Archipelagic Nation Research Articles

West Sulawesi Maritime Tourism Development Strategy

The present research delves into an in-depth analysis of the various strategies employed for the purpose of fostering the growth and development of maritime tourism in the captivating province of West Sulawesi, situated within the archipelagic nation of Indonesia. The province of West Sulawesi is renowned for its captivating amalgamation of pristine natural landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and immense potential for the flourishing tourism industry. The present study aims to investigate the intricate interplay of both internal and external factors that exert influence on the growth and progress of maritime tourism. Employing a qualitative methodology, this research endeavors to evaluate the potential and credibility of West Sulawesi as a captivating maritime tourism destination. The present study delves into an in-depth analysis of the prevailing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) that confront the region, with a specific focus on West Sulawesi. The primary objective of this investigation is to identify and propose suitable strategies that can effectively enhance the prospects of maritime tourism in the aforementioned region.

Digital Inequality In The Archipelago: A Deep Divide Into Balikpapan’s Mobile Banking Ecosystem

Indonesia, archipelagic nation with a growing need for digitalization, has cities such as Balikpapan leading the way in mobile banking as part of this digital transformation. Balikpapan's journey is hindered by a digital divide caused mainly by unequal internet distribution. This research focuses on evaluating the impact of motivation, tangible access, and proficiency in mobile banking on its adoption. The study also examines the influence of demographic variables such as education, age, gender, and location on this phenomenon. The digital divide continues to be a global concern, exhibiting different forms in different regions, as supported by previous research. Balikpapan's urban trajectory offers a unique context for reevaluating this divide. A sample of 347 Balikpapan residents was analyzed using WarpPLS 7.0 software, applying SEM-PLS criteria. The findings reveal a minimal digital divide in the adoption of mobile banking. Disparities in education and location are apparent. This study builds upon the work of van Deursen & van Dijk (2019) and offers new perspectives on the evolving focus from digital access to a more comprehensive development of digital skills. The significance of Balikpapan's narrative lies in its demonstration of the power of intrinsic motivation in driving digital adoption. This highlights the need to reassess strategies aimed at achieving comprehensive digital inclusion.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Traditional Knowladge di Indonesia dalam Sistem Hak Kekayaan Intelektual Berdasarkan World Intelectual Property Organitation

When it comes to traditional knowledge, such as art, culture, and other types of local wisdom, Indonesia has a lot of potential as an archipelagic nation with many different tribes that each have their own unique traditions, arts, and culture. Its exceptional potential is a national or state asset that has to be safeguarded so that it may continue to grow and ultimately benefit society. In reality, most of the traditional wealth formerly held by residents of the archipelago has either vanished or been moved to other nations. Protecting traditional knowledge via intellectual property rights such as copyrights, patents, plant varieties, industrial designs, and trademarks is an idea that the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) has given considerable thought to. It may be challenging to secure traditional knowledge via intellectual property rights in practice because to problems with ownership, novelty, duration, fixation, invention, and novelty.

The Human Beings’ Submissiveness to Supernatural Beings in Folktales from Central Sulawesi

Indonesia is an archipelagic nation of thousands of islands with vast and diverse cultures. Every inhabited island must have at least a culture comprising cultural products such as rites, tales, ceremonies, etc. However, some individual islands might also have more than one culture. The culture carries sets of beliefs that are worth examining to understand and cultivate the people’s worldviews and perspectives. Those perspectives can be traced from folktales as cultural products. As the agent in the Anthropocene period, human beings are also observable in the generationally told folktales. This article explores the depictions and the roles of human characters and supernatural beings in two folktales from Sulawesi, one of the biggest islands in Indonesia. It problematizes the independency and power of human beings in the folktales. The research objects of this article are The Giant and the Orphan (Kalamboro Kaa Elu-elu) and People Who Descended (Miantii). By employing appraisal theory (Martin and White, 2005), this article identifies the attitudes towards both human and supernatural characters by the linguistic choices attached to them in the folktales. The choices of words and expressions depicting the characters are classified into affect, judgement, and appreciation. In conjunction with the folktales’ plot, the linguistic analysis reveals that human characters in those two folktales are depicted as dependent on and powerless before supernatural characters. This article does not intend to draw any generalization toward any cultures from Sulawesi and Indonesia since it examines very limited objects.

