Arbitrary Rules Research Articles

Robust Bumpless Transfer Control for Switched Systems with Unmatched Uncertainties Based on the Common Robust Integral Sliding Mode Under Arbitrary Switching Rules

In this paper, a robust bumpless transfer control scheme for tracking control is proposed to avoid large jumps in the control signals for a switched system (SS) with unmatched uncertainty and disturbance. The robust bumpless controller comprises a robust linear feedback control (RLFC) and a continuous sliding mode control (CSMC) based on the given robust integral sliding mode (RISM). The RLFC meets the requirement of bumpless indices, and the CSMC suppresses the unmatched uncertainty and disturbance. First, the RLFC design is proposed, and the linear feedback coefficients satisfy the bumpless indices, despite the uncertainty and disturbance. Then, a RISM surface design is proposed, in which the uncertain SS satisfies the given H-infinity robust performance index, and can resist the unmatched uncertainty. Consequently, the CSMC ensures that the RISM surface can be reached in finite time from the initial time instant. By composing the CSMC with the RLFC, the control scheme achieves the robust trajectory tracking and the suppression of the control signal bumps during switching. Finally, the proposed robust bumpless transfer control scheme was applied to the different examples, and the simulation results verified its effectiveness.

Recall tempo of Hebbian sequences depends on the interplay of Hebbian kernel with tutor signal timing

Understanding how neural circuits generate sequential activity is a longstanding challenge. While foundational theoretical models have shown how sequences can be stored as memories in neural networks with Hebbian plasticity rules, these models considered only a narrow range of Hebbian rules. Here, we introduce a model for arbitrary Hebbian plasticity rules, capturing the diversity of spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity seen in experiments, and show how the choice of these rules and of neural activity patterns influences sequence memory formation and retrieval. In particular, we derive a general theory that predicts the tempo of sequence replay. This theory lays a foundation for explaining how cortical tutor signals might give rise to motor actions that eventually become "automatic." Our theory also captures the impact of changing the tempo of the tutor signal. Beyond shedding light on biological circuits, this theory has relevance in artificial intelligence by laying a foundation for frameworks whereby slow and computationally expensive deliberation can be stored as memories and eventually replaced by inexpensive recall.

Lex Mercatoria로서 인코텀즈의 기능과 한계에 관한 연구

Purpose: Despite being the core of commercial and legal research in international commerce and trade, this paper contributes to establishing the identity of international commerce by dissecting Incoterms, which has been emphasized only by changes in rules due to practical functions and revisions. Research design, data, and methodology: The limitations and implications of Incoterms were determined from a literature search and analysis of statistical data. Results: In general, the common law that appears in international commercial transactions is called Lex Mercatoria, which distinguishes it from the common law. Among the formal transaction conditions of Incoterms, the FOB, CFR (C and F), and CIF conditions are used repeatedly, so they have been established as Lex Mercatoria and have become de facto standards of the trading industry and can be said to be the true Lex Mercatoria. Conclusions: Before Incoterms can be recognized as Lex Mercatoria, it must be established in the industry as a business practice to expand the use of existing Incoterms rather than periodically revising them. Moreover, the ICC must abandon the lingering desire to commercialize the arbitrary rule, Incoterms, and contribute to forming a new Lex Mercatoria through active promotion and marketing.

A Constitutional Culture: New England and the Struggle against Arbitrary Rule in the Restoration Empire

A Constitutional Culture: New England and the Struggle against Arbitrary Rule in the Restoration Empire

Neoadjuvant followed by adjuvant pembrolizumab in melanoma: time biases in the data analysis of the SWOG S1801 trial.

