Araucania Region Research Articles

Vínculos afectivos en adolescentes institucionalizados, Chile

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la experiencia de vínculos afectivos en adolescentes institucionalizados en la región de la Araucanía, Chile. La muestra estuvo compuesta por cuatro adolescentes varones (entre 16 a 18 años), que actualmente residen en centros administrados por la red Servicio Nacional de Menores (Sename). La metodología utilizada fue a partir de entrevistas en profundidad realizadas a los adolescentes y analizadas a través del análisis fenomenológico interpretativo. Los resultados mostraron tres temas principales: a) valoración de los vínculos con personas significativas, b) construcción y mantenimiento de vínculos y c) institucionalización como contexto en el que han desarrollado su trayectoria de vida. Se concluye destacando los vínculos establecidos en la cotidianidad de la vida institucional y su relevancia para el proyecto vital del adolescente

First observations on crustaceans in a small, permanent coastal lagoon (Nigue, 39°S, Araucania region, Chile)

Abstract The crustacean zooplankton in Chilean coastal lagoons has been poorly studied as yet, and the scarce studies available would indicate the presence of low species numbers that vary as a function of the trophic status of the water bodies. The aim of the present study is to make a first characterization of crustaceans in a small shallow coastal lake, using null models, specifically with regard to species co-occurrence and niche overlap. The results revealed that the species associations we found are random, which is due to many species that occur in most or all of the water bodies examined, whereas niche sharing revealed that there is niche segregation due to the absence of competition among the species reported. These results would be in agreement with observations for mountain lakes and lagoons in northern Patagonia, both in Argentina and in Chile, and partially similar to what has been found in Andean shallow wetlands in northern Chile. More and more detailed studies will be necessary for understanding the population and community dynamics in these water bodies.

Effect of humic acid on the physical properties of a Haplohumult cultivated with wheat

Considering the fragility of Ultisols subjected to intensive agricultural use, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of humic acid on some physical properties of an Andic Haplohumult cultivated with wheat in the Araucania Region, south of Chile. The treatments were a control without amendment (T0), application of humic acid (T1), and native forest (T2) in which the soil has not been altered for more than twenty years. Samples were taken at two depths (0-10 and 30-40 cm) with four replications, evaluating some physical properties one month after the amendment application and six months thereafter. Also, yield components for wheat were measured. As for the soil physical properties, in the short term the application of humic acid had positive effects on water retention, there was an increase in porosity, a decrease in bulk density and improved stability of macroaggregates in depth (30-40 cm), reaching levels similar to native site. There was also a higher biomass production and a 24% increase in wheat yield in the treatment with application of the amendment with respect to the control without amendment. This result is explained by an increase in number of grains per square meter, without changing the weight of the grain, with a higher amount of grains per spikes due to better soil condition.

Motivaciones hacia la práctica de actividad física-deportiva en estudiantes de La Araucanía

The objective of this study is related to the motivations that students have in relation to the physical-sporting practice. Considering that, the physical-sports practice is an important element to maintain a healthy lifestyle, especially in adolescence, since there are constant physical, psychological and social changes. In this regard, the objective of this study is to determine the reasons for the practicing physical-sporting activity, in adolescent students, in elementary and middle school establishments in the Araucania region. The research has a quantitative approach, with a non-experimental, transversal type and descriptive design. The instrument for the data collection is the questionnaire for analyzing the motivation and the practicing of physical-sporting (C.A.M.P.A.F. D). The results show that the main motivations for the practicing of physical-sporting activity are the personal capacity for sport, as a means of passing time, for personal improvement and for health reasons. Concluding that the antecedents obtained must be a tool for the construction of strategies by health professionals to encourage physical-sporting practice, from the knowledge of the intrinsic motivations that the students have.

La lucha por la palabra en Las ultimas familias de Tomás Guevara: traduciendo la alteridad

En este artículo se analiza críticamente la traducción del discurso del sujeto mapuche en la obra etnográfica Las ultimas familias y costumbres araucanas de Tomás Guevara, profesor normalista y estudioso del pueblo mapuche. En este caso, la práctica de la traducción contribuye a generar representaciones que desarraigan y distorsionan al mapuche y a su cultura, en un contexto marcado por la exaltación de la racionalidad científica y por los cánones ideológicos que orientan el proyecto de república. El texto analizado constituye una significativa expresión de la interacción entre conocimientos y matrices culturales diversos, que colabora en la comprensión de la compleja y trizada historicidad de un territorio fronterizo como fue la Araucanía.

