Arachis Hypogea Research Articles

Microbes in Agriculture: Prospects and Constraints to Their Wider Adoption and Utilization in Nutrient-Poor Environments

Microbes such as bacteria and fungi play important roles in nutrient cycling in soils, often leading to the bioavailability of metabolically important mineral elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). Examples of microbes with beneficial traits for plant growth promotion include mycorrhizal fungi, associative diazotrophs, and the N2-fixing rhizobia belonging to the α, β and γ class of Proteobacteria. Mycorrhizal fungi generally contribute to increasing the surface area of soil-root interface for optimum nutrient uptake by plants. However, when transformed into bacteroids inside root nodules, rhizobia also convert N2 gas in air into ammonia for use by the bacteria and their host plant. Thus, nodulated legumes can meet a high proportion of their N requirements from N2 fixation. The percentage of legume N derived from atmospheric N2 fixation varies with crop species and genotype, with reported values ranging from 50–97%, 24–67%, 66–86% 27–92%, 50–92%, and 40–75% for soybean (Gycine max), groundnut (Arachis hypogea), mung bean (Vigna radiata), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and Kersting’s groundnut (Macrotyloma geocarpum), respectively. This suggests that N2-fixing legumes require little or no N fertilizer for growth and grain yield when grown under field conditions. Even cereals and other species obtain a substantial proportion of their N nutrition from associative and endophytic N2-fixing bacteria. For example, about 12–33% of maize N requirement can be obtained from their association with Pseudomonas, Hebaspirillum, Azospirillum, and Brevundioronas, while cucumber can obtain 12.9–20.9% from its interaction with Paenebacillus beijingensis BJ-18. Exploiting the plant growth-promoting traits of soil microbes for increased crop productivity without any negative impact on the environment is the basis of green agriculture which is done through the use of biofertilizers. Either alone or in combination with other synergistic rhizobacteria, rhizobia and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have been widely used in agriculture, often increasing crop yields but with occasional failures due to the use of poor-quality inoculants, and wrong application techniques. This review explores the literature regarding the plant growth-promoting traits of soil microbes, and also highlights the bottle-necks in tapping this potential for sustainable agriculture.

The Influence of Planting Density on the Flowering Pattern and Seed Yield in Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) Grown in the Northern Region of Japan

In peanut cultivation in the Tokachi region of Hokkaido, Japan, it is essential to complete the harvest by early October to prevent frost damage. Therefore, cultivation methods that can accelerate the flowering period are necessary. It is understood that planting density can influence the timing of flowering, with crops often flowering earlier at higher densities. This study aimed to investigate whether growing peanuts at higher densities could advance the flowering period and, consequently, enhance yield. The Japanese peanut variety, Tachimasari, was cultivated in 2022 and 2023 at a conventional planting density of 5.8 plant m−2 (D5.8) and at density conditions of 8.7 plant m−2 (D8.7) and 11.6 plant m−2 (D11.6). The D8.7 and D11.6 plants reached the peak of flowering 2.8 and 5.1 days earlier, respectively, and the end of flowering 3.7 and 8.0 days earlier than the D5.8 plants. Although the total number of flowers was higher in D5.8, pod fertility was greater in D8.7 and D11.6, where plants were able to reduce the occurrence of ineffective flowers and immature pods. Consequently, higher seed yields were observed in D8.7 (2709 kg ha−1) and D11.6 (2754 kg ha−1), where lower individual productivity was offset by higher planting densities, compared to the conventional density condition of D5.8 (2169 kg ha−1).

Genome-Wide Analysis Elucidates the Roles of AhLBD Genes in Different Abiotic Stresses and Growth and Development Stages in the Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.).

The lateral organ boundaries domain (LBD) genes, as the plant-specific transcription factor family, play a crucial role in controlling plant architecture and stress tolerance. However, the functions of AhLBD genes in the peanut plant (Arachis hypogea L.) remain unclear. In this study, 73 AhLBDs were identified in the peanut plant and divided into three groups by phylogenetic tree analysis. Gene structure and conserved protein motif analysis supported the evolutionary conservation of AhLBDs. Tandem and segment duplications contributed to the expansion of AhLBDs. The evolutionary relationship analysis of LBD gene family between A. hypogaea and four other species indicated that the peanut plant had a close relationship with the soybean plant. AhLBDs played a very important role in response to growth and development as well as abiotic stress. Furthermore, gene expression profiling and real-time quantitative qRT-PCR analysis showed that AhLBD16, AhLBD33, AhLBD67, and AhLBD72 were candidate genes for salt stress, while AhLBD24, AhLBD33, AhLBD35, AhLBD52, AhLBD67, and AhLBD71 were candidate genes for drought stress. Our subcellular localization experiment revealed that AhLBD24, AhLBD33, AhLBD67, and AhLBD71 were located in the nucleus. Heterologous overexpression of AhLBD33 and AhLBD67 in Arabidopsis significantly enhanced tolerance to salt stress. Our results provide a theoretical basis and candidate genes for studying the molecular mechanism for abiotic stress in the peanut plant.

