Architectural Design Patterns Research Articles

Architecture designing of digital twin in a healthcare unit.

Objectives: This study proposes a novel architecture for designing digital twins in healthcare units. Methods: A systematic research methodology was employed to develop architecture design patterns. In particular, a systematic literature review was conducted using the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework to answer specific research questions and provide guidelines for designing the architecture. Subsequently, a case study was designed and analyzed at a chemotherapy treatment center for outpatients. Results: System architecture knowledge was distilled from this real-world case study, supplemented by existing software and systems design patterns. A novel five-layer architecture for digital twins in healthcare units was proposed with a focus on the security and privacy of patients' information. Conclusion: The proposed digital twin architecture for healthcare units offers a comprehensive solution that provides modularity, scalability, security, and interoperability. The architecture provides a robust framework for effectively and efficiently managing healthcare environments.

Enhancing Non-Player Characters in Unity 3D using GPT-3.5

This case study presents a comprehensive integration process of OpenAI's GPT-3.5 large language model into Unity 3D to enhance non-player characters (NPCs) in video games and interactive applications. The study aims to develop an architecture and open source software framework that enables NPCs to engage in dynamic real-time interactions with players and other characters. The background and motivation for the study are provided, highlighting the existing limitations of traditional NPC programming and the potential of advanced natural language models such as GPT-3.5 to overcome these limitations. The methodology section outlines the step-by-step process, covering framework design and preparation, core architecture development, humanoid avatar integration and animation, and important feature extensions. The progression of framework design and implementation is described, emphasizing key architectural concepts, design patterns, and essential classes and interfaces. The results of the case study are discussed, focusing on the valuable insights gained and the implications for future advancements. Lessons learned from the integration process are shared, along with suggestions for potential improvements and directions for future research. This case study provides a practical resource for game developers and researchers interested in leveraging advanced natural language processing capabilities to create more immersive and interactive NPC experiences in Unity 3D environments.

Zero-trust design and assurance patterns for cyber–physical systems

Security is paramount in all mission-critical domains, including the aerospace industry. Cyber-attacks are increasing both in number and sophistication. Zero-trust is an emerging initiative that has proven very effective for enterprise systems in the Information Technology domain; however, research is lacking on applicable zero-trust mechanisms and their assurance for cyber–physical systems (CPS). We have already identified various zero-trust mechanisms in our previous work. In this paper, we present our zero-trust architecture design patterns and provide a methodology for the assurance of these mechanisms. Towards this objective, we have identified an initial set of assurance patterns covering individual zero-trust components in a system design. Our design and assurance patterns are made available to system engineers in pattern libraries. Engineers can model system architectures and utilize one or more of these patterns to provide design assurance based on individual zero-trust security requirements to improve the overall system cyber-security. To demonstrate our approach, we apply our assurance patterns to an unmanned aerial vehicle surveillance application. We discuss how our framework leverages the use of these patterns to develop zero-trust-enabled systems with different security requirements. Furthermore, our assurance patterns enable engineers to identify any design flaws and correct them during the initial system design phase, thus saving development time, effort, and cost. As a result, the overall approach can be utilized to design system models with specific zero-trust security requirements to improve the security posture of a CPS.

Impact of architectural design strategies on the indoor natural ventilation of public residential buildings in Singapore

The architectural design pattern of the public residential buildings developed by Housing and Development Board (HDB) of Singapore has evolved gradually throughout the past decades. However, the fact is that although the new generations of HDB blocks built in recent years are designed to be modernized, the usage of air-conditioning has been increasing in comparison with the old generations. This study aims to investigate the ventilation performance of HDB blocks built in different generations from a historical view. By conducting computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations on five typical blocks built in different generations, the area-weighted wind velocities in various rooms of the target units were obtained. The effects of design factors on wind velocity ratio (VR) in corresponding spaces were analyzed and compared. The results show that the old generations with parallel plan layouts generally facilitate cross-ventilation while the new generations with centralized plan layouts usually generate single-sided ventilation which is more sensitive to incoming wind direction. Meanwhile, the window-to-wall ratio and shading depth of the studied facades were validated to have positive and negative relations to the VRs respectively. Though the correlations are insignificant, they show significant disparities between the scenarios under different incoming winds.

