology of objective timeless approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements. Conclusions. Colonisation of other planets, as an immediate objective of the humankind, will begin with the exploration of the Moon, where various adaptation methods could be developed relevant to the conditions of other worlds. Nevetherless, there are some common objective factors affecting the settlements of pioneers from Earth. Thus, the need for identifying and systematising an objective typology of approaches to the architectural organization of lunar settlements as a condition for the subsequent colonisation of more distant planets has become important.

Predicting energy demand of residential buildings: A linear regression-based approach for a small sample size

Abstract The key design strategies that reduce the energy demand of buildings are not present in most thermal codes in many countries. Therefore, modeling techniques offer an alternative to combine the architects' modus operandi with the energy efficiency in the early stages of architectural design and with higher speed and precision. However, a review of the scientific literature using modeling techniques shows that most researchers use a relatively large sample of thermal simulations. This paper proposes a simplified method based on the linear regression modeling technique and considers a relatively smaller sample of thermal simulations. A total of 6 key building design strategies were identified, related to the urban context, building envelope, and shape factor. A simulation protocol containing 60 possible combinations was designed by random selection. In the present study, the Pleiades software was used to estimate the annual energy demand for heating and cooling for a typical dwelling in a humid climate zone. A parametric study and sensitivity analysis to identify the most efficient parameters was performed in SPSS 21. The resulting model predicts the annual energy demand with an accuracy of 93.7%, a root mean square error (RMSE) of 5.88, and a scatter index (SI) of 8.59%. The models performed could efficiently and quickly assist architects while designing the buildings in the architectural practice.

Comparing the use of modern and traditional building design systems in construction projects

Any construction project through several stages, starting from the feasibilitystudy stage to the project delivery stage, as the most critical stage that must be focused on is the design stage. It was essential to adopt modern and advanced programs at the design stage to avoid problems and claims between the employer and the contractor due to changes and errors that occur in the project—design process. BIM is one of the modern technologies with many benefits that can be used to solve these errors and obstacles. This research aims to clarify the effectiveness of introducing the BIM system in the design stage of the construction building by comparing it with traditional CAD systems. In this research, ten different actual projects were studied in the architectural design stage to be used in the comparison process between BIM and CAD systems. The researcher reached a set of results, including that introducing the (BIM) in the architectural and structural design stage can reduce the time required to produce design documents by up to (67.6%). This study is helpful for all governmental and private design companies and encourages decision-makers to use the BIM system.

Site Planning and Architectural Conceptual Design of a Electronics Factory Based on the Component Method

With the rapid development of the society and the economy, the urbanization have brought a lot of big impacts to China’s urban construction. The construction mode of large resource consumption is not consistent with the goal of sustainable development. At the same time, the number of workers in the construction industry is difficult to meet the needs of a large number of construction projects, and the labor cost is growing rapidly. Therefore,the architectural products need to be transformed and we need to build a sustainable urban construction system. By analyzing the transform under urbanization and traditional architectural design methods, the paper research the component method. Then, we show the application of this in site planning and architectural design. The project is in Jiangsu Province, China. The first work of the project was site planning. At this stage, the construction site requirements of prefabricated buildings were specially considered. After that, we entered the stage of architectural conceptual design, designers used component method to decompose the component system into several levels. The first level includes four functional systems, which are structure functional system, enclosure functional system, decoration functional system and equipment functional system. This paper mainly introduces the structure function system and enclosure function system.We hope that through the practice of component method, on the one hand, it can provide a method to link the design content of urban planning and architectural design; on the other hand, it can prepare for city information model.

Eliminate obstacles of use the solar systems as buildings facades using multilayers optical interference filters

