Arch Patterns Research Articles

Prevalencia en la forma de los arcos dentales en adultos con maloclusión y sin tratamiento ortodóncico

El objetivo de esta investigación, fue determinar la prevalencia de forma de arcada dental, en adultos con maloclusión clase I,clase II y clase III. La muestra se constituyó por 106 modelos de estudio correspondiente a la arcada superior y 106 modelos de la arcada mandibular correspondientes a 29 hombres y 77 mujeres de 18 a 30 años con una media de edad de 19 años y que acudieron a solicitar tratamiento en la Clínica de Ortodoncia, de la División de Estudios de Posgrado de la UNAM en el periodo de julio de 2002 a diciembre de 2003. En los modelos se localizaron 12 puntos sobre superficies dentales sobreponiendo plantillas con formas de arco triangular, cuadrado y ovoide. Los resultados demostraron que la forma ovoide es la de mayor prevalencia en ambas arcadas, en 79 casos (49.3%) se encontró la misma forma de arco dental maxilar y mandibular y en 27 casos (16.8%) se presentó una combinación en la forma de arcada maxilar y mandibular, por lo que se evidencia que existe una variación en la forma de arco dental entre los individuos e inclusive entre la forma de arco maxilar y mandibular de un paciente.

Association between dermatoglyphic patterns and growth patterns of subjects with skeletal class I relation: A cross sectional study.

Background: To assess the relationship between dermatoglyphic patterns and various growth patterns of the mandible. Methods: Patients with Class I Skeletal relation were selected after clinical diagnosis followed by digitally tracing the cephalogram. The patients were subdivided into three groups of mandibular divergence patterns ie Average, Horizontal and Vertical. 90 samples ie 30 in each group were selected for the study. The fingerprints of all the selected subjects were then extracted digitally and analysed for the most dominant pattern in each hand. Results: For the left hand, there was a statistically significant (P<0.05) association between fingerprint pattern and growth pattern when Horizontal growers were compared to Average and Vertical Growers. For the right hand, there was a statistically significant (P<0.05) association between fingerprint pattern and growth pattern when Horizontal growers were compared to Average Growers. A significant association (P<0.05) between fingerprint pattern and growth pattern was also found when average growers were compared to vertical growers. Conclusions: Horizontal growers had 80% frequency of appearance of whorls in their left hand and 67% in their right hand. Horizontal growers could easily be differentiated from the average and vertical growers because of the dominance of whorl pattern in their hands. Composite and arch pattern were more frequent in vertical growers when compared to horizontal and average growers.

Association between dermatoglyphic patterns and growth patterns of subjects with skeletal class I relation: A cross sectional study

Background: To assess the relationship between dermatoglyphic patterns and various growth patterns of the mandible. Methods: Patients with Class I Skeletal relation were selected after clinical diagnosis followed by digitally tracing the cephalogram. The patients were subdivided into three groups of mandibular divergence patterns ie Average, Horizontal and Vertical. 90 samples ie 30 in each group were selected for the study. The fingerprints of all the selected subjects were then extracted digitally and analysed for the most dominant pattern in each hand. Results: For the left hand, there was a statistically significant (P<0.05) association between fingerprint pattern and growth pattern when Horizontal growers were compared to Average and Vertical Growers. For the right hand, there was a statistically significant (P<0.05) association between fingerprint pattern and growth pattern when Horizontal growers were compared to Average Growers. A significant association (P<0.05) between fingerprint pattern and growth pattern was also found when average growers were compared to vertical growers. Conclusions: Horizontal growers had 80% frequency of appearance of whorls in their left hand and 67% in their right hand. Horizontal growers could easily be differentiated from the average and vertical growers because of the dominance of whorl pattern in their hands. Composite and arch pattern were more frequent in vertical growers when compared to horizontal and average growers.