State Sovereignty Law Politics in Handling Illegal Fishing Crime in Indonesia (Case Study of Natuna Islands Sea Territory)

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic nation in the world which shares border countries with many countries. Indonesia has serious problem concerning maritime security in their territorial waters, such as Illegal, Unreported, and Unregulated Fishing (IUU). The IUU activities done by foreign-flagged fishing vessels and bringing their catch abroad is very detrimental to state finances, namely the loss of potential income for local and central govermennt. The Natuna Islands are one of the Indonesia’s outermost border islands that are rich in marine fish resources. This research aims to anaylisis the effectiveness of foreign-flagged fishing vessels burning or sinking policies based on Article 69 of Law Np. 45 of 2009 that were implemented in Natuna Sea territory. The research method used in this study is normative juridical method using literature and online data search.

Advance Care Planning in Indonesia: Current state and future prospects

Indonesia is a low-middle income country in Southeast Asia, as well as the world's fourth most populous and largest archipelagic nation. Indonesia has approximately 1,300 ethnic groups that speak 800 different languages and are typically collectivist and religiously devout. With an aging population and an increasing number of cancer patients, palliative care in the country remains scarcely available, disproportionally distributed, and underfunded. All of these factors (economic level, geographical and cultural landscapes, and palliative care level of development) pose a considerable impact on the adoption of advance care planning in Indonesia. Nonetheless, recent advocacy initiatives promise some hopes in advance care planning in Indonesia. Furthermore, local studies suggested opportunities to implement advance care planning, particularly through capacity building and a culturally sensitive approach to it. This article describes the present situation of advance care planning in Indonesia, including its challenges and opportunities.

Powering Design of Portable Dynamic Positioning Thruster for 150 FT Cable Laying Barge: A Case Study of Untung Jawa-Tanjung Pasir Submarine Power Cable Laying

Indonesia, an archipelagic nation with most of its electrical power produced by steam power plant. The distribution of electrical power is done through the main island to the smaller island, by means of according to Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resource is done through a submarine cable. In the study case area, Untung Jawa-Tanjung Pasir sea, the most appropriate cable laying platform is a barge. A barge is not equipped with the propulsion system and considering the cable laying operation requirement, barge given condition, environmental disturbances, the barge must be equipped with portable dynamic positioning thruster. An azimuth thruster is the proposed way to overcome this problem. The research done shall determine the barge’s necessary engine and propeller to fulfil its need. Using ship manoeuvring equation, the required thrust of the barge for surge, sway, and yaw are 274.36 kN, 289.21 kN, 3292.67 kNm respectively. To produce the required forces and moment, the researcher utilizes Cummins KTA38 (634 kW) diesel engine, Masson Marine gearbox (5.542:1), and Ka4-70 Nozzle 24 with the diameter of 1.6 m and P/D value of 1.06. In the free running condition, the barge will run with the speed of 3.52 m/s or 6.85 knots.

Inflation and Spatial Spillovers in a Large Archipelago: Evidence from Indonesia*

This study examines inflation dynamics in Indonesia, a large archipelagic country, using the Phillips curve specification. Utilising province‐level data from 2015 to 2019, the analysis accounts for regional interaction across Indonesian provinces and estimates spatial spillovers. To address the challenges of applying spatial methods to the world's largest archipelagic nation, two new approaches for the spatial weight matrix criteria are introduced: contiguity‐based from artificial boundaries (Thiessen polygons) and trade‐based from the Interregional Input–Output Tables. Furthermore, exploiting a new dataset, the study contrasts alternative measurements of inflation and output gap. These distinctions yield new findings. The results indicate the presence of a conventional Phillips curve in Indonesia. Different measures of inflation and the output gap have distinct spatial spillover effects.