Rule-Based Architectural Design Pattern Recognition with GPT Models

Architectural design patterns are essential in software development because they offer proven solutions to large-scale structural problems in software systems and enable developers to create software that is more maintainable, scalable, and comprehensible. Model-View-Whatever (MVW) design patterns are prevalent in many areas of software development, but their use in Web development is on the rise. There are numerous subtypes of MVW design patterns applicable to Web systems, but there is no exhaustive listing of them. Additionally, it is unclear how these subtypes can be utilized in contemporary Web development, as their usage is typically unconscious. Here, we discuss and define the most prevalent MVW design patterns used in Web development, as well as provide Angular framework examples and guidance on when to employ a particular design pattern. On the premise of the primary characteristics of design patterns, we created a rule system that large language models (LLMs) can comprehend without doubt. Here, we demonstrate how effectively Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models can identify various design patterns based on our principles and verify the quality of our recommendations. Together, our solution and GPT models constitute an effective natural language processing (NLP) solution capable of detecting MVW design patterns in Angular projects with an average accuracy of 90%.

An Interactive Augmented and Virtual Reality System for Managing Dental Anxiety among Young Patients: A Pilot Study

Dental anxiety is a common health problem among children. It creates major issues for patients, parents, and dental professionals. Children who cancel or otherwise miss their dental appointments generally do so due to fear of the unknown and lack of understanding of what they can expect from the environment and treatment when they arrive there. Some distraction interventions are already used by dental professionals, such as using clown doctors, watching cartoons, and utilizing the tell–show–do (TSD) technique. Still, the problem is common, and the fail to attend (FTA) rates at clinics are high. Familiarizing children with the dental setting and procedures in advance may help to manage their anxiety. This paper aims to help in managing children’s dental anxiety in a simple, attractive, and age-appropriate way through the use of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies. The developed system is named “Dr. Barea”. It targets Arabic-speaking children aged from 7 to 10 years old. It uses model–view–control (MVC) as its architectural design pattern. The proposed solution consists of three main sections: a 360° VR video that simulates a dental clinic environment, an educational description on dental tools using AR technology, and interactive educational stories that educate children about dental hygiene. The system performance was evaluated using unit, integration, performance, and user acceptance testing. The results demonstrate that the proposed solution, which performed reasonably, achieved the usability requirements and was engaging for learning information about dental hygiene. A feasibility study with 16 children was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system. The Child Fear Survey Schedule—Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) was used to measure children’s dental anxiety level. The T test was used to evaluate the differences between groups, and Fisher’s exact test was used to compare the distributions of gender and age between the groups. The CFSS-DS index in the VR group decreased after dental consultation (35.04 ± 9.14 before consultation and 32.32 ± 8.32 after consultation, p = 0.041). The implications of this study shall be beneficial to patients, parents, and dental professionals.

Semantic Segmentation of Medical Images Based on Runge-Kutta Methods.

In recent years, deep learning has achieved good results in the semantic segmentation of medical images. A typical architecture for segmentation networks is an encoder-decoder structure. However, the design of the segmentation networks is fragmented and lacks a mathematical explanation. Consequently, segmentation networks are inefficient and less generalizable across different organs. To solve these problems, we reconstructed the segmentation network based on mathematical methods. We introduced the dynamical systems view into semantic segmentation and proposed a novel segmentation network based on Runge-Kutta methods, referred to hereafter as the Runge-Kutta segmentation network (RKSeg). RKSegs were evaluated on ten organ image datasets from the Medical Segmentation Decathlon. The experimental results show that RKSegs far outperform other segmentation networks. RKSegs use few parameters and short inference time, yet they can achieve competitive or even better segmentation results compared to other models. RKSegs pioneer a new architectural design pattern for segmentation networks.

Software architecture for quantum computing systems — A systematic review

Quantum computing systems rely on the principles of quantum mechanics to perform a multitude of computationally challenging tasks more efficiently than their classical counterparts. The architecture of software-intensive systems can empower architects who can leverage architecture-centric processes, practices, description languages to model, develop, and evolve quantum computing software (quantum software for short) at higher abstraction levels. We conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to investigate (i) architectural process, (ii) modelling notations, (iii) architecture design patterns, (iv) tool support, and (iv) challenging factors for quantum software architecture. Results of the SLR indicate that quantum software represents a new genre of software-intensive systems; however, existing processes and notations can be tailored to derive the architecting activities and develop modelling languages for quantum software. Quantum bits (Qubits) mapped to Quantum gates (Qugates) can be represented as architectural components and connectors that implement quantum software. Tool-chains can incorporate reusable knowledge and human roles (e.g., quantum domain engineers, quantum code developers) to automate and customise the architectural process. Results of this SLR can facilitate researchers and practitioners to develop new hypotheses to be tested, derive reference architectures, and leverage architecture-centric principles and practices to engineer emerging and next generations of quantum software.