Simultaneous Quantitation of Bioactive Compounds in Different Varieties of Arachis Hypogea L. Using Liquid Chromatography/ESI Mass Spectrometry: A Chemometric Approach

Simultaneous Quantitation of Bioactive Compounds in Different Varieties of Arachis Hypogea L. Using Liquid Chromatography/ESI Mass Spectrometry: A Chemometric Approach

Unveiling the Hidden Enemies: Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Pod Rot Pathogens in Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) in India

Pod rot of groundnut is a complex disease caused by multiple pathogens causes significant economic losses. Present study was undertaken to know the pathogens associated with the disease. In Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, roving survey against pod rot of groundnut revealed association of three fungal species: Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia bataticola and Fusarium spp. Molecular analysis with modified CTAB method and performing PCR using ITS1 and ITS4 primers yielded DNA bands of 650-700 bp, 550-600 bp, and 500-600 bp for Sclerotium, Rhizoctonia and Fusarium species, respectively. Sequencing of the rDNA ITS region confirmed the identities of the pathogens as Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia bataticola, Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium keratoplasticum, based on similarity with NCBI reference sequences. This study confirms that Sclerotium rolfsii, Rhizoctonia bataticola and Fusarium spp. are the primary causal agents of pod rot disease in Andhra Pradesh.

Fabrication and evaluation of PVDF membranes modified with cellulose and cellulose esters from peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) shell for application in methylene blue filtration

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membrane is frequently employed for filtration due to its excellent properties. The hydrophobicity of PVDF membrane causes easy fouling; therefore, hydrophilic polymer materials are required to increase hydrophilicity. This study applies cellulose and cellulose esters as fillers for PVDF membranes to solve the fouling problem. Cellulose esters, such as cellulose acetate (PSCA), cellulose benzoate (PSCB), and cellulose citrate (PSCC), were successfully synthesized from peanut shell cellulose (PSC) using Fischer and non-Fischer reactions. The phase inversion method was successfully used to fabricate PVDF membranes with cellulose or cellulose esters as fillers. The fabricated membranes have been applied for methylene blue (MB) filtration. Adding PSC fillers improved the hydrophilicity and performance of the PVDF membranes up to 23.49 ± 2.40 L m−2 h−1 for water flux and 95.75 ± 0.78 % for rejection of MB. Regarding cellulose esters, cellulose acetate gave the highest value of 77.63 L m−2 h−1 for water flux, and cellulose citrate gave the highest value of 86.88 ± 3.54 % for MB rejection. Hence, cellulose or cellulose esters from peanut shells are suitable fillers for MB filtration in PVDF membranes.

Growth, productivity and profitability of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties under seed endophytic bacterial inoculation

Growth, productivity and profitability of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties under seed endophytic bacterial inoculation

Weed smothering efficiency of mulching types on groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) productivity in the dry savanna region of Nigeria

In order to increase groundnut productivity, a field experiment was carried out in the dry season of 2020 to assess the effectiveness of various mulching materials at suppressing weeds. The experimental treatments comprised of five mulching types; Control (no mulch), transparent polythene mulch, black polythene mulch, rice straw mulch and saw dust mulch) and three groundnut varieties (SAMNUT 23, SAMNUT 24 and SAMNUT 26). These were factorially combined and laid out in a Randomized complete block design with three replications. Findings revealed that mulching had a significant (p < 0.05) impact on crop qualities including canopy cover, chlorophyll content, pod yield, 100 kernel weight, and groundnut kernel yield as well as weed attributes like weed cover scores, weed density, weed dry weight, and weed control efficiency in both BUK and Wasai, respectively. The weed compositions were further grouped into various families comprising Poaceae (11), Euphorbiaceae (3), Amaranthaceae (4), Asteraceae (3), Cyperaceae (2), Cucurbitaceae, and Aizoaceae, each having one species with a different level of occurrence across the two locations. On the other hand, SAMNUT 26 significantly produced higher pod (2798 & 2119) and kernel yields (1198 & 1191), although SAMNUT 23 produced a heavier 100 kernel weight (55.51 & 54.52) at BUK and Wasai, respectively. In comparison to the other mulching types, applying black polythene mulch or transparent mulch lowered weed density and dry weight by limiting the amount of sunlight that the weeds got, preventing them from growing. Therefore, for dry season production of groundnut in the Sudan savannah ecology of Nigeria, mulching with black or transparent polythene film using the SAMNUT 26 variety was found to be effective in conserving soil moisture for optimum crop growth and development, while on the other hand, weed populations were suppressed.