The relationship between arch, loop and whorl fingerprint patterns with dental caries: A cross-sectional, descriptive institution-based study

Fingerprint analysis for personal identification is well-known, as it is unique to all individuals and remains unchanged over a lifetime. Now it is getting identified as a useful tool in understanding the basic questions in genetics and is emerging as an independent field in dentistry as dermatoglyphics. This study is carried out to evaluate the association between dermatoglyphic pattern and dental caries. The present study comprised total 200 individuals (100 male and 100 females) with age of 15 to 40 years, out of which 150 subjects included in group 1(with dental caries) and 50 individuals were included in group 2(without dental caries). DMFT score and fingerprint patterns of all 10 fingers were recorded in to proforma. These findings were tabulated and subjected to statistical analysis.Nearly 57.5% of group 1 patients had whorl pattern in their fingers followed by Loop patterns (38.13%) and arch pattern (4.4%). But in caries free group the Loop pattern was more frequent (75%), followed by whorl (21%) and arch patterns (3.6%). There was a significant difference in the distribution of whorl and loop pattern between caries and caries free group (p&amp;#60;0.05). However, the arch pattern was not showing any significant difference in both the groups. The correlation analysis revealed significant negative and positive correlation for Loop and whorl pattern respectively when compared with the DMFT score. But the arch patterns were showing an insignificant negative correlation.An attempt to evaluate the association between fingerprint patterns and DMFT score was made in this present study. An individual's susceptibility to dental caries increases with whorl pattern incidence and decreases with loop pattern incidence. Hence it may be concluded that, fingerprint pattern could indicate a person’s susceptibility to dental caries. This method may be considered as a non-invasive, cost-efficient, time saving method while screening of prevalence of dental caries. Also, it might serve as effective tool in prevention of dental caries.

Distinct proliferative and middle ear skeletal-patterning functions for SHH-expressing epithelia in the chick hyoid arch

During chick craniofacial development, the second (hyoid) pharyngeal arch expands to close the neck and gives rise to skeletal elements, including the columella of the middle ear (a homologue of the mammalian stapes). Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signalling has been implicated in hyoid arch expansion and columella formation, but spatial and temporal aspects of these signalling interactions within the hyoid arch remain poorly understood. Here, we show that SHH is initially expressed in the posterior endoderm of the hyoid arch, and that this domain subsequently splits into a distal domain at the site of arch expansion (the posterior epithelial margin, PEM), and a proximal domain that lines the foregut (the proximal hyoid epithelium, PHE). Pharmacological manipulations and heterotopic grafting experiments demonstrate that SHH signalling is required for hyoid arch expansion and skeletogenesis, and reveal distinct roles for the PEM and PHE in these processes. The PEM promotes mesenchymal cell proliferation during arch expansion but is not sufficient to repattern the columella. Conversely, the PHE promotes mesenchymal cell survival, and PHE grafts induce partial duplication of the columella. This work demonstrates crucial and distinct roles for endodermal SHH signalling in hyoid arch morphogenesis and patterning of the middle ear skeleton.

Aortic Arch Variations and Supra-aortic Arterial Tortuosity in Stroke Patients Undergoing Thrombectomy

PurposeUnfavorable vascular anatomy can impede thrombectomy in patients with acute ischemic stroke. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of aortic arch types, aortic arch branching patterns and supra-aortic arterial tortuosity in stroke patients with large vessel occlusion.MethodsComputed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) images of all stroke patients in an institutional thrombectomy registry were retrospectively reviewed. Aortic arch types and branching patterns of all patients were determined. In patients with anterior circulation stroke, the prevalence of tortuosity (elongation, kinking or coiling) of the supra-aortic arteries of the affected side was additionally assessed.ResultsA total of 1705 aortic arches were evaluated. Frequency of aortic arch types I, II and III were 777 (45.6%), 585 (34.3%) and 340 (19.9%), respectively. In 1232 cases (72.3%), there was a normal branching pattern of the aortic arch. The brachiocephalic trunk and the left common carotid artery had a common origin in 258 cases (15.1%). In 209 cases (12.3%), the left common carotid artery arose from the brachiocephalic trunk. Of 1598 analyzed brachiocephalic trunks and/or common carotid arteries, 844 (52.8%) had no vessel tortuosity, 592 (37.0%) had elongation, 155 (9.7%) had kinking, and 7 (0.4%) had coiling. Of 1311 analyzed internal carotid arteries, 471 (35.9%) had no vessel tortuosity, 589 (44.9%) had elongation, 150 (11.4%) had kinking, and 101 (7.7%) had coiling.ConclusionWith 20%, type III aortic arches are found in a relevant proportion of stroke patients eligible for mechanical thrombectomy. Nearly half of the stroke patients present with supra-aortic arterial tortuosity, mostly arterial elongation.