Dual ingress architecture design pattern for Kubernetes applications

Purpose: The article focuses on the analysis of the mechanism for exposing Services running on a Kubernetes cluster using an Ingress type definition. It discusses the basics of this mechanism, pointing out its fundamental limitation of being able to use only single technology simultaneously in handling traffic to a web application. The paper presents an architectural pattern that enables the simultaneous integration of two Ingress definitions, combining the advantages of both systems used. Design/methodology/approach: Available solutions for exposing applications served in the Kubernetes cluster were analyzed. As a result of the research, an enhancement was proposed to allow the use of two services simultaneously, providing broader system functionality. Findings: An approach was proposed to use two Ingress controllers simultaneously in the form of an external cloud service and an internal Nginx service running on a Kubernetes cluster. Originality/value: A design pattern is presented along with an example implementation of dual Ingress on an AKS cluster in Azure. Keywords: Kubernetes, Ingress, architectural pattern, limitations, Azure, Application Gateway, Nginx. Category of the paper: Research paper, Technical paper.

3LGM2IHE: Requirements for Data-Protection-Compliant Research Infrastructures-A Systematic Comparison of Theory and Practice-Oriented Implementation.

The TMF (Technology, Methods, and Infrastructure for Networked Medical Research) Data Protection Guide (TMF-DP) makes path-breaking recommendations on the subject of data protection in research projects. It includes comprehensive requirements for applications such as patient lists, pseudonymization services, and consent management services. Nevertheless, it lacks a structured, categorized list of requirements for simplified application in research projects and systematic evaluation. The 3LGM2IHE ("Three-layer Graphbased meta model - Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise [IHE] " ) project is funded by the German Research Foundation (DFG). 3LGM2IHE aims to define modeling paradigms and implement modeling tools for planning health care information systems. In addition, one of the goals is to create and publish 3LGM2 information system architecture design patterns (short "design patterns") for the community as design models in terms of a framework. A structured list of data protection-related requirements based on the TMF-DP is a precondition to integrate functions (3LGM2 Domain Layer) and building blocks (3LGM2 Logical Tool Layer) in 3LGM2 design patterns. In order to structure the continuous text of the TMF-DP, requirement types were defined in a first step. In a second step, dependencies and delineations of the definitions were identified. In a third step, the requirements from the TMF-DP were systematically extracted. Based on the identified lists of requirements, a fourth step included the comparison of the identified requirements with exemplary open source tools as provided by the "Independent Trusted Third Party of the University Medicine Greifswald" (TTP tools). As a result, four lists of requirements were created, which contain requirements for the "patient list", the "pseudonymization service", and the "consent management", as well as cross-component requirements from the TMF-DP chapter 6 in a structured form. Further to requirements (1), possible variants (2) of implementations (to fulfill a single requirement) and recommendations (3) were identified. A comparison of the requirements lists with the functional scopes of the open source tools E-PIX (record linkage), gPAS (pseudonym management), and gICS (consent management) has shown that these fulfill more than 80% of the requirements. A structured set of data protection-related requirements facilitates a systematic evaluation of implementations with respect to the fulfillment of the TMF-DP guidelines. These re-usable lists provide a decision aid for the selection of suitable tools for new research projects. As a result, these lists form the basis for the development of data protection-related 3LGM2 design patterns as part of the 3LGM2IHE project.

Framework of National Architectural Identity of Public Administration Buildings: A Case Study of Majlis Bandaraya Johor Bahru (MBJB) Tower

In the context of a multi-racial country consisting of Malays, Chinese, and Indians as the main majority, the search for the value of national architectural identity is important in highlighting racial harmony. Therefore, establishing the national architectural identity framework is necessary to ensure this can be realized. This paper focuses on the construction of an architectural frameworkof national identity based on the results of previous scholarly studies. This study uses a hermeneutic methodology in which data were collected from scholarly views through literature reviews and then interpreted into its disciplinary subject matter in compiling the indicators for the national architectural identity to propose a framework for public administration building in Malaysia. A case study of green building certified –MBJB Tower is used to further broaden the understanding of the national identityof architecture in Malaysia. An interview session with related personnel and site observation was carried away at MBJB Tower to test the proposed framework. An interpretive paradigm was used to explore each architectural element of national identity and anarrative method was used to discuss the findings in this paper. As an outcome, the architectural framework of the national architectural identity of public administration buildings consists of an understanding of the role, typology, and themes of architectural national identity. The architectural design pattern of national identity for public buildings is seen at three levels, namely macro, mesoand microlevels. The architectural measurement of the national identity of a building can be defined by the design features produced based on the context of venustas, firmitas,and utilitas. In general, the MBJB Tower building is a good example of national identity architecture and can be used as a benchmark to produce more national architectural identity buildings in the future.