Comparative Study of Peanut Oil (Arachis hypogea) Produced in Andouria Brand Factories and that Produced Artisanally by Women in Kelo (Chad)

Comparative Study of Peanut Oil (Arachis hypogea) Produced in Andouria Brand Factories and that Produced Artisanally by Women in Kelo (Chad)

Mechanical and thermal properties of composite carbonized briquettes developed from cassava (Manihot esculenta) rhizomes and groundnut (Arachis hypogea. L.) stalks with jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) waste as binder

Composite briquettes from agricultural residues are a potential sustainable domestic solid fuel resource. This study aimed to develop and characterize composite briquettes developed from cassava rhizomes and groundnut stalks with jackfruit waste binder as an alternative sustainable fuel for domestic cooking applications. Cassava rhizomes and groundnuts stalks feedstock were carbonized in a step-down kiln under slow pyrolysis conditions at temperatures between 400 and 500 ℃. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the proximate and thermal properties of the developed composite briquettes. Bomb calorimetry was used to determine their heating values. Relaxed density, drop strength and compressive strength results were used to determine the mechanical properties of the developed briquettes. Design of Experiments (Box Behnken design) was used to evaluate the effect of factors (biochar amount, jackfruit waste binder amount, and amount of water) on the mechanical and thermal properties of the developed composite briquettes. The Coats-Redfern kinetic model was used to determine the activation energy for the developed briquettes. Calorific values and drop strength of developed composite briquettes ranged from 18.1 to 24.0 MJ/kg and 92–99%, respectively. Combustion performance results indicated that ignition temperature increased from 155.1 to 184 ∘C\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^\\circ{\\rm C}$$\\end{document}, when heating rate was increased from 10 to 15 ∘C\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^\\circ{\\rm C}$$\\end{document}/min. However, burnout temperature decreased from 618.1 to 453 ∘C\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$^\\circ{\\rm C}$$\\end{document}/min with a similar corresponding increase in heating rate. Optimum biochar amount, amount of water, and jackfruit waste binder amount for optimal mechanical and thermal properties were 89.3%, 893.0 ml, and 29.5 g, respectively. Composite briquettes developed from cassava rhizomes and groundnut stalks with jackfruit waste as binder are suitable potential domestic cooking fuels.

Evaluation of Homoeopathic Drugs against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

Evaluation of Homoeopathic Drugs against Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. in Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

Land suitability mapping for groundnut production in southern region of Borno state, Nigeria

Groundnut (Arachis hypogea) is a leguminous oilseed crop cultivated in the semi-arid and subtropical region of the world. In West Africa, groundnut plays an important role. This includes food production for household consumption, cash crops, sources of employment, and incomes for smallholders in rural households. In Nigeria, it was among the major sources of income before the oil boom. Some of the activities surrounding its production are the development of commerce, employment, and foreign exchange. This study aims to identify the most suitable sites for groundnut production in the Southern Borno Region, Nigeria with the objectives to identify areas of groundnut cultivation within the southern Borno region and to conduct a suitability analysis for groundnut production within the study area. Primary and secondary data and questionnaires were used in this study. Climatic data such as Temperature, Rainfall, Precipitation, Wind speed, Relative Humidity, Soil, and Topographic data were also used. The parameters were overlaid using the weighted overlaid operation in ArcGIS 10.3 and ranked from the most suitable to the least suitable for wheat production within the study region. The result of the study revealed that groundnut is cultivated in all parts of Southern Borno Region. It revealed that areas around Askira/Uba, Chibok and Damboa are the most suitable site for groundnut cultivation. This study demonstrates the capabilities of Remote Sensing and GIS Systems for multi-criteria analysis in Land Suitability Mapping. It is recommended that farmers around Askira/Uba, Chibok and Damboa be encouraged to cultivate more groundnuts.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Casparian Strip Membrane Domain Protein-like Gene Family in Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) Revealed Its Crucial Role in Growth and Multiple Stress Tolerance.