Association between dermatoglyphic patterns and growth patterns of subjects with skeletal class I relation: A cross sectional study

Background: To assess the relationship between dermatoglyphic patterns and various growth patterns of the mandible. Methods: Patients with Class I Skeletal relation were selected after clinical diagnosis followed by digitally tracing the cephalogram. The patients were subdivided into three groups of mandibular divergence patterns ie Average, Horizontal and Vertical. 90 samples ie 30 in each group were selected for the study. The fingerprints of all the selected subjects were then extracted digitally and analysed for the most dominant pattern in each hand. Results: For the left hand, there was a statistically significant (P<0.05) association between fingerprint pattern and growth pattern when Horizontal growers were compared to Average and Vertical Growers. For the right hand, there was a statistically significant (P<0.05) association between fingerprint pattern and growth pattern when Horizontal growers were compared to Average Growers. A significant association (P<0.05) between fingerprint pattern and growth pattern was also found when average growers were compared to vertical growers. Conclusions: Horizontal growers had 80% frequency of appearance of whorls in their left hand and 67% in their right hand. Horizontal growers could easily be differentiated from the average and vertical growers because of the dominance of whorl pattern in their hands. Composite and arch pattern were more frequent in vertical growers when compared to horizontal and average growers.

Investigating the Relationship between Fingerprint Pattern and Development of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Statement of the Problem: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) constitutes more than 90% of oral malignancies. The main risk factors of OSCC include cigarette smoking and alcohol. However, since not all smokers or alcohol drinkers develop this disease, other factors have also been suggested including genetic characteristics of every person to be implicated in the probability of developing OSCC.Purpose: Our aim in this study is to investigate the possible relationship between fingerprint patterns and the probability of developing OSCC.Materials and Method: In a cross sectional study, we had 140 patients in 2 groups as OSCC and cancer free. Fingerprints were recorded by fingerprint scanner device. The fingerprint patterns were categorized into three major groups and four subgroups. Groups were tested by chi-square.Results: The relationship between the main fingerprint patterns and incidence of OSCC became significant (p= 0.037). The frequency of the main pattern of Arch was significantly higher in the experimental group than in the control group (p< 0.05). Considering the main patterns of Loop and Whorl, no significant difference existed between the two groups. Furthermore, the frequency of subtype patterns of Double Whorl and Central Pocket Whorl was significantly higher in the control group than in the experimental group (p< 0.05).Conclusion: Since dermatoglyphics is contingent upon genetic variations, fingerprint can be used for investigating the susceptibility of people in developing different diseases, though further studies are required in this regard. This method is in no way a substitute for gold standard methods for diagnosis.

Morphology of the pattern of branching of the aortic arch (Arcus aortae) in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

The branching patterns of the aortic arches of 28 adult male and female Syrian hamsters (SH) were thoroughly examined under a stereomicroscope for the first time by using latex injection and corrosion casting to determine their general arrangements and morphological variations as well as their differences and similarities to other rodents and rabbits. Three major arteries, namely, the brachiocephalic trunk (BC), left common carotid artery (CC) and left subclavian artery (SA), originating from the aortic arch (AR), were uniformly noted in SH. The BC was consistently divided into the right SA and the right CA. SA in SH normally releases the internal thoracic, deep cervical, dorsal scapular, vertebral, superficial cervical and supreme intercostal arteries. The costocervical trunk typically consisted of supreme intercostal and internal thoracic arteries and a common trunk for dorsal scapular and deep cervical arteries. To comprehend the comparative morphology of the pattern of branching of AR more completely, our results were compared with previous studies in rodents and rabbits. (1) The general morphology of the great arteries from AR in SH was similar to that in mole rats, rats, mice, porcupines, and gerbils but was essentially different from that in rabbits, guinea pigs, red squirrels, ground squirrels, pacas and chinchillas. (2) The typical pattern of the branching of the subclavian arteries in SH was similar to that in guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits but was different from that of the reported rodents regardless of the origins of the bronchoesophageal and internal thoracic arteries and the composition of the costocervical trunk.

