Arachidonic Acid-induced Paw Edema Research Articles

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of roots aqueous extract of Pseudospondias microcarpa (A. Rich.) Engl. (Anarcadiaceae) in mice and rats

Background: Pseudospondias microcarpa (P. microcarpa) is a tree belonging to the family Arnacardiaceae. This species is used in traditional medicine to treat pain, inflammation, malaria, and skin diseases. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of the aqueous extract of P. microcarpa roots. Methods: Swiss mice and Wistar albino rats were used for the study. The aqueous extract (100, 300, and 600 mg/kg), standards, and water were administered by intragastric route. Pain was induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid (1%, 10 mL/kg) or formalin paw injection (1%, 20 μL) solutions. Anti-inflammatory activity was carried out in experimental animals’ models of acute inflammation using carrageenan (1%, 0.1mL) and arachidonic acid (0.1 mL, 0.2 M) Results: The results showed that aqueous extract significantly inhibited (P < 0.001) the pain induced by acetic acid with 60.77% at the dose of 600 mg/kg. This dose of 600 mg/ kg also significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the neurogenic phase (50.81%) and the inflammatory phase (63.87%) of formalin-induced pain. In the inflammatory test, the aqueous extract of the roots of P. microcarpa significantly reduced carrageenan-induced paw edema at all hours with a maximum inhibition percentage of 79.40% (4h) at the dose of 600 mg/kg. Arachidonic acid-induced paw edema was significantly inhibited (P ˂ 0.001) by the aqueous extract. The maximum inhibition was 82.35% at 600 mg/kg Conclusion: These results sufficiently demonstrate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory power of the aqueous extract of P. microcarpa. It should be noted that the analgesic property is both central and peripheral and the anti-inflammatory effect would be exerted by the cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. This justifies the use of this plant in traditional medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammation. Keywords: Arnacardiaceae; analgesic; anti-inflammatory; Pseudospondias macrocarpa.

Anti-inflammatory activity of herb products from Licania rigida Benth.

PurposeThe objective of the present study was to evaluate the systemic anti-inflammatory activity of the hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves of Licania rigida Benth (EHFLR) on models of systemic inflammation in mice. MethodsThe quantitative chemical profiles of phenolic acids and flavonoids were performed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Systemic anti-inflammatory activity was determined from carrageenan and dextran-induced paw edema models and the animals were orally treated (p.o.) with EHFLR at doses of 25, 50, 100 mg/kg, indomethacin (10 mg/kg) for carrageenan-induced paw edema and promethazine (6 mg/kg) for dextran-induced paw edema. The possible mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory action of the extract were evaluated by the paw edema models induced by histamine and arachidonic acid, and by the model of carrageenan-induced peritonitis, where vascular permeability and leukocyte migration to the peritoneal cavity were evaluated. ResultsThe results of the HPLC identified the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids, with chlorogenic acid (1.16%) and Caempferol (0.81%) as the main constituents. From the results, it was concluded that the extract has an LD50 ≥5000 mg/kg when administered orally in mice as this dose did not trigger deaths in any of the observed groups. EHFLR (25 mg/kg) showed a significant antiderematogenic effect on histamine and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema at the third hour of the tests, with a percentage of inhibition of 46.64% and 18.33%, respectively. The extract (25 mg/kg, p.o.) also significantly reduced vascular permeability and leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity. ConclusionsIt is concluded that EHFLR exerts a systemic anti-inflammatory action, which seems to depend, at least in part, on the inhibition of arachidonic acid metabolism and the action of vasoactive amines. In addition, the extract reduced the leukocyte migration in the peritoneal cavity, indicating that its action may be linked to the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Synthesis, evaluation and docking studies of some 4-thiazolone derivatives as effective lipoxygenase inhibitors

Some promising 4-thiazolone derivatives as lipoxygenase inhibitors were designed, synthesized, characterized and evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity and respective ulcerogenic liabilities. Compounds (1b, 1e, 3b, and 3e) exhibited considerable in vivo anti-inflammatory activity (57.61, 79.35, 75.00, and 79.35%) against carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model, whereas compounds (1e, 3b, and 3e) were found active against the arachidonic acid-induced paw edema model (55.38, 55.38, and 58.46%). The most potent compound (3e) exhibited lesser ulcerogenic liability compared to the standard diclofenac and zileuton. Further, the promising compounds (1e and 3e) were evaluated for in vitro lipoxygenase (LOX; IC50 = 12.98 µM and IC50 = 12.67 µM) and cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibition assay (COX-1; IC50 > 50 µM and, COX-2; IC50 > 50 µM). The enzyme kinetics of compound 3e was evaluated against LOX enzyme and supported by in silico molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations studies. Overall, the results substantiated that 5-benzylidene-2-phenyl-4-thiazolones are promising pharmacophore for anti-inflammatory activity.