Model Penilaian Strategi Pertahanan Matra Laut Negara Kepulauan Berbasis System Dynamic

The mar itime dimension defense strategy model is a part of the Archipelago Marine Defense Strategy, referring to the dynamics or developments in the strategic environment and the capabilities of available national resources. In carrying out an assessment of the defense strategy of the archipelagic nation's sea dimension, it is determined by the influence and interaction of interrelationships between balancing aspects of Naval Forces and Integrated Fleet Weapons Systems (SSAT) with Threat aspects as a complex system, so an analysis is needed to get a value on the assessment defense strategy of the maritime dimension of the archipelagic state, which consists of aspects of developing the strength of the Navy and aspects of Potential Threats. So it needs to be compiled in a dynamic model that can represent a value in the assessment of the marine defense dimension of the archipelagic nation which is projected based on the time dimension up to the next 15 years. In this research, the researchers compiled a system dynamic model approach to obtain an assessment of the value of each variable and sub-variable. The results of the formulation and simulation model on the assessment of the sea dimension defense strategy, obtained values based on the following strategic scenarios: (1) Fleet In Being defense strategy at an index value of 5.72, (2) Blockade defense scenario 5.72, (3) Defense scenario Decesive Battle 5.73, (4) combined scenario between fleet in being and blockade 5.72, (5) combined scenario of fleet in being and decesive battle 5.78, (6) combination scenario of blocakde and decesive battle 5.73 and value sea defense based on current SSAT capabilities in the 15th year of 5.9, included in the alert category/quite safe.

Архипелаговый поворот в американистике (Brian R. Roberts. Pogranichnye vody: posredi arkhipelagovykh shtatov Ameriki. Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2021. 392 p.; Брайан Рассел Робертс. Пограничные воды: посреди архипелаговых штатов Америки / пер. с англ. Марии Быковой. Бостон, Санкт-Петербург: Academic Studies Press / Библиороссика, 2023. 502 с.)

The review focuses on the book by Brian R. Roberts Borderwaters: Amid the Archipelagic States of America (2021) published in Russian translation in 2023. Roberts suggests reconsidering the US culture post-continentally by viewing it as an archipelagic nation. Dispelling the ‘continental dominance’ in American studies, Roberts explores the rich imagery of borderwaters by drawing on fiction (e. g. Mark Twain’s and Zora Neale Hurston’s works) and visual arts (Miguel Covarrubias’s representations of the Caribbean). The reviewer analyzes the role of the ‘archipelagic turn’ in American studies, as well as the specific effects of the critic’s rhetoric strategy.

Trends, Causal Analysis, and Recommendations from 14 Years of Ferry Accidents

Ferries and other passenger vessels provide a crucial mode of transportation for many in the developing world, especially in archipelagic nations like Indonesia and in river delta nations like Bangladesh. However, this dependence on passenger vessels coincides with a high rate of accidents and fatalities in many countries, linked to purchase of old, substandard, and/or inappropriate vessels in low-income nations; overcrowding; inadequate training; and sudden hazardous weather. Any serious attempt to decrease the number and fatality count of ferry accidents in the developing world must have a complete record of past incidents on which to draw. This report compiles detailed information on the 232 major accidents that occurred around the world between 2000 and 2014. It assesses the prevalence of various common factors in ferry accidents, including human error, hazardous weather, and overcrowding, and makes recommendations for future research into the prevention of ferry accidents.

Re-territorialization and the governance of ocean frontiers in Indonesia

ABSTRACT This article examines the development of Indonesia’s ocean policy, particularly during the presidency of Joko ‘Jokowi’ Widodo (2014–present). Re-territorialization is the primary driver of Indonesia’s ocean policy under Widodo, enabling the state to create and commodify property regimes within Indonesian-controlled oceans. As a large archipelagic nation with multiple neighbours, Indonesia’s ocean frontiers face numerous challenges, including illegal fishing, cross-ocean trade and transport, and geopolitical tensions, especially in the South China Sea. As a result, Indonesia has been mobilizing state resources to establish and solidify control in three aspects of its ocean frontiers: jurisdictional frontiers, political frontiers and commodification frontiers. In his first term (2014–19), President Widodo’s ocean policy was driven by the urge to control jurisdictional and political frontiers, while his current second term agenda emphasizes capturing commodification frontiers. These different approaches should not be seen as inconsistent but rather as a continuation of Indonesia’s efforts to strengthen governance of its ocean frontiers.