Physical, Chemical and Mechanical Characterization of a Prototype Insulating Material Based on Eucalyptus Bark Fiber

In recent years it has become evident that homes have low levels of thermal insulation, which in southern Chile, translates into excessive combustion of biomass by the residential sector to condition housing, generating high levels of air pollution which is harmful to society. It is for this reason that the development of sustainable materials, from natural and local raw material enhances its attractiveness. The present project evaluated the possibility of developing a material from natural fibers from forest waste, which can be found in abundance in the IX region of Araucania. Several physical, chemical and mechanical characterization tests were applied, as well as an optimization model for the elaboration of optimal prototypes, where a decrease in the thermal conductivity of the material could be generated, which finally reached 0.040 (W/mK), which is comparable with the properties of an Expanded Polystyrene type IX. Finally, the optimal conditions for the processing of a prototype are identified, which was analyzed morphologically using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermally, by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).

El cambio climático desde el capital social de mujeres indígena Mapuche

Na Região de Araucanía, no Chile, as mulheres indígenas mapuches foram gravemente afetadas por eventos extremos de mudança climática. O objetivo do estudo é explorar os fatores de resiliência e alternativas que emergem de seus processos de empoderamento para responder aos efeitos das mudanças climáticas, considerando seus papéis como produtores e reprodutores de sua cultura tradicional. Os resultados indicam que as mulheres mapuches articulam estratégias que lhes permitem sobreviver da melhor maneira possível a fenômenos como secas ou incêndios florestais com a consequente busca de alternativas de mitigação, como transformar suas atividades econômicas tradicionais em mecanismos operacionais de adaptação às mudanças climáticas. Esses processos revelam potenciais relevantes para a resiliência, que devem ser considerados por ações institucionais para reduzir riscos, como investimentos em infraestrutura crítica.

Reserva Nacional China Muerta: Consideraciones en torno a la conservación biocultural de la naturaleza, los incendios forestales y la herida colonial en territorios indígenas

Se presentan los principales resultados de una investigación de carácter exploratorio realizada en torno al incendio de la Reserva Nacional China Muerta (Región de La Araucanía), ocurrido en el año 2015. Empleándose un diseño metodológico cualitativo y un enfoque etnográfico, fue posible identificar distintos actores sociales relacionados con la reserva, y a través de sus discursos aproximarse a las memorias, significados y prácticas que les vinculan a esta área silvestre protegida y sus visiones en torno al incendio como desastre. Se identificaron dos principales dimensiones en dicha vinculación: la noción del uso material de sus recursos naturales y la relación simbólica-espiritual con el territorio que constituye. Los resultados dan cuenta de cómo el incendio fue un escenario que visibilizó la diversidad sociocultural de un territorio, involucrando distintas subjetividades en la comprensión de este desastre socionatural y del propio territorio; a través de los mecanismos de participación, acción y contención del incendio, como también a través del cuestionamiento acerca del futuro del territorio y del nombre de la Reserva “China Muerta”, el cual, a nuestro juicio, devela una herida colonial que continúa hasta nuestros días. Finalmente más que conclusiones y a modo de apertura para futuras investigaciones, se propone indagar acerca de qué modo las expresiones culturales presentes en territorios donde conviven poblaciones humanas y hábitats protegidos, contribuyen a poner en valor la relación naturaleza–cultura, ampliando la dimensión de patrimonio natural a la noción de patrimonio biocultural.

Impactos de la fragmentación sobre la composición florística en bosques pantanosos del centro-sur de Chile.

Los bosques pantanosos del centro-sur de Chile han sido fuertemente alterados por la fragmentación del paisaje, derivada principalmente de actividades antrópicas. A pesar de su alto valor ecológico y de conservación para la biodiversidad, estos ecosistemas han sido poco estudiados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la riqueza de plantas vasculares en distintos fragmentos de bosque pantanoso de la región de La Araucanía (38° S, Chile). Se estudiaron 11 fragmentos en total, en los cuales se definieron zonas de borde y núcleo. Se levantaron transectos florísticos y se identificaron todas las especies de plantas vasculares. Se determinaron diferencias en la composición florística entre el borde y núcleo, y se realizó un GLM para modelar la respuesta de la riqueza de especies en función de la superficie de los fragmentos y el origen geográfico de las plantas. Los resultados mostraron un total de 123 especies de plantas, de las cuales 76 son nativas y 47 son no-nativas. La composición florística difiere significativamente entre zonas de borde y núcleo, y la riqueza de especies está influenciada por la superficie de los fragmentos y el origen geográfico de las plantas. Nuestro estudio concluye que el tamaño de los fragmentos y las características de la matriz circundante son variables fundamentales que influencian la composición florística de los bosques pantanosos en el centro-sur de Chile.

Food as a Cultural Practice among the Mapuche in Santiago de Chile

This article highlights the role of food as an essential tool for immigrant Mapuche families to reinforce their ethnic identity and pass it on to the younger generations in Santiago de Chile. Food and food-related practices were a topic that many Mapuche referred to when they were invited to talk about their culture and life in Santiago; this simultaneously revealed their relation to ‘others’ (Chileans) and their connectedness to their ancestral lands in the Araucania region in the south. Staying attuned and connected to the south through Mapuche food strengthens feelings of cultural continuity and belonging, such that Mapuche ethnic identity does not surrender to the city, but rather is re-created in a new environment.