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of the ethanol extract from Murdannia loriformis (Hassk.) Rolla Rao et Kammathy.

Introduction: Murdannia loriformis (hassk) Rolla Roa et Kammathy, family Commelinaceae, is used by Chinese practitioners as a remedy for cancer in an early stage, and also for treating other diseases including colds, throat infections, pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, flu and inflammation. Although anticancer as well as other pharmacological effects of M. loriformis have been reported, its anti-inflammatory and other activities related to inflammation are still limited. Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using carrageenan- and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema in rats, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats. The analgesic and antipyretic activities were determined by formalin test in mice and yeast-induced hyperthermia in rats, respectively. Results: The ethanol extract of the aerial part of M. loriformis exhibited anti-inflammatory activity on the rat paw edema induced by carrageenan and arachidonic acid. It also showed an inhibitory effect on the granuloma and the transudative formation of the rat implanted with cotton pellets as well as lowered the elevated serum alkaline phosphatase activity to normal level. It exerted potent analgesic effect on both the early and late phase of formalin test as well as the antipyretic effect on yeast-induced hyperthermic rats. The oral single high dose of the extract of 5,000 mg/Kg did not produce death or any abnormalities or changes of the internal organs of rats during 14 days of the observed period. Conclusion: The results obtained from this study support the use of the plant in traditional medicine for inflammatory ailments.

Anti-inflammatory potential of thienopyridines as possible alternative to NSAIDs

The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity of the new synthetic thienopyridine analogs. The anti-inflammatory activity of thienopyridines was assayed by using carrageenan; dextran and arachidonic acid induced paw edema models (acute), cotton pellet granuloma model (Sub acute) and Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis (chronic) in experimental rats. The compounds BN-4, BN-14 and BN-16 have shown significant inhibition of edema in carrageenan and arachidonic acid induced paw edema model at a dose of 100mg/kg compared to the dextran induced paw edema model and also showed significant inhibition in granuloma tissue formation and Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in experimental rats. These thienopyridine analogs also inhibited the proinflammatory mediators such as Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β and Nitric Oxide (NO) in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged murine macrophages. Ulcerogenecity study results revealed less ulcerogenic potential of BN-4, BN-14 and BN-16 compared to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin in rats. In conclusion, the new thienopyridine analogs were promising for the potential use as anti-inflammatory agents for both acute and chronic inflammatory disorders with low toxic effects.

Antioxidant, Antinociceptive, and Anti-inflammatory Properties of the Ethanolic Extract of Combretum duarteanum in Rodents

The antioxidant, antinociceptive, and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanolic extract from leaves of Combretum duarteanum (EEC) were assessed in rodents through in vitro tests. The antioxidant activity was investigated by using thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), hydroxyl radical-scavenging, and scavenging activity of nitric oxide assays. The antinociceptive activity was investigated by using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, and hot-plate tests in mice. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed in rats by using the carrageenan-induced hind-paw edema test and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema test. EEC possesses a strong antioxidant potential according to the TBARS, nitric oxide, and hydroxyl radical-scavenging assays; it also presented scavenger activity in all in vitro tests. After intraperitoneal injection, EEC (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) significantly reduced the number of writhes (38.1%, 90.6%, and 97.8%, respectively) in a writhing test and the number of paw licks during phase 1 (30.5% and 69.5%, higher doses) and phase 2 (38.1%, 90.6%, and 97.8%, all doses) of a formalin test when compared with the control group. Naloxone (1.5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) antagonized the antinociceptive action of EEC (400 mg/kg), and this finding suggests participation of the opioid system. Administration of 200 and 400 mg/kg (intraperitoneally) of EEC exhibited an anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenin test, which was based on interference with prostaglandin synthesis. This finding was confirmed by the arachidonic acid test. Together, these results indicate that properties of EEC might be further explored in the search for newer tools to treat painful inflammatory conditions, including those related to pro-oxidant states.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Cajanus indicus (Linn.) Mill. in a murine model of asthma