"Are the working principles of fisheries management at work in Indonesia?"

Indonesia, the world's largest archipelagic nation and second-largest fish producer in the world, has fisheries distinguished by a high diversity of species and with a large variety of gear and methods used to fish over expansive geographic areas. Fisheries management in Indonesia is equally complex with multiple levels of governance, decentralization, and traditional fishing tenure rights. The Government of Indonesia is taking strides to improve fisheries management in a changing and complex environment to support sustainable economic development, livelihoods, and food security of its people. This paper takes stock of recent developments in fisheries science and management in the country and identifies additional opportunities for improvement. An analytic framework for evaluating progress and opportunities for fisheries management has been adapted from a set of eight working principles for effective fisheries management. Analysis of each principle revealed that although current Indonesian fishery management includes landing data collections, onboard observer programs, logbooks, e-logbooks, catch per unit effort (CPUE) standardization, regional fisheries management units, genetic assessments, vessel tracking, and similar tools to improve fisheries management, significant work remains. Although the use of data is pivotal in the development of fisheries solutions, data inputs are still not adequate to perform fully reliable assessments. Indonesia's pool of experts remains insufficient to meet the extensive stock assessment needs across the country and thus continuous training and mentoring of assessors in techniques relevant for different stock types and data levels is crucial to ensure skills enhancement. Indonesia’s interdisciplinary stock assessment review body, Komnas KAJISKAN, plays a critical role by providing scientific guidance that balances short-term economic needs from the perspectives of fishers and policymakers with the ecological constraints required for long-term fishery sustainability. Although small-scale fisheries dominate Indonesia's fisheries management system, the process of decentralizing data collection and management functions to province, district, and village levels is alone not sufficient to encourage more local ownership and compliance. Tools such as customary rules of conduct, marine protected areas, and other local area management regimes can also help to successfully manage small-scale fisheries and marine resources. Provincial licensing and boat classifications remain issues that require continued attention, simplification, and clarification. Finally, an enhanced national policy framework that empowers and engages local governments, universities, NGOs, fishers and community groups who are adequately trained, staffed, and funded would significantly strengthen fisheries science through improved data collection, processing, and interpretation to benefit management. In conclusion, the threat of overfishing in Indonesia's fisheries is visible in the data, and trends suggest a similar pathway involving unsustainable production goals and escalating overfishing as followed by neighboring countries that experienced fisheries collapse. Time is of the essence in recognizing this trajectory and adjusting policies to maintain and sustain the country's natural fisheries wealth for the present and future generations.

The ‘other’ within: Striving for health equity in the Maldives Eva-Maria

Relations within are quintessential in anthropological fieldwork — and in archipelagos in particular. The domestic sea is incorporated in the national consciousness connecting an archipelagic nation but distinguishing individual islands with a strong emphasis on the centre. The Maldivian archipelago displays this spatial organization of a socio-political and economic centre and a dependent island periphery. In the national consciousness, the capital island, Male', contrasts with “the islands” — a distinction which is particularly evident in the public health sphere, where striving for health equity encounters geographical and socio-political obstacles. Using the topic of the inherited blood disorder thalassaemia as a magnifying lens, this paper asks how different actors are making sense of health inequities between central and outer islands in the Maldivian archipelago. Intra-archipelagic and international mobilities add to the complexities of topological relations, experiences, and representations within this multi-island assemblage. Yet, my study of archipelagic health relations is not confined to a mere outside look at the construction of the ‘island other’ within the archipelagic community. It is a situated investigative gaze on disjunctures, connections, and entanglements, reflecting my methodological-theoretical attempt to unravel my own involvement in island–island relations and representations — my being entangled while investigating entanglements.