Towards Predicting Architectural Design Patterns: A Machine Learning Approach

Software architecture plays an important role in software development, especially in software quality and maintenance. Understanding the impact of certain architectural patterns on software quality and verification of software requirements has become increasingly difficult with the increasing complexity of codebases in recent years. Researchers over the years have proposed automated approaches based on machine learning. However, there is a lack of benchmark datasets and more accurate machine learning (ML) approaches. This paper presents an ML-based approach for software architecture detection, namely, MVP (Model–View–Presenter) and MVVM (Model–View–ViewModel). Firstly, we present a labeled dataset that consists of 5973 data points retrieved from GitHub. Nine ML methods are applied for detection of software architecture from source code metrics. Using precision, recall, accuracy, and F1 score, the outstanding ML model performance is 83%, 83%, 83%, and 83%, respectively. The ML model’s performance is validated using k-fold validation (k = 5). Our approach outperforms when compared with the state-of-the-art.

Benefits of using the MVC architecture design pattern in agile development environment

In the field of software development, there are two areas constantly evolving during the software engineering process, which are software development methodologies and software architecture design patterns. It has become indispensable to shed light on them in terms of the suitable selection of developers to employ the appropriate types of them to obtain more efficiency of their work together, improving the quality of the software applications, and to produce software that has a high level of accuracy.
 The aim of this research is to determine and define the features that MVC architecture design pattern and agile methodology work by software engineering and development process, and to investigate how those features, that existing in both, could assist them to work in harmony without conflict in the way of work, and whether they support each other when they employ together on one software project. Also, how that compatibility will increase their ability to improve the quality of software products,.
 Two types of research methods have been used in this paper. Firstly, we used previous studies and experiences of researches to collect and determine the most important criteria that contribute to the success and excellence of software products, which are the advantages granted by the use of both Agile methodology and MVC architecture. The second method is distributing two questioners to participants that their experiences are up to 5 years, the first one is for the MVC framework and the other is for the Agile process, both of them are distributed to investigate the extent of the existence of these criteria from the point of view of experts who participated in answering these questionnaires. We used the results of both questionnaires and previous research to study how to obtain the advantages of using the two technologies, employing them, and applying them together to increase the efficiency of the resulting software product and that they support each other in practice.

Digital Protection of Cultural Heritage Based on Web Technology

With the rapid development of digital technology, it has now been widely used for the digital protection of cultural heritage. The traditional cultural heritage digital protection method of information retrieval recall rate is low, and the processing time is long. Therefore, a new digital protection method of cultural heritage based on web technology is proposed. An improved four-layer architecture design pattern is adopted to plan a web-based digital protection platform for cultural heritage. The application service provider (ASP) combines SQL server and B/S architecture to develop a database platform and functional modules for direct dynamic management of the website model. Based on this, combined with web technology, the digital image of cultural heritage is reconstructed followed by computing the uncertainty probability of web visualization, completing the modeling metalanguage, and classification of network cultural heritage. The digital image enhancement of cultural heritage is based on HSV color space. In order to realize the digital protection of traditional cultural heritage, multifiltering technology is introduced into the process of brightness digital image extraction. It is evident from the experimental results that the proposed method has higher recall and lower error and can enhance the digital image of cultural heritage in a shorter time, which shows that the proposed method can effectively achieve digital protection of cultural heritage.

RedHerd: Offensive Cyberspace Operations as a Service

Nowadays, time, scope and cost constraints along with knowledge requirements and personnel training constitute blocking restrictions for effective Offensive Cyberspace Operations (OCO). This paper presents RedHerd, an open-source, collaborative and serverless orchestration framework that overcomes these limitations. RedHerd leverages the ‘as a Service’ paradigm in order to seamlessly deploy a ready-to-use infrastructure that can be also adopted for effective simulation and training purposes, by reliably reproducing a real-world cyberspace battlefield in which red and blue teams can challenge each other. We discuss both the design and implementation of the proposed solution, by focusing on its main functionality, as well as by highlighting how it perfectly fits the Open Systems Architecture design pattern, thanks to the adoption of both open standards and wide-spread open-source software components. The paper also presents a complete OCO simulation based on the usage of RedHerd to perform a fictitious attack and fully compromise an imaginary enterprise following the Cyber Kill Chain (CKC) phases.