Mujeres-Indígenas y decisiones políticas. Alcances y limitaciones de la institucionalización indígena y de género en Chile

Based on a case-study strategy, this article addresses the capacities developed by the Chilean state to guarantee the effective exercise of participation rights and political representation of indigenous women. The analysis focuses on: representations and practices of public servants from both the National Service for Women (SERNAM) - the Ministry for Women and Gender Equity and the National Corporation for Indigenous Development (CONADI). This approach problematizes the subordination of indigenous women in the public space. The corpus comprises documentary material and in-depth interviews carried out in Chile to public servants and indigenous women. They were interviewed between May and July 2016 in the Metropolitan, Arica and Parinacota, and Araucania regions.

ESTATUS FONOLÓGICO DE LOS FONOS INTERDENTALES / EN EL MAPUDUNGUN HABLADO EN EL SECTOR COSTA, BUDI, REGIÓN DE LA ARAUCANÍA, CHILE

This article deals with the phonetic-phonological status of the interdental consonants [n­], [l­] and [t­], in the Mapudungun spoken in the Coastal area of the Huapi Island, IX Region of Araucania. After analyzing minimal pairs, quantification of interdental segments versus alveolar [n­], [l­] and [t­], and the phonological awareness of the assessed speakers, the validity of these segments could be concluded both as phones and as phonemes. That is to say, /n/, /l/ y /t/; y /n­/, / l­ /and /t­/, are phonemes in this area.

Institucionalidad indígena / de género y políticas públicas dirigidas a mujeres indígenas en Chile: los casos de CONADI y SERNAM

El presente artículo analiza la relación entre la institucionalidadindígena y de género y las políticas públicasorientadas a mujeres-indígenas en dos reparticionesdel Estado chileno: la Corporación Nacional de DesarrolloIndígena (CONADI) y el Servicio Nacionalde la Mujer (SERNAM) - Ministerio de la Mujer yla Equidad de Género. Comenzamos por presentar lascondiciones de emergencia y las características de lainstitucionalidad. Luego, analizamos los tipos de políticasy programas orientados a las mujeres-indígenasque se ejecutaron. El corpus sobre el que basamos elanálisis se compone de material documental y entrevistasen profundidad realizadas en Chile a funcionarios-as y mujeres-indígenas, entre los meses de mayoy julio del 2016 en las regiones Metropolitana, Aricay Parinacota y, Araucanía.

COMPRENSIONES EMPRESARIALES DE LA RELACIÓN CON COMUNIDADES MAPUCHE: ALTERIDADES EN TENSIÓN

espanolEl articulo presenta el analisis de un conjunto de datos recogidos mediante un prolongado proceso de investigacion antropologica que abordo las relaciones entre empresas forestales y comunidades mapuche en la Region de La Araucania. Este articulo se focaliza en el modo en que las empresas forestales, a traves de los agentes entrevistados, conciben sus vinculaciones con las comunidades mapuche. Entre los principales resultados obtenidos se descubren orientaciones del capitalismo transnacional en la gestion de las relaciones con las comunidades mapuche, incidentes en las construcciones de la alteridad que dinamizan los cotidianos del territorio. EnglishThis article presents the analysis of set of data collected through a long process of anthropological research on the relationship between forest companies and Mapuche communities in the Araucania Region. This analysis focuses on how the forest industry, through the agents interviewed, conceive their relationships with Mapuche communities. Among the main results are orientations of transnational capitalism in the management of relations with the Mapuche communities, incidents in the constructions of otherness that invigorate the daily lives of the territory.

First report of Branchinecta (Anostraca) in seasonal coastal pools in the Araucania region (Puaucho, 39°S, Chile)

AbstractTo date, he fairy shrimps (Anostraca) of Chilean inland waters have been poorly described. Those that were described mainly belong to the genusBranchinecta, and the reports are primarily restricted to shallow seasonal pools at the northern and southern extremes of Chile. The aim of the present study was to give a first description ofBranchinecta rocaensis, reported from ephemeral coastal pools in the Puaucho dunes, situated in the Araucania region. The results of null model analysis revealed first, that species associations are random and that there is niche overlap, while according to the principal component analysis,B. rocaensiswas present at sites with low conductivity, low total dissolved solids and low temperature values, but with a high abundance of ostracods. The results obtained would agree with similar observations forBranchinectahabitats in southern Chilean Patagonia.