The SWOG S1801 trial investigated the role of pembrolizumab, an anti-PD1 immune checkpoint inhibitor, in the perioperative setting of stage III or IV melanoma. This phase 2 trial compared two groups: one receiving pembrolizumab both before and after surgery (neoadjuvant-adjuvant), and another receiving it only post-surgery (adjuvant-only), with event-free survival (EFS) as the primary endpoint. Neoadjuvant strategies, involving pre-surgical drug administration, potentially offer rapid tumor control and a unique opportunity to assess tumor response. However, they may expose to toxicity and delay or preclude surgery. The study met its primary endpoint, with a 72 % EFS rate in the neoadjuvant-adjuvant group, and 49 % in the adjuvant group. Here, we question the results' applicability with three potential limitations. Key concerns include an arbitrary rule in event assignment, possibly affecting the event distribution over time. Second, different rates of early censoring between groups introduce the possibility of informative censoring, which could have led to an artefactual benefit in EFS. Lastly, phase 2 trial results, by definition, carry risk of fluke results, and should be confirmed in phase 3 trial before wide adoption. Collectively, these factors must be integrated into a careful interpretation of the SWOG S1801 trial outcomes. More robust data are needed to fully appraise strengths and limitations of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in melanoma treatment.

Why 50?: ‘industrial application’ limitation in the Indian copyright-design interface

Abstract The current IP overlap in Indian copyright and design laws maintains that fine art aesthetics remain a province of copyright law and are strictly disjointed from protection afforded to utilitarian objects under design law. In practical application, however, Section 15 of the Indian Copyright Act, 1957 serves as a point of partial cumulation. Section 15(2) creates a curious situation where the nature of the work could be determined not by its substantive subject-matter requirement but rather an arbitrary rule of more-than-50 articles of production. Section 15 remains an unrefined relic of the Imperial Copyright Act of 1914. The strong reactions against the repeal of Section 52 of the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act of 1988 along with varied applications of the 50-article rule in other common law jurisdictions can be useful for the Delhi High Court in considering the ongoing constitutional challenge against Section 15(2). Differences in judicial opinions in a rather small pool of precedents have created significant scepticism in interpreting the precise scope of this ‘industrial application’ limitation. Repealing Section 15(2), despite its controversial status, would move the Indian copyright-design interface from partial to full cumulation—a result that does not sit well with the present legislative structure. Resolution of the issue requires the court to display sound conceptual deftness.

Simultaneous fault-tolerant control and disturbance rejection for impulsive switched systems

This paper considers the simultaneous fault-tolerant control and disturbance rejection of impulsive switched linear systems. First, estimates of faults and disturbances in the system can be obtained by designing observers. Then, through the obtained estimation, the controller with anti-interference performance and fault tolerance performance is designed. Under the arbitrary switching rules and the minimum dwell time switching rules, the stability of the system is guaranteed. Finally, the effectiveness of the method is verified by numerical simulation and example simulation.

A Constitutional Culture: New England and the Struggle against Arbitrary Rule in the Restoration Empire by Adrian Chastain Weimer (review)

A Constitutional Culture: New England and the Struggle against Arbitrary Rule in the Restoration Empire by Adrian Chastain Weimer (review)

Fuzzy Adaptive Finite-Time Resilient Control Against Unknown False Data Injection Attacks for MIMO Nonlinear Switched Systems With Unknown Dead Zone.

This article studies the finite-time adaptive resilient control problem for MIMO nonlinear switched systems with the unknown dead zone. The sensors of the controlled systems suffer from unknown false data injection (FDI) attacks so that all states cannot be directly applied to the design process of the controller. To address this negative impact of FDI attacks, a new coordinate transformation is designed in control design. Moreover, the Nussbaum gain technique is introduced to deal with the difficulty of unknown time-varying weights caused by FDI attacks. Based on the common Lyapunov function method, a finite-time resilient control algorithm is designed by employing compromised state variables, which ensures that all signals of the closed-loop systems are bounded under arbitrary switching rules even in the presence of unknown FDI attacks. Compared with the existing results, the proposed control algorithm not only enables the controlled systems to reach an equilibrium state in a finite time but also removes the assumption that the sign of the attack weights is positive. In the end, a practical simulation example proves that the designed control method is valid.

Woman, Life, Freedom, One Year Later: Will the Iran Protests Succeed?

