Arabic Numerals Research Articles

Hand Gesture User Interface for Smart Devices Based on Mems Sensors

This paper presents a MEMS accelerometer based handheld embedded device and its associated dynamic time warping (DTW) based algorithm for recognizing hand writing gestures. Device can be used to draw gestures for English lower case letters, Arabic numerals in their own style and speed. Furthermore the proposed device can detect different direction movement such as left, right, up, down, push and pull for employing video game and mobile game control. The accelerometer signals are processed within the device itself and result of recognition is transmitted via Bluetooth to smart device such as computer, smart phone, tablets etc. Furthermore we have introduced a novel method of fast and memory efficient implementation of DTW in embedded domain. Also we have developed an effective motion detection method based on adaptive mean value calculation of accelerometer signals also we introduced an effective template selection criterion. The effectiveness of proposed system and associated algorithm were validated through various experiments.

Biases and regularities of grapheme-colour associations in Japanese nonsynaesthetic population.

Associations between graphemes and colours in a nonsynaesthetic Japanese population were investigated. Participants chose the most suitable colour from 11 basic colour terms for each of 40 graphemes from the four categories of graphemes used in the Japanese language (kana characters, English alphabet letters, and Arabic and kanji numerals). This test was repeated after a three-week interval. In their responses, which were not as temporally consistent as those of grapheme-colour synaesthetes, participants showed biases and regularities that were comparable to those of synaesthetes reported in past studies. Although it has been believed that only synaesthetes, and not nonsynaesthetes, tended to associate graphemes with colours based on grapheme frequency, Berlin and Kay's colour typology, and colour word frequency, participants in this study tended in part to associate graphemes with colours based on the above factors. Moreover, participants that were nonsynaesthetes tended to associate different graphemes that shared sounds and/or meanings (e.g., Arabic and kanji numerals representing the same number) with the same colours, which was analogous to the findings in Japanese synaesthetes. These results support the view that grapheme-colour synaesthesia might have its origins in cross-modal association processes that are shared with the general population.

On the instability and constraints of the interaction between number representation and spatial attention in healthy humans: A concise review of the literature and new experimental evidence.

The relationship between number and space representation is still one of the most debated topics in studies of mathematical cognition. Here we offer a concise review of two important behavioral effects that have pointed out the use of a spatially left-to-right oriented mental number line (MNL) in healthy participants: the SNARC effect and the attentional SNARC effect (Att-SNARC). Following a brief summary of seminal investigations on the introspective properties of the MNL, we review recent empirical evidence and theories on the functional origin of the SNARC effect, where upon left/right response choices faster reaction times are found for small numbers with left-side responses and for large numbers with right-side responses. Then we offer a summary of the studies that have investigated whether the mere perception of visual Arabic numbers presented at central fixation can engender spatially congruent lateral shifts of attention, ie, leftward for small numbers and rightward for large ones, ie, the Att-SNARC effect. Finally, we summarize four experiments that tested whether the Att-SNARC depends on an active rather than passive processing of centrally presented digit cues. In line with other recent studies, these experiment do not replicate the original Att-SNARC and show that the mere perception of Arabic numerals does not trigger automatic shifts of attention. These shifts are instead found when the task requires the explicit left/right spatial coding of digit cues, ie, Spatial Att-SNARC (Fattorini et al., 2015b). Nonetheless, the reliability of the Spatial Att-SNARC effect seems not as strong as that of conventional SNARC effects where left/right codes are mapped onto responses rather than directly mapped on digit cues. Comparing the magnitude of digits to a numerical reference, ie, "5," also produced a Magnitude Comparison Att-SNARC that was weaker than the spatial one. However, the reliability of this Magnitude Comparison Att-SNARC should be considered with caution because, like in a study by Zanolie and Pecher (2014), we recently failed to replicate this effect in a separate behavioral-event-related potentials study in preparation (Fattorini et al., 2015a). All together the results from the present series of experiments support the hypothesis that spatial coding is not an intrinsic part of number representation and that number-space interaction is determined by the use of stimulus- or response-related spatial codes in the task at hand.

具身数量：感觉运动和身体运动对空间数量表征的影响

空间数量联结效应(Spatial-Numerical Associations, SNAs)是指包括阿拉伯数字在内的形式更广泛的数量与空间之间的联结效应。本文从感觉和身体运动的角度，详细概述了视觉系统和前庭系统，身体运动和手指计数对空间数量表征的影响，并用具身理论对其进行新的解释，认为数量认知源于感觉和身体经验。未来的研究需借助于脑成像等研究手段来深入探讨基于感觉和身体运动的空间数量表征的神经生理机制，以及从纵向发展角度考查手指计数活动与空间数量表征之间的本质联系。 The SNAs effect refers to the association effect between space and a wide range of quantities in-cluding Arabic numerals. In this paper, the effects of visual system and vestibular system, body motion and finger counting on SNAs are described in detail from the perspective of sensation and body movement. A new explanation is given with the theory of embodiment in this paper indicating that the cognition of numbers origins from the senses and physical experiences. Future research needs to explore the neurophysiological mechanism of SNAs based on sensory and body motion by means of brain imaging and other research methods, and examine the essential relationship between finger counting activity and SNAs from the perspective of longitudinal development.

Ensemble Neural Network in Classifying Handwritten Arabic Numerals

A method has been proposed to classify handwritten Arabic numerals in its compressed form using partitioning approach, Leader algorithm and Neural network. Handwritten numerals are represented in a matrix form. Compressing the matrix representation by merging adjacent pair of rows using logical OR operation reduces its size in half. Considering each row as a partitioned portion, clusters are formed for same partition of same digit separately. Leaders of clusters of partitions are used to recognize the patterns by Divide and Conquer approach using proposed ensemble neural network. Experimental results show that the proposed method recognize the patterns accurately.

Evidence for distinct magnitude systems for symbolic and non-symbolic number

Cognitive models of magnitude representation are mostly based on the results of studies that use a magnitude comparison task. These studies show similar distance or ratio effects in symbolic (Arabic numerals) and non-symbolic (dot arrays) variants of the comparison task, suggesting a common abstract magnitude representation system for processing both symbolic and non-symbolic numerosities. Recently, however, it has been questioned whether the comparison task really indexes a magnitude representation. Alternatively, it has been hypothesized that there might be different representations of magnitude: an exact representation for symbolic magnitudes and an approximate representation for non-symbolic numerosities. To address the question whether distinct magnitude systems exist, we used an audio-visual matching paradigm in two experiments to