How to Choose the Best Architecture Design Pattern

The utilization of engineering and configuration designs affect the quality credits of a framework, and the use of examples rely upon plan settings. There are unpredictable reliant connections between them. In this examination, we investigate how engineers use to design and configuration designs regarding quality credits concerns and plan settings. We extricated design-related posts from Stack Overflow and broke down the engineering conversations. Our examination uncovers what settings and quality ascribe engineers consider when utilizing design examples, and we have recognized new and already obscure connections between these plan components. These discoveries can improve engineers' information when they plan with design designs, quality ascribes, and plan settings.

A study on correlations between architectural smells and design patterns

Design patterns are recommended solutions for typical software design problems, with an extensively studied and documented impact on various quality factors. Flaws in design at a higher levels of abstraction are manifested in architectural smells. Some of those smells, similarly to code smells, can reduce the expected advantages of design patterns or even prevent their proper implementation. In this paper we study if and how design patterns and architectural smells are related, and how this knowledge could be exploited in practice. We present an empirical study with an analysis of 16 design patterns and 3 architectural smells in 60 open source Java systems. We analyze their diffuseness and correlation, and we extract association rules that describe their presence and dependencies. We demonstrate that there exist relationships between architectural smells and design patterns, both at the class and package levels. Some smells appear falsely positive, as they result from conscious decisions made by programmers, while the application of some patterns can be a cause of certain smells. Our results provide evidence that design patterns and architectural smells are related and affect each other. With knowledge about the relationships, programmers can avoid the side effects of applying some design patterns.

The Use of Artificial Intelligence Combined with Cloud Computing in the Design of Education Information Management Platform

Based on cloud computing theory and service-oriented architecture (SOA) design pattern, a smart education management platform is designed by using cloud computing and artificial intelligence technology. The platform is deployed in the server cluster environment, with Hadpoop managed storage cluster as the data storage center. For the education management, education portal and remote classroom, the corresponding services are launched, which has the advantages of intelligent and efficient, massive data access and intelligent collaborative management. The test results show that the platform can be used normally in the ports of computer, mobile phone and tablet computer, and can successfully complete the basic operations such as user registration and login, educational administration, and content storage. The results of database stress test show that the total time consumption of sequential read, sequential write, random read and random write is 752s, 312s, 968s and 211s, respectively when millions of simulated data are inserted into the database, which indicates that the database can support large-scale data access. The stress test results of content storage service show that when the number of clients is adjusted to 500, 1000 and 3000, the output quantity of each read-write interface can be maintained at about 3500 pages/min in 60s, indicating that the system can still run stably under the condition of high concurrency. The management platform discussed has practical significance to promote the development of intelligent and information-based education management.

Specifying dynamic software system architectures

The inexorable penetration of software into practically every facet of modern society calls for sophisticated architectural styles, including ones that can support architectures with dynamically shifting structures, which are required to cope with the dynamics of their applications. With the advent of modern Internet-based systems operating in real time, these types of systems are becoming more widespread. Unfortunately, to date there has been insufficient theoretical work on suitable architectural design patterns for such systems. This work describes two such patterns: the dynamic part pattern and the dynamic role pattern, both of which have been proven in earlier-generation dynamic real-time systems. In addition to describing the form and semantics of these design patterns, this work proposes a notational form suitable for specifying them in component-and-connector-style architecture description languages in a clear and unambiguous manner. The practical application of the two patterns is illustrated using a running example.

From Traditional Schools to Modern Schools: The Quest for to Improve the Quality of Schools Environment in Iran

This article, through comparison, analyzes evolutions in architecture and school concepts and the relation between them in classic and modern periods in Iran, and by relying on persistent traditional Islamic schools architectural design patterns, provides an atmosphere, conforming to physical and spiritual needs in schools. The research method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and is conducted through library study in order to get familiarized with persistent social components in these schools, to use in new schools. In this research, after evaluating traditional schools, some factors, such as flexibility, central courtyard and the presence of natural elements in there, annular formation of classrooms and appropriate atmosphere for discussions and the transformation process of the interior and exterior relations are introduced which we can use in designing new schools, in order to fully improve the quality of the atmosphere in modern schools.