The Building design in a correct way and totalitarian requires integration of using solar energy technologies in the architectural design stage of the roofs and facades as the most appropriate places to obtain solar energy because it greatly affects the architectural aesthetic. This integration has to be taken into account at the design stage, which leads to effective and attractive solutions. Architecture needs the energy to complete its functions to increases human effectiveness and ability to do its tasks better, solar energy is the main factor of providing the necessary energy due to its abundance as well as being clean energy and does not cause polluting emissions to the environment. To provide a comfortable indoor environment for the occupants, Solar Thermal Collectors (STC) and Photovoltaics Cells (PV) used, which convert solar energy into thermal energy and electrical energy, respectively. The main problem of this study is concerning with the problems of the black color, visible tubes, metallic strip gradients (absorption strip), and welding points of the solar systems which gives the facades of the buildings an undesirable view and weakens the aesthetic aspect of the buildings and limits the abilities of architects to use because of their black color and undesirable aspect. The aim of this study is a design of optical interference filter (multilayer coatings) prepared by RF magnetron sputtering as a solution to the problem of black color, visible tubes, metallic strip gradients (absorption strip), and welding points in solar thermal collectors and photovoltaic cells, which are the main reasons for not using solar systems as building facades, this technique works to increase the efficiency of the solar systems and increase the amount of clean energy generated, also enhancing the expressive and aesthetic aspect of facades of buildings. In the NIR region this filter works as an anti-reflective coating. Also the coating includes a high color reflection at a certain wavelength in the VIS region to give the solar system an aesthetic feature, which is used as building facades by using appropriate dielectric substances with high and low reflective indexes likes SiO2 and MgF2 respectively. The results of the study showed that the increase in the number of layers will lead to an increase in the visible reflectivity peak, while near of infrared region remains an anti-reflective with a high Transmission of solar rays, thus increasing solar systems efficiency.

A Method for Evaluating the Daylighting of Premises Using BIM

The paper presents a method for assessing the daylighting of premises, which can be used directly at the stage of architectural and construction design of buildings in building information model (BIM) software complexes. The calculation method is based on the calculation of the sky factor by constructing a solid angle formed by the calculated point and the light opening of the outer wall. These operations are proposed to be performed automatically using visual programming programs that work together with the BIM complexes. Since the considered calculation method is based on the idea of the physical meaning of the daylight factor, it can be used to evaluate the daylighting according to almost any regulatory method. At the same time, all the data necessary for the calculation can be obtained directly from the building information model. The method is universal and can be used both for the calculation of side and top daylighting, considering the surrounding development. The proposed method can also be used as a tool for finding the best design solution for translucent structures of the designed building based on the requirements of thermal protection, daylighting, and safety.

ShapeArchit: Shape-Inspired Architecture Design with Space Planning

Various techniques have been proposed to improve the level of automation in stages of architectural design. We present an interactive interface, along with optimization algorithms focused on designing early stage symbolic architecture. The architect specifies some simple shape requirements by inputting a few binary images that resemble the shape of the building from different viewpoints. Our optimizer uses these to generate a conceptual 3D design that is guided by various aesthetic and structural requirements. We also develop an approach for planning the inner space of the given architecture model. The architect specifies idealized requirements on the key functional rooms by using instances of simple 3D primitive shapes. The pose and location of each instance are parameters of the optimization. By coupling this process together with the shape inspired exterior design process, we can construct good initial conceptual designs. We develop modified cuckoo search algorithms to efficiently obtain feasible solutions via offline optimization. Several examples are presented to illustrate the methodology and results. User studies based on a proposed dataset and interviews with domain experts have been carried out to demonstrate the usability and effectiveness of our system and algorithms.

The Influence Factors and Concrete Measures of Cost Control in Architectural Design Stage are Analyzed

The Influence Factors and Concrete Measures of Cost Control in Architectural Design Stage are Analyzed

개방형BIM기반 건축 법규 검토를 위한 데이터 생성 가이드 제안

The importance of BIM in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is increasing. Domestic and foreign government agencies are making efforts to make BIM mandatory step-by-step and roadmap and provide comprehensive guidelines or standards for the introduction of BIM. Data storage and sharing over the AEC industry is one of the important features of BIM, where the amount and quality of the data are determined by how the model is built. Even with reference to the BIM guidelines of the upper concept, modeling guides are needed to ensure that the correct data can be delivered according to the application stage or needs. This paper presents a building information level(BIL) 30-level BIM data generation guide for building code compliance checking at the architectural design stage. To this end, prior studies related to regulation check were analyzed, and object-specific guides were presented for users by comparing the requirements derived from regulation analysis with case-by-case models. BIM data generation guides developed through this paper are targeted at architectural methods, excluding items with high land or detail levels. In this study, users will be able to efficiently write models for complex regulation check, reducing errors in BIM models, improving quality and increasing efficiency.