Abundance of Boeckella gracilis (Daday, 1902) (Copepoda, Calanoida) in seasonal coastal pools in the Araucania region (38°S, Chile)

Abstract The presence of the calanoid copepod Boeckella gracilis (Daday, 1902) in Chilean seasonal pools has been only poorly studied as yet. The aim of the present study thus is to investigate the role of conductivity and temperature on the relative and absolute abundance of B. gracilis in seasonal coastal pools in the Araucania region (38°S, Chile). The results of correlation analysis revealed the presence of a significant inverse correlation between conductivity and relative abundance, whereas no significant correlations were found between conductivity and absolute abundance, between temperature and absolute abundance, and between temperature and relative abundance. These results agree partially with similar observations for mountain pools in the same region, but they would not agree with observations for calanoids of saline and subsaline inland waters in the northern and southern extremes of Chile. Considering this scenario, the species would show different populational responses to environmental stress in different situations, which phenomenon deserves to be studied more extensively and in more detail.

Ecology of benthic crustaceans in the Tolten river (39°S, Araucania region, Chile)

The Cautin river is located in the Araucania region, Chile (38°S), and is characterized by alterations through human interference in its surrounding basin, by the presence of introduced salmonids, and by its mixed regime, which originates from melting snow in summer and rains in winter. The fauna of this river includes an invertebrate fauna composed of both endemic and widespread species, which has, however, been only poorly studied until now. The aim of the present study was to make a review of the ecological role of the benthic inland water crustaceans of the River Cautin, in order to understand their importance in the ecosystem of the river. The literature revealed the presence of abundant populations of amphipods and freshwater crabs as well as of aquatic insects along the river’s course. Many of these crustaceans are prey for both introduced salmonids and native fishes. Similar results have been reported for other southern Argentinean and Chilean Patagonian rivers.

Transformaciones urbanas y sentidos de lugar en las ciudades intermedias de la Región de la Araucanía

The boom of the commodity export model has had severe impacts on secondary urban settlements in Latin America. This is apparent, for instance, in middle-sized cities in the La Araucania Region which have witnessed considerable changes in their urban morphology and in the way they are inhabited by the population. This article discusses the recent urban changes faced by cities of Angol, Villarrica and Victoria. Specifically, the analysis is focused on the relationship between: 1) Urban expansion and morphological transformations within the city; and 2) socio-spatial discourses and practices of these cities’ actors. The findings reveal how these urban changes have not been based upon the sense of space existing in the cities. The final conclusion is that there is a crucial need for urban planning processes that go in line with the experiences of inhabitants.

Alcohol consumption among high school students from the Araucanía-Chile: ethnicity and residence

This study describes the alcohol consumption in association with residence, gender and ethnicity among high school students from the coastal area of the Araucania Region in Chile. Cross-sectional study on a population of 2,763 high school students aged bet ween 14 to 18 years. exploratory-descriptive analysis was used for all variables and inferential statistical analysis for associations among variables using 95% confidence interval for the estimates and 5% statistical significance for the statistical test. alcohol consumption reported by AUDIT test and sociodemographic records. 48.1% of students were Mapuche, mean age of 15.7 years (SD = 1.2), mostly from rural areas (50.9%). Alcohol consumption in the last month was 38.2%; 39.6% male 36.7% female (p < 0.001). 37.5% drank at least once in their life and 85% did so before age 15. 87% reported easy access to alcohol. According to AUDIT test, the levels of risk, harm and symptoms of dependence are 13.9% [95% CI: 12.6-15.2], 20.3% higher in men [95% CI: 18.2-22.5] than women 7.7% [6.4-9.3]. Mapuche students present risk consumption lower than non-Mapuche ones, 12.5% and 15.2% respectively. Urban-rural residence and risk consumption is 12.6% and 8.2% respectively (p < 0.001). The alcohol consumption was higher than that observed at the national level, and as age increases, the level of risk increases, especially in men. Alcohol risk consumption was associated with ethnicity, place of residence and gender. The fact of being non-Mapuche, urban resident and man are factors associated with the risk of alcohol con sumption among students.

Características organizacionales del sindicalismo en Chile. Investigación-acción en sindicatos de la Región de la Araucanía

&lt;p&gt;En este artículo presentamos una investigación realizada entre 2014-2016 en la Región de la Araucanía (Chile), la cual tuvo como objetivo identificar las características y culturas organizacionales del sindicalismo regional. Procedemos con un enfoque centrado en la investigación-acción, con una metodología cualitativa etnográfica de observación-participante. Nuestro trabajo encuentra limitaciones geográficas para su generalización, pero sus resultados se suman al conocimiento colaborativo sobre las principales prácticas organizacionales de los sindicatos para elaborar sus repertorios y para posicionarse ante condicionantes estructurales adversos. Su originalidad consiste en revitalizar una línea de involucramiento entre la investigación social y las organizaciones de trabajadores con un sentido público para las ciencias sociales.&lt;/p&gt;