Fingerprint patterns in carcinoma cervix patients: A comparative study

Etiology of cervical cancer consist of many factors like genetics, environmental factors etc. Fingertip patterns are formed under genetic control early in development but may be affected by environmental factors during first trimester of pregnancy. These patterns may represent the genetic makeup of a person and therefore his/her predisposition to certain diseases including carcinoma cervix. So this formed the basis of our study where we evaluated fingertip patterns as anatomical marker of carcinoma cervix. An analytical and comparative study done on 100 histo-pathologically confirmed cervical cancer patients and 100 age-matched normal healthy controls. Their fingerprints were analyzed to assess the association of cervical cancer with the fingertip patterns. Fingerprints were obtained by ‘Ink method’ as it was mentioned by Cummins and Midlo. Data on differences in patterns of cases and controls were tested for it’s statistical significance. Statistically significant lower number of arch patterns was observed in the fingerprints of both hands combinedly of the cancer patients as compared to controls. It was also seen that the percentage frequency of arch pattern when compared separately for right and left hands of cancer patients and controls, the frequency of arch pattern was statistically significantly lower in left hands of cases than controls. So it can be concluded that there are significant difference in fingertip patterns of cervical cancer patients from healthy people and Dermatoglyphics i.e., the study of ridge pattern on the finger, palm and soles may be utilized to identify the people at risk of carcinoma cervix.

Evaluation of aortic arch morphologies by computed tomographic angiography in Turkish population.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the aortic arch morphologies in the Turkish population using the computed tomography angiography technique. Methods Between August 2009 and August 2019, a total of 2,037 (1,003 males, 1,034 females; mean age: 52.8±20.3 years; range, 3 months to 100 years) thoracic computed tomography angiography scans were retrospectively analyzed. The findings were classified as described previously in the literature. The prevalence of aortic arch morphologies and possible relationship with sex were analyzed. The prevalence of variations reported in previous studies was compared with the current study. Results The normal aortic arch pattern (type A), observed in 1,562 cases (76.7%), was determined statistically significantly more in males than females (p<0.05). The most common variation, bovine aortic arch (type B1) which observed in a total of 315 cases (15.5%), was determined statistically significantly more in females than males (p<0.05). The second most frequent variation, in which the left vertebral artery originates directly from the aortic arch (type C1) was detected in 97 cases (4.7%). There was also observed to be aberrant right subclavian artery in 21 cases (1%), right-sided aortic arch variation in seven cases (0.4%), and double aortic arch anomaly in four cases (0.1%). In terms of the reported frequency of type B variation, a significant difference was determined between the current and previous studies in Türkiye (p<0.05). Conclusion With the largest sample size to date, this study provides comparative information about the prevalence of aortic arch patterns in the Turkish population.

Evaluation of prevalence of fingerprint patterns in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders

Aim: This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the prevalence of dermatoglyphic patterns amongst patients diagnosed with OPMD and a control group consisting of patients with/without tobacco habit, to prevent the occurrence of disease in susceptible individuals. Materials and Methods: Fingerprints were recorded using the Ink Method by Cummins and Midlo, and were subjected to analysis and statistical evaluation. Results: Fingerprints of a total of 150 patients were recorded amongst which each group i.e. subjects with OPMD, control with habit and control without habit consisted of 50 individuals. There was an equal distribution of whorl and loop pattern whereas arch pattern was found to be significantly less in number overall. Conclusion: Dermatoglyphics can be used for predicting various genetic disorders, when compared to environmental disorders, which are less case specific. In the present study there is no prevalence of individual pattern and it was found to be statistically insignificant, owing to the limited sample size. Studies in the field of dermatoglyphics among OPMD patients’ needs more research in order to draw recognizable and accountable conclusions.