AbstractThis essay argues that the recent protests in Iran, ostensibly driven by the Woman, Life, Freedom movement, are a symbol of a far greater dissatisfaction with arbitrary rule, corruption, and incompetence. While compulsory veiling was the immediate cause, the main drivers are the ailing economy and the decline in public services. Given the depth and breadth of street protests and the ongoing civil disobedience, the Islamic Republic simply cannot return to business as usual. At the same time, the regime is incapable of reinventing itself. It faces political and socioeconomic constraints and a mix of demographic and environmental challenges, among others. As for whether outside pressure can help protesters, the West must balance its championing of the movement with its pursuit of diplomatic engagement on Iran's nuclear program. And Iran is now getting more international assistance by looking eastward to China and Russia. With the government and security forces willing to use violence against protesters, civil disobedience may be the only method to systematically challenge the ruling order.

The Difference Method Makes: Judicial Restraint and Judicial Creativity in Rana Nahid v Sahidul Chisti

Restraint and creativity are both necessary judicial attitudes. But when should judges exercise restraint in adjudication and when, creativity? This is the question posed by the Supreme Court’s 2020 split verdict in the case of Rana Nahid v Sahidul Chisti, which required the Court to decide whether Family Courts had jurisdiction over maintenance claims under the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986. By contrasting the two approaches taken by the judges to statutory interpretation in this case, the note argues that while judges should refrain from arbitrary rule making, creativity must be viewed as duty when it can fill a gap in the law or prevent an unreasonable outcome and is in furtherance of pre-existing legal principles.

Integral BLF-Based Adaptive Neural Constrained Regulation for Switched Systems With Unknown Bounds on Control Gain.

In this article, an integral barrier Lyapunov-function (IBLF)-based adaptive tracking controller is proposed for a class of switched nonlinear systems under the arbitrary switching rule, in which the unknown terms are approximated by radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs). The IBLF method is used to solve the problem of state constraint. This method constrains states directly and avoids the verification of feasibility conditions. In addition, a completely unknown control gain is considered, which makes it impossible to directly apply previous existing methods. To offset the effect of the unknown control gain, the lower bound of the control gain is added into the barrier Lyapunov function, and a regulating term is introduced into the controller. The proposed control strategy realizes three control objectives: 1) all the signals in the resulting system are bounded; 2) the system output tracks the reference signal to a arbitrarily small compact set; and 3) all the constraint conditions for system states are not violated. Finally, a simulation example is used to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.

A Constitutional Culture: New England and the Struggle against Arbitrary Rule in the Restoration Empire by Adrian Chastain Weimer (review)

A Constitutional Culture: New England and the Struggle against Arbitrary Rule in the Restoration Empire by Adrian Chastain Weimer (review)

Excoriating Stalin, Criticizing Mao

Abstract Stalin and Mao both left pasts of terror and trauma their heirs had to address to embark on reforms that altered the quality of governance. In 1956 and 1978, Nikita Khrushchev and Deng Xiaoping confronted their Communist Parties with painful pasts and reevaluated the leaders’ respective legacies. Although facing similar challenges in dealing with the devastating ramifications of arbitrary rule and cults of personality, Soviet and Chinese strategies to approaching party history strongly differed. Diachronically comparing post-Stalinist and post-Maoist politics of memory reveals how communist regimes came to terms with the past. Analyzing synchronic and diachronic transfers between Moscow and Beijing demonstrates the lessons Deng Xiaoping drew from Soviet de-Stalinization and China’s perception of it in the late 1970s. Thus, Sino-Soviet reevaluations of the past were entangled, and not only because Deng Xiaoping—who had attended the Soviet Party Congress in 1956—shaped China’s interpretation of it and took the lead in revising Mao’s legacy in the 1970s.