Marine Protected Area Networks in Indonesia: Progress, Lessons and a Network Design Case Study Covering Six Eastern Provinces

Indonesia is the largest archipelagic nation in the world with 17,504 islands, a coastline of 108,000 km and 15.8% (27,255 km2) of the world’s coral reefs. This paper reviews the status of marine protected areas (MPAs) and networks of MPA in Indonesia, draws on lessons learned, and highlights what has been learned from the design of a network of MPAs for Fisheries Management Area (FMA) 715 across six eastern provinces as an example of how such work can be adapted for other parts of the country and elsewhere. Nationally, the 235,622 km2 of MPAs are mostly large (average 2,380 km2) with use zones and small no-take areas (<15 percent). MPAs are implemented by provincial governments or one of 2 national agencies. The design of a network of MPAs across FMA 715 began with 14 MPAs covering 1,977,276 ha or 4% of the marine waters of FMA 715 in 2016. Now there are 48 MPAs covering 3,062,206 hectares in the planning area, and the design process identified an additional 44 Areas of Interest required to establish new MPAs to augment the existing MPAs in FMA 715 to achieve the objectives of enhancing fisheries, protecting biodiversity, adapting to climate change while supporting community livelihoods and traditional practices. Issues identified in the process are that the scale and complexity of science and management needed is beyond what most stakeholders can easily comprehend; that implementation cuts across multiple jurisdictions with a still-new formal mandate for planning and managing the large network area; and, that the present process could only be possible with outside facilitating expertise. Finally, since the national conservation agency is currently finalizing legal guidelines for the planning and implementation of sub-national networks of MPA, this process has educated many and the result will lend legal and governance support to the continued planning and implementation of the FMA 715 MPA Network and for other areas.

Screening for Antioxidant Activity in Extracts of the Marine Macro algae Enteromorpha flexuosa (Wulfen) J. Agardh from South Aceh

Indonesia is the world’s largest archipelagic nation with high marine biodiversity that can provide added value for local communities through using renewable resources. Aceh is one of the provinces in Indonesia directly facing the Indian Ocean with many marine biota distributed along the coast. Marine macroalgae are marine biota with potential for medicines and foodstuffs that have long been consumed by local communities in Aceh. Many marine macroalgae in Aceh coastal waters, especially along the south coast, contain a wide range of bioactive compounds with potential antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to screen for antioxidant activity in extracts of the green macroalga Enteromorpha flexuosa. Green algae of E. flexuosa were taken from along the South Aceh coastal zone. The research methods included extraction followed by phytochemical and antioxidant activity assays. The rendement of E. flexuosa extracts were ethanol with value of 1.38%; ethyl acetate with value of 1.11%; and n-hexane with value of 0.42%. The phytochemical analysis showed phenol and flavonoid compounds in the E. flexuosa extracts. The CUPRAC method for determining antioxidant activity showed activity of 96.40 μmol troloks/g in the ethanol extract; 16.77 μmol troloks/g in the ethyl acetate extract; and 22.38 μmol troloks/g in the n-hexane extract. These results showed that the ethanolic extract possesses the antioxidant capacity strongly than other extracts. There are indications that phenol compounds influenced antioxidant activity in the E. flexuosa extracts. Using the FRAP method to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracts was: ethanol extract 474%, ethyl acetate 363.50% and n-hexane 239.50%. These levels of antioxidant activity in the extracts point to E. flexuosa as a potential source of antioxidants that could provide benefits when used in marine natural products.