Computed Tomographic Analysis of Aortic Arch Branching Patterns: Revisited

Branching pattern of aortic arch (AA) has a direct impact on the outcomes of thoracic surgical and angiographic procedures. Since, geographical variations in the branching pattern of AA have been described, this descriptive cross-sectional study describes the AA variations in a Sri Lankan population compared to the available global data. For that, contrast-enhanced computed tomographic studies (CTC) of thorax (n = 219) performed in males (49.3%) and females (50.7%), aged 59 ± 17 years (range: 4 to 96 years), were evaluated. Branching patterns of AA were categorized into seven types as described by Popieluszko et al. Only, four AA types were identified in the study population: type 1 (90%; n = 197), type 2 (n = 10, 4.6%), type 3 (n = 8, 3.7%), and type 6 AA (n = 4; 1.8%). The prevalence of AA variations was 10%. Type 1 AA was the most prevalent pattern in both genders: female, 91%; males, 88.9%. The most prevalent AA variant in females was type 2 (n = 6; 5.4%); males type 3 (n = 5; 4.6%). However, the branching pattern of AA has not demonstrated a significant gender influence (odds: 0.792; 95% CI: 0.327–1.917; p = 0.605). Variations in branching pattern of AA are as high as 10% among Sri Lankans. Thus, an in-depth knowledge on population specific prevalence of AA variants would influence the modifications of surgical approaches and the choice of angiographic catheters to be utilized, which in turn would minimize inadvertent vascular injuries during thoracic surgical and angiographic interventions.

Variations in the Pattern of the Deep Palmar Arch of the Hand and Its Surgical Importance.

BackgroundThe deep palmar arch is formed by anastomosis of the continuation of the radial artery with the deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery. With recent advances in microsurgical techniques for vascular repair, the knowledge of variations in the arteries of the hand, as well as the caliber of these arteries, has become more important for surgeons. Additionally, radial artery harvesting for myocardial revascularization is being performed nowadays, for which collateral circulation in the hand through the palmar arches is a prerequisite. Therefore, this study was conducted to study the patterns of the deep palmar arch and perform the morphometry of the arch.MethodologyIn this study, 30 hands (16 right and 14 left) from formalin-fixed adult human cadavers were dissected to observe the completeness, formation, and branching pattern of the deep palmar arch. The length of the arch was measured using a thread and scale. The diameters of the forming arteries and branches of the arch were measured at their origin using a digital vernier caliper.ResultsAll deep palmar arches were complete. The arches were classified into two types based on whether the superior or inferior deep palmar branch of the ulnar artery completed the arch. Another classification was based on the interosseous space through which the radial artery or its branch entered the palmar region to complete the deep palmar arch. The length of the arch was 4.2 ± 0.47 cm on the right side and 4.0 ± 0.6 cm on the left side. The diameters of the deep palmar branch of the radial and ulnar arteries at their origin were 4.02 ± 0.48 mm and 1.90 ± 0.36 mm, respectively. No significant difference was found between the right and left sides.ConclusionsThe anastomosis was found between radial and ulnar arteries in all cases of the deep palmar arch. Therefore, it can be safe to sacrifice the radial artery in procedures such as radial artery harvesting and radial artery flap transfer. The knowledge of variations and morphometry of the arch will facilitate vascular repair surgeries on hands.

Dermatoglyphic characteristics of Chinese professional table tennis players

To perform dermatoglyphics analysis and to explore the possible relationships between dermatoglyphic characteristics and sports level of Chinese table tennis players. A total of 92 Chinese professional table tennis players were recruited and divided into ordinary group and excellent group according to their levels. Their dermatoglyphic patterns on the palms and fingers were collected and statistically analyzed. Our results showed that the data revealed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the ordinary group and the excellent group in terms of atd angle, thenar eminence, total number of a-b ridges and double loop whorl, while no significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed in concentric whorl, arch pattern and loop pattern. In conclusion, these findings may provide experimental evidence for the application of dermatoglyphic analysis as a tool for future selection of elite table tennis players.

The association of fingerprint patterns with oral potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer: A dermatoglyphic study.