Development stages of ecological architectural and construction design in Russia

The history of environmental standards, the emergence of environmental architectural and construction design in Russia and the forerunners of environmental certification systems in construction are studied. Historical material is analysed and data is systematised chronologically. Development stages of ecological architectural and construction design in our country are highlighted, their main features are given: Stage 1 (late 17th – mid 20th centuries) — the history of the formation of environmental requirements for the conservation of natural resources and the creation of a comfortable environment for life in urban areas; Stage 2 (mid XXth – early XXIth centuries) — the formation of environmental legislation, the opening of the first Russian Green Building councils, the adaptation of international environmental standards in construction to Russian realities; Stage 3 (the beginning of the XXIth century – the present) — the creation of sustainable requirements in the Russian Federation, increasing the viability of the architectural and construction environment, the introduction of a number of Russian environmental standards in construction, the formation of a national Tech-nical Committee 366 to develop national standards to GOST R series on green construction and promoting green standardization at the national and international levels with the introduction of new green technologies, materials and products for a comfortable living environment.
 Today in Russia, a new architectural and construction environment is emerging, aimed at saving resources, preserving health, energy conservation, reducing waste, safety, comfort, preserving biodiversity and creating holistic conditions. To intensify the development of this area, it is necessary to introduce new environmental standards for the design of sustainable space in Russian cities, using best world practice.

Artificial Ground Motion Input Based on Structural Dynamic Compatibility

The artificial ground motion input currently used is arbitrary and uncertain. It can only consider basic elements such as magnitude and preliminarily estimated epicenter distance. This is in sharp contrast with the increasingly accurate calculation of structural seismic response. It is a bottleneck for the further refinement of ground motion research. In order to solve this problem, an artificial ground motion input mode compatible with the dynamic characteristics of the target structure is constructed. It can greatly improve the safety of the building in the architectural design stage without increasing the cost excessively. Obviously, the model is more targeted, safe and reasonable.

A Study on The Development of Automatic Design Alternatives Generation Technology Used in the Early Stages of Architectural Design

A Study on The Development of Automatic Design Alternatives Generation Technology Used in the Early Stages of Architectural Design

Examination of the effects on earthquake behavior and rough construction costs of short column situation occurring in reinforced concrete buildings

Architectural design decisions and structural systems arrangements affect their earthquake behaviors significantly of reinforced concrete building in Turkey. Because the performances as safe and economical against earthquake loads of reinforced concrete buildings can be provided with especially design decisions in the architectural design stage. This matter reveals the importance of design decisions in the architectural design phase and the right structural system arrangement. The purpose of this study, the short-column situation frequently observed in reinforced concrete buildings after the earthquakes occurred in Turkey are to examine comparatively the effects on behavior and the rough construction cost of the building. The obtained results show that the short column circumstance composed due to different reasons negatively affects the earthquake performance of the reinforced concrete buildings and increases the rough construction cost. This matter shows that the measures to be taken against short column formation should be foreseen especially at the architectural design stage.

A LCA-based Optimization Method of Green Ecological Building Envelopes: A Case Study in China

Climate change and resource depletion have led to the destruction of the environment, making it more urgent to address the irreversible environmental effects caused by construction industry. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a systematic analytical method applied to evaluate buildings since 1990, covering every phase of buildings’ whole life cycle. However, the application and influence of LCA has been restricted due to the time-consuming procedures, the high cost of software, the hysteresis and limited samples in academic studies. This research takes a light-frame industrialized housing product as a prototype, collects a variety of common building envelope materials, evaluates the life cycle energy of 1344 possible wall assemblies by using C# language, and investigates the influences of different materials. The results show that construction energy accounts for 65.97% to 68.41% of life cycle energy, which is the largest part in the whole life span, much higher than the proportion of operation energy. Meanwhile, both life cycle energy and construction energy are strongly influenced by the outer layer materials of the building’s envelope, and the operation energy is closely related to the thermal insulation materials. In addition, this paper also shows a feasible methodology that could be adjusted to estimate various life cycle performance (including life cycle energy, life cycle carbon emissions, life cycle cost assessment, etc.) automatically in the architectural design stage and guide the buildings’ design more effectively.