Casparian strip membrane domain proteins (CASPs), regulating the formation of Casparian strips in plants, serve crucial functions in facilitating plant growth, development, and resilience to abiotic stress. However, little research has focused on the characteristics and functions of AhCASPs in cultivated peanuts. In this study, the genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the AhCASPs gene family was performed using bioinformatics and transcriptome data. Results showed that a total of 80 AhCASPs members on 20 chromosomes were identified and divided into three subclusters, which mainly localized to the cell membrane. Ka/Ks analysis revealed that most of the genes underwent purifying selection. Analysis of cis elements suggested the possible involvement of AhCASPs in hormonal and stress responses, including GA, MeJA, IAA, ABA, drought, and low temperature. Moreover, 20 different miRNAs for 37 different AhCASPs genes were identified by the psRNATarget service. Likewise, transcriptional analysis revealed key AhCASPs responding to various stresses, hormonal processing, and tissue types, including 33 genes in low temperature and drought stress and 41 genes in tissue-specific expression. These results provide an important theoretical basis for the functions of AhCASPs in growth, development, and multiple stress resistance in cultivated peanuts.

Ecological and morphological perspectives of root rot pathogens of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) in Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan

Ecological and morphological perspectives of root rot pathogens of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) in Pothwar region of Punjab, Pakistan

Response of Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) to Cultivation Methods and Boron and Calcium Application

Response of Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) to Cultivation Methods and Boron and Calcium Application

Efficacy of Bioagent in Controlling Soil Borne Fungi and Assessment of Seed Yield and its Components in Peanut (Arachis Hypogea)

Efficacy of Bioagent in Controlling Soil Borne Fungi and Assessment of Seed Yield and its Components in Peanut (Arachis Hypogea)

Seed biopriming with different bioagents to minimize collar rot disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

The present studies investigate the effectiveness of various bioagents, namely Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Trichoderma harzenium and Bacillus subtilis in promoting the growth, productivity and minimize the collar rot disease incidence in groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) under in vitro and controlled pot conditions (upto 60 per cent disease control). Groundnut is a globally important oilseed crop known for its nutritional value and oil content. However, the sustainable production of groundnuts faces increasing challenges due to biotic and abiotic stress factors. Among the biotic diseases, collar rot disease of groundnut caused by Aspergillus niger is more extensive in kharif season and causes more damage in sandy loam soils. Bioagents like Trichoderma harzenium, Trichoderma viride, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus subtilis are very helpful in increasing plant growth and controlling collar rot disease in groundnut. This study aims to elucidate the physiological mechanism underlying these interactions and provide practical insights into the application of this environmentally friendly approach for sustainable groundnut cultivation. Under pot condition treatment integration of seed treatment with Trichoderma viride and enriched vermicompost significantly shows minimum per cent disease incidence 6% and maximum plant vigour (2000) obtained from the treatment integration of Seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum and enriched Vermicompost. Our finding reveals that the application of integration of seed treatment with Trichoderma viride and enriched vermicompost significantly shows 57.14% disease control under pot conditions, outperformed the other bioagents in sustainable management of collar rot disease of groundnut and Pseudomonas fluorescens outperformed other bioagents in enhancement of growth of plant due to their PGPR activity.

Phytochemical characterization of selected agro-waste extracts as kinetic inhibitors in methane hydrates formation

In this study of gas hydrate inhibition, the bio-active components (phytochemicals) and the influence of functional moieties and chemical structures on selected bio-inhibitors' performance were investigated by advanced analytical techniques. The agro-waste materials of interest are: orange mesocarp (Citrus sinensis (L)) extract (OME), red onion skin (Allium cepa) extract (ROSE), kolanut tesla (Cola acuminata) extract (KTE), coconut coir dusk (Cocos nucifera) extract (CCDE) and peanut skin (Arachis hypogea) extract (PSE). A CO2-enhanced supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) technique was used to extract the bioactive components from their parent materials. After the extraction, advanced analytical techniques including FTIR, NMR and HP-TLC with densitometry were used to identify and isolate functional groups, structurally characterize and quantify the bioactive compounds in the extracts primarily focusing on phenolic acids, flavonoids and tannins. A Bruker 500MZ NMR spectrometer and a CAMAG-semi-automatic HP-TLC system were used for the structural characterization and quantification respectively. Based on the number of anti-oxidants and radicals scavenging characteristics of the individual extracts' polyphenolic and tannin components, the expected hydrates inhibition capacities of the bio-extracts are in the magnitude: CCDE > ROSE > PSE > OME > KTE. The extracts are readily biodegradable and non-toxic and therefore do not pose ecological threat unlike PVP with only 31.50% biodegradation rate and may result in serious ecological risks in offshore environments. Lastly, the numbers of hydroxyl (OH) and meth-oxyl (MeoH) groups are the principal factors that influence the bio-inhibitors performance with hydroxyl group number being more important than that of the meth-oxyl group.

Response of Nitrogen Management on Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

Response of Nitrogen Management on Growth and Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

Effect of sulphur and growth regulators on growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)

Effect of sulphur and growth regulators on growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.)