Dermatoglyphics play an important role in the identification of a person as well as identifying a person with a genetic abnormality. Hence, the present study was conducted with an aim to explore the association between the fingerprint patterns and oral potentially malignant disorders, oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), individuals with habit and without lesion and the control group. A cross-sectional study comprising of 100 individuals divided into 5 groups with 20 individuals in each group based on their habit and the presence of oral lesions. Group 1 included individuals with oral leukoplakia (OL), Group 2 included individuals with oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), Group 3 included individuals who had OSCC, Group 4 individuals had tobacco habits but without lesion and Group 5 comprised of control individuals. The fingerprints of all the study subjects were recorded using a standard ink method. They were analyzed qualitatively and quantitively. The present study showed a predominance of that loop patterns in all the groups. The frequency of the whorled pattern was higher in subjects with OSMF as compared to OL and OSCC. The arch pattern was comparatively lesser in subjects with OL than OSMF subjects. The right-left comparison of the fingerprint patterns in all the five groups, except Group 4, showed a significant association and correlation. The Group 4 individuals were showing the least correlation between sides. The study concluded that dermatoglyphics can be used as a potential marker to identify the subjects with risk for potentially malignant oral disorders and oral cancers.

Dermatoglyphics: An Indicator of Dental Caries in Humans

Background: We all know that fingerprints are found in human and some animals and they are unique to allindividuals and remain unchanged over the life time. Today the study of the fingerprints has crossed its traditionalrealms and is being widely used as an adjunct in medical and dental fields to diagnose conditions with a suspectedgenetic base.Aim &amp; Objective: 1. To record and evaluate the Dermatoglyphics pattern in subjects attending OPD of BuddhaInstitute of Dental Sciences &amp; Hospital, Patna, Bihar. 2. To identify and compare the type of Dermatoglyphicspattern associated with dental caries. 3. To find association (if any) between different Dermatoglyphics patternsand Dental caries.Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in OPD of Buddha Institute of Dental Sciences&amp; Hospital, Patna among simple random sample of 76 OPD Patient in the age group of 18-40 years after satisfyingthe inclusion &amp; exclusion criteria. The data was collected using a proforma consisting of demographic details,oral hygiene practices, Sugar consumption, fingerprints format and WHO ORAL HEALTH ASSESSMENT FORM(2013) was used to assess the Dentition status of the individual. Dermatoglyphic (Fingerprints) of the study subjectwere recorded using the Ink Method described by Cummin and Midlo &amp; dermatoglyphic patterns were analyzedwith the help of a magnifying glass (10×) under guidance of fingerprint expert. Data were collected, compiled&amp; tabulated using Microsoft excel &amp; analyzed by Chi-square test &amp; independent sample T test with p &lt; 0.05 asstatistically significant.Result: Prevalence of dental caries was highest among subjects with whorl pattern (3.59±2.18) followed by Looppattern (2.73±1.56) whereas the subjects with Arch pattern shows lowest prevalence of dental caries (1.39±1.28) &amp;this result came out to be statistically significant (P &lt; 0.05).Conclusion: From this study it is clear that Dental caries susceptibility of an individual increases in the subjecthaving Whorl pattern &amp; thus there is a definite correlation between fingerprint patterns and dental caries.

CharacterDetermination in Elementary School Children ofMadrasahIbtidaiyah Al Jamiyatul Washliyahin 2021 Based on the Fingerprint ofRight Hands

Objective:To find out the character of elementary school students through fingerprint analysis. Method:This research is descriptive research. The research subjects were 43 students of Ibtidaiyah Al Jamiyatul Washliyah Elementary School in September 2021 until the number of samples was met. Student fingerprints are taken by placing the tips of the fingers on the stamp pads that have been given ink, then affixed to white paper to form fingerprints. This is done to completion on each student's right thumb. From the obtained fingerprints, direct observations were made on the fingerprint pattern (loop pattern, arch pattern, and whorl pattern). Collecting non-fingerprint data in the form of name and gender. Results:Get an effective learning system by getting to know the character of each student. Conclusion: Fingerprints can be used to identify students' characters. By getting to know the character of students, teachers can get to know better about students and create a better learning system. The frequency of Loop pattern fingerprints is more in women as much as 15 (32.6%) than men as many as 6 (13.04%) with a total The total Loop fingerprint pattern is 21 (45.6%) and this is in accordance with the results of Galton's research which states that the Loop fingerprint pattern frequency is higher than the Whorl and Arch forms.