보육교직원(보육교사)의 권익보호 관련 문제점 및 개선방안 - 관련법과 자치단체조례 분석을 중심으로 -

This study aimed at 27 local governments that have relevant laws(Infant Child Care Act, Early Childhood Education Act, Educational Public Officials Act, Special Act on the Promotion of Teachers' Status and Protection of Educational Activities) and related ordinances to date, 'protection and promotion of rights and interests of childcare teachers'. By analyzing the Ordinance for (Support)', the legal status of childcare staff (childcare teachers) and the problems of the regulations related to the protection of rights and interests will be examined, and based on this, improvement plans will be suggested. Based on this, the main purpose of the study is to provide basic data for future related laws(Infant Care Act) and local government ordinance enactment/revision and retention integration law(tentative name, Infant Education and Child Care Act).
 Based on the problems found in the research results, we would like to suggest improvements as follows.
 First, the main problems and improvement measures related to the Infant Care Act are: 1) the legal status of childcare teachers; It should be improved so that the status of teachers under the Education Act is secured on an equal basis with kindergarten teachers, and the protection of teaching rights according to the position of teachers is guaranteed. 2) definition of childcare staff(childcare teacher); As in the Early Childhood Education Act, it is desirable to define teachers(directors and nursery teachers) and staff other than teachers. Next, childcare staff duties; As in the Early Childhood Education Act, it should be improved so that it is divided into director, supervisor, head teacher, teacher, and administrative staff to be more specifically defined. 3) Responsibility to protect the rights and interests of childcare teachers; In order to apply the law more effectively, it is necessary to improve the current voluntary regulations into mandatory regulations such as 'The state and local governments must actively promote necessary policies and prepare measures for training childcare teachers, improve working conditions, and protect their rights and interests.' I think it's possible.
 Second, the main problems and improvement measures related to local government ordinances for improving treatment and rights of childcare staff are: 1) Responsibilities of local government heads; It seems desirable to stipulate the two contents together as ‘relevant systems and conditions and necessary policies must be actively pursued’ and ‘efforts must be made to create a social atmosphere’. 2) establishment of a basic (comprehensive) plan; It seems desirable to stipulate that it should be done every five years, and it is desirable that voluntary regulations should be improved to mandatory regulations such as ‘must be established and implemented’. 3) fact-finding; It should be improved with mandatory regulations such as ‘a fact-finding survey should be conducted every three years’. 4) rights protection support project; Since almost all local governments stipulate that 'the head of a local government may promote(implement) a project to improve the treatment of childcare teachers and improve their rights and interests.' 5) Establishment and operation of the Rights Protection Committee; Since the establishment of the most important committee must be established and operated to improve the treatment and rights of childcare staff, it would be desirable to have a mandatory rule rather than an arbitrary rule. 6) establishment of cooperation system; There were only three local governments that stipulated a mandatory regulation. If possible, it would be desirable to establish a cooperative system through mandatory regulations rather than voluntary regulations. 7) Others

Novel conservative methods for adaptive force softening in collisionless and multispecies N-body simulations

ABSTRACT Modelling self-gravity of collisionless fluids (e.g. ensembles of dark matter, stars, black holes, dust, and planetary bodies) in simulations is challenging and requires some force softening. It is often desirable to allow softenings to evolve adaptively, in any high-dynamic range simulation, but this poses unique challenges of consistency, conservation, and accuracy, especially in multiphysics simulations where species with different ‘softening laws’ may interact. We therefore derive a generalized form of the energy-and-momentum conserving gravitational equations of motion, applicable to arbitrary rules used to determine the force softening, together with consistent associated time-step criteria, interaction terms between species with different softening laws, and arbitrary maximum/minimum softenings. We also derive new methods to maintain better accuracy and conservation when symmetrizing forces between particles. We review and extend previously discussed adaptive softening schemes based on the local neighbour particle density, and present several new schemes for scaling the softening with properties of the gravitational field, i.e. the potential or acceleration or tidal tensor. We show that the ‘tidal softening’ scheme not only represents a physically motivated, translation and Galilean invariant and equivalence-principle respecting (and therefore conservative) method but also imposes negligible time-step or other computational penalties, ensuring that pairwise two-body scattering is small compared to smooth background forces and can resolve outstanding challenges in properly capturing tidal disruption of substructures (minimizing artificial destruction) while also avoiding excessive N-body heating. We make all of this public in the GIZMO code.