Artisanal and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (Eastern Caribbean): History, Catch Characteristics, and Needs for Research and Management

Whaling has been a contentious international environmental issue for decades and carries complex ecological and socioeconomic implications. In Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (SVG), a small archipelagic nation located in the Eastern Caribbean, present-day whaling traces its origin to local interaction with American-based whalers during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. When American whaling in the region ceased, local shore-based whaling arose to fill the niche and to exploit the remaining, though diminished, stocks of large whales, as well as stocks of small cetaceans that the American whalers had not targeted as heavily. After a period of expansion throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, which saw shore-whaling operations established on at least 11 islands in the region, Eastern Caribbean whaling experienced a period of attrition, during which most local whaling operations ceased. Two operations, both based in SVG, continue regularly today. This paper reviews the past and present status of whaling activities in SVG from the literature and using recent data collected from 2007 to 2017 through logbook data, interview surveys, and ethnographic observations. Small cetacean captures have been documented since 1949, and at least 15 species of odontocetes have been captured (primarily delphinids). From 1949 to 2017, a total of 13,856 small cetacean captures has been recorded, including 5,896 short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), 109 killer whales (Orcinus orca), and 7,851 other small cetaceans. Small cetacean catch records are largely incomplete and total catch estimates could not be attempted. Reliable abundance estimates do not exist. Consistent records for the take of large whales are only available for the period 1986–2020, during which 45 humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and 2 Bryde’s whales (Balaenoptera edeni) were taken. Additionally, 8 sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) captures were reported from 1967 and 1974. We also review whaling practices, existing national policy on whaling, management techniques outside of formal policy regimes, research needs, and future management perspectives. Future monitoring and management of whaling activities in SVG are strongly needed to assess the sustainability of small cetacean exploitation.

Regional Report on Organ Transplantation in Trinidad and Tobago.

Regional Report on Organ Transplantation in Trinidad and Tobago.

PROTECTING LIFE BELOW WATER: LESSONS LEARNED FROM JAKARTA AND BALI

&lt;p&gt;As the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) ended, the United Nations followed them up with 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). One of the goals, Life Below Water, is very strategic to Indonesia given its position as the biggest maritime archipelagic nation in the world. However, Indonesia’s life below water faces threats as pollutants from human activities end up in the sea. Using Structural Human Ecology (SHE) theory, this article discusses the issue using cases in Jakarta and Bali and how the two provinces have dealt with the problem. Employing the qualitative method through document analyses, this study found that the two provinces have used different approaches in solving the problem. While Jakarta has its law regarding the issue, Bali has more progressive law in curbing the disposal of waste, especially plastic, to the river leading to the sea. Law enforcement and education have become the keys to ensuring that industrial and domestic actors to stop irresponsible disposal of waste.&lt;/p&gt;

Management for Lombok Strait with Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) and Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) to Implement the IMO Regulations

The growing field of shipping and the changes in the global military strategy of large countries which of course indirectly affect how well a country acts. As an archipelagic nation, Indonesia has the right to conceptualize a Traffic Separation Scheme to improve navigation safety in the Islands Sea Channel, based on Article 53 (6) of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) 1982 and also based on the IMO General Provisions for Adoption, Appointment and Replacement of the Islands Sea Plate. Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) is a dividing line between the navigation boundaries of trade ships and the territorial waters of national jurisdictions. The Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) Scheme is a traffic management route system governed by the International Maritime Organization or IMO. Then we can know that Indonesia has the right and obligation to regulate its own sea. Departing from this, the concept of the Traffic Separation Scheme (TSS) and Particularly Sensitive Sea Area (PSSA) was coined, as an effort of embodiment, a derivation of "lex specialis" International provisions adopted by all sea users in the world. This study uses a qualitative method with an explanatory approach. The procedure used to obtain this information is through literature review. Data analysis in this study uses SWOT analysis (strength, weakness, opportunity and threat) and POAC (planning, organizing, actuating and controlling). The result for this case study, must prepare carefully for the implementation of TSS and PSSA in the Lombok Strait, as a country that has declared itself as the first archipelagic state in the world that has a separation in its narrow sea. Given that the implementation is just counting the days. Indonesia does not need to doubt the benefits of TSS and PSSA itself, because TSS and PSSA become a "win-win solution" for both the user and coastal countries