CHARACTER DETERMINATION IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILDREN OF MADRASAH IBTIDAIYAH AL JAMIYATUL WASHLIYAH IN 2021 BASED ON THE FINGERPRINT OF RIGHT HANDS

Objective:To find out the character of elementary school students through fingerprint analysis. Method:This research is descriptive research. The research subjects were 43 students of Ibtidaiyah Al Jamiyatul Washliyah Elementary School in September 2021 until the number of samples was met. Student fingerprints are taken by placing the tips of the fingers on the stamp pads that have been given ink, then affixed to white paper to form fingerprints. This is done to completion on each student's right thumb. From the obtained fingerprints, direct observations were made on the fingerprint pattern (loop pattern, arch pattern, and whorl pattern). Collecting non-fingerprint data in the form of name and gender. Results:Get an effective learning system by getting to know the character of each student. Conclusion: Fingerprints can be used to identify students' characters. By getting to know the character of students, teachers can get to know better about students and create a better learning system. The frequency of Loop pattern fingerprints is more in women as much as 15 (32.6%) than men as many as 6 (13.04%) with a total The total Loop fingerprint pattern is 21 (45.6%) and this is in accordance with the results of Galton's research which states that the Loop fingerprint pattern frequency is higher than the Whorl and Arch forms.

DESCRIPTION OF FINGERPRINT PATTERNS OF BATAK TOBA TRIBE AND MALAY TRIBE BASED ON GENDER IN COASTAL AREAS, BARUS DISTRICT

Background: Indonesian society is a pluralistic society. The plurality of Indonesian society consists of various ethnic groups, religions, races, and languages.1 Indonesia has hundreds of ethnic names, even thousands if it is broken down into sub-tribes. Two of them are Batak and Malay.19 There are different biological characteristics between Batak and Malay ethnic groups, such as hair shape and color, nose shape, iris color and eye slit location. So it is possible that these two ethnic groups (Batak Toba and Malay) also have different fingerprint patterns. One of the biological characteristics possessed by humans is fingerprints. Fingerprints in humans are not influenced by the external environment except the environment in the womb. Genetics plays a very important role in the formation of fingerprints, because fingerprints are influenced by polygen elements Method: This research is descriptive with a quantitative approach to the Batak Toba and Malay communities in the coastal area of Barus District, Central Tapanuli Regency, carried out in the period from 1 August 2021 to 30 September 2021. The sample in this study were all people living in Barus District. Toba Batak and Malay tribes using purposive sampling method as many as 30 Toba Batak ethnic people and 30 Malay ethnic people who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Discussion: Based on research conducted by recording the fingerprints of 10 (ten) fingers from each respondent in the Barus community, the Batak tribe, 26 men and 4, then the Malay ethnic group. 26 men and 4 women, the fingerprint pattern of the Barus community was obtained with details on the Batak Toba tribe, the male gender with an arch pattern of 48 fingers (18%), a loop pattern of 151 fingers (58%) and a Whorl pattern of 61 fingers ( 23.5%). While the fingerprint pattern of the Barus community with details on the female Batak Toba tribe with an arch pattern of 10 fingers ( 25%), a loop pattern of 26 fingers (65%) and a Whorl pattern of 4 fingers (10%). The fingerprint pattern of the Barus community with details on the male ethnic Malays with an arch pattern of 50 fingers (19.2%), a loop pattern of 154 fingers (59.3%) and a Whorl pattern as many as 56 fingers (21.5%). Then the fingerprint pattern of the Barus community with details on the female Malay tribe with an arch pattern of 7 fingers (17.5%), a loop pattern of 27 fingers (967.5% and a Whorl pattern of 6 ( 15%). Conclussion: From the Batak Toba and Malay tribes, both male and female, the most frequent fingerprint pattern is the loop pattern, followed by the whorl pattern and the least is the arch pattern.