The present study was undertaken to explore the effects of Cajanus indicus (Linn.) Mill. on airway inflammation and oxidative stress in ovalbumin-induced inflammation and antilipoxygenase activity in a murine model of asthma. The protective effect of extract of whole plant of Cajanus indicus (Linn.) Mill. against ovalbumin induced lung inflammation and arachidonic acid induced paw inflammation was evaluated. Hydroalcoholic extract of Cajanus indicus (Linn.) Mill.(CI) showed significant inhibition of total as well as differential leukocytes in the bronchalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid at dose of 350 and 525 mg/kg, p.o. (p<0.01).Pretreatment with CI significantly restored (p<0.01) the level of GSH, SOD,CATALASE and LPO in lungs. In BAL fluid, treatment of CI significantly reduced nitric oxide and total protein level. CI significantly inhibited arachidonic acid induced paw edema (p<0.01). Hence it can be concluded that Cajanus indicus (Linn.) Mill. has significant anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antilipoxygenase effect.

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil

This study investigated some pharmacological properties of virgin coconut oil (VCO), the natural pure oil from coconut [Cocos nucifera Linn (Palmae)] milk, which was prepared without using chemical or high-heat treatment. The anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic effects of VCO were assessed. In acute inflammatory models, VCO showed moderate anti-inflammatory effects on ethyl phenylpropiolate-induced ear edema in rats, and carrageenin- and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema. VCO exhibited an inhibitory effect on chronic inflammation by reducing the transudative weight, granuloma formation, and serum alkaline phosphatase activity. VCO also showed a moderate analgesic effect on the acetic acid-induced writhing response as well as an antipyretic effect in yeast-induced hyperthermia. The results obtained suggest anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties of VCO.

Pharmacological effects of methanolic extract of Swietenia mahagoni Jacq (meliaceae) seeds

Seeds of medicinal plants are common ingredients of many folk and herbal medicines, and seed extracts have been reported to possess pharmacological activity including anti-inflammatory activity. In the present investigation, the methanolic extract of the dried ground seeds of Swietenia mahagoni (SMSE) has been evaluated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using acute, sub-chronic, and chronic models of inflammation in rodents. The antipyretic and analgesic activities were evaluated in mice models. Acute toxicity studies revealed that the extract up to a dose of 1.2 g/kg intraperitoneally was nontoxic. SMSE at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg, i.p. was found to possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities and the effect was comparable with that produced by the standard drug, ibuprofen. The results of the experiment on arachidonic acid-induced paw edema in rat revealed that the extract produces anti-inflammatory activity through dual inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase and lipo-oxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. SMSE also enhanced peritoneal cell exudates along with macrophage significantly. The triterpenoids present in SMSE may be responsible for these activities. SMSE possesses antiinflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities. Key words: Swietenia mahagoni seed, triterpenoids, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic effects

The Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Effects of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Cynanchi Paniculati Radix

The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects and sedative activities of the ethyl acetate fraction of Cynanchum paniculatum (EACP) were evaluated in mice and rats by acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, arachidonic acid-induced paw edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation, formalin-induced licking time, acetic acid-induced writhing response, and pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. EACP at a dose of 40 mg/kg significantly exhibited anti-inflammatory activities on acetic acid-induced vascular permeability, arachidonic acid-induced paw edema, and the late phase of formalin-induced licking time. Moreover, it showed anti-nociceptive effects on acetic acid-induced writhing responses and significant sedative effects on pentobarbital-induced sleeping time. The results demonstrated that the anti-nociceptive effects are apparently related to the sedative effects of EACP. These results support the use of Cynanchum paniculatum in relieving inflammatory pain.

Analgesic and Antiinflammatory Effects of Some New 6-Acyl-3-substituted-2(3H)-benzoxazolone Derivatives

6-Acyl-2(3f-benzoxazolone derivatives were reacted with 4- substituted phenacyl bromide in ethanol to give the corresponding 6-acyl-3- [(4-substltutedbenzoyl)methyl] -2(3W)-benzoxazolones. The compounds were screened for their analgesic, antiinflammatory activities. The eight compounds synthesized showed high analgesic activities and further investigation revealed compounds 3, 6 and 7 to be potent inhibitors of carrageenan- and arachidonic acid-induced paw edema. The PGE2 isolated from the carrageenan paw edema fluid was also significantly low in mice treated with compounds 3, 6 and 7.