A novel dc fault protection scheme based on intelligent network for meshed dc grids

This paper proposes a fault detection and classification scheme for multi-terminal high voltage direct current (MT-HVdc) lines by integrating discrete wavelet transform (DWT) multi-resolution analysis with artificial neural networks (ANNs). Previously, such intelligent protection schemes used manual approaches or arbitrary rules of thumb to optimize a set of hyperparameters of the neural networks without applying any optimization algorithm. In order to improve accuracy, this work proposes an efficient Bayesian Optimization (BO) approach for evaluating and establishing the regulated hyperparameters for ANNs. The DWT multi-resolution analysis (MRA) and Parseval’s theorem are used to extract energy variation for various faults. The energy variation of fault signals at different scales is fed into a multi-stage model to optimize the hyperparameters of neural networks with minimal training setup time and compute effort. After training, the data-based algorithm is implemented in a single-end main and coordinated secondary unit with control logic. The proposed scheme intends to detect internal short-circuit dc faults as quickly as possible and cover the failure of the main unit with expedited backup action. The findings of the study reveal that the proposed scheme can accurately detect internal faults in a variety of testing conditions and remain stable against external faults or disturbances with an average recognition accuracy of 99.38%.

Evolutionary dynamics on sequential temporal networks.

Population structure is a well-known catalyst for the evolution of cooperation and has traditionally been considered to be static in the course of evolution. Conversely, real-world populations, such as microbiome communities and online social networks, frequently show a progression from tiny, active groups to huge, stable communities, which is insufficient to be captured by constant structures. Here, we propose sequential temporal networks to characterize growing networked populations, and we extend the theory of evolutionary games to these temporal networks with arbitrary structures and growth rules. We derive analytical rules under which a sequential temporal network has a higher fixation probability for cooperation than its static counterpart. Under neutral drift, the rule is simply a function of the increment of nodes and edges in each time step. But if the selection is weak, the rule is related to coalescence times on networks. In this case, we propose a mean-field approximation to calculate fixation probabilities and critical benefit-to-cost ratios with lower calculation complexity. Numerical simulations in empirical datasets also prove the cooperation-promoting effect of population growth. Our research stresses the significance of population growth in the real world and provides a high-accuracy approximation approach for analyzing the evolution in real-life systems.

A relaxed condition for avoiding the occur-check

We generalize the notion of “not subject to occur-check” (NSTO), on which most known results on avoiding the occur-check in logic programming are based. NSTO means that unification is performed only on such pairs of atoms for which the occur-check never succeeds in any run of a nondeterministic unification algorithm. Here we show that “any run” can be weakened to “some run”. We present some related sufficient conditions under which the occur-check may be safely omitted. We show examples for which the proposed approach provides more general results than the approaches based on well-moded and nicely moded programs (this includes cases to which the latter approaches are inapplicable). We additionally present a sufficient condition based on NSTO, working for arbitrary selection rules.

Selecting a significance level in sequential testing procedures for community detection

While there have been numerous sequential algorithms developed to estimate community structure in networks, there is little available guidance and study of what significance level or stopping parameter to use in these sequential testing procedures. Most algorithms rely on prespecifiying the number of communities or use an arbitrary stopping rule. We provide a principled approach to selecting a nominal significance level for sequential community detection procedures by controlling the tolerance ratio, defined as the ratio of underfitting and overfitting probability of estimating the number of clusters in fitting a network. We introduce an algorithm for specifying this significance level from a user-specified tolerance ratio, and demonstrate its utility with a sequential modularity maximization approach in a stochastic block model framework. We evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm through extensive simulations and demonstrate its utility in controlling the tolerance ratio in single-cell RNA sequencing clustering by cell type and by clustering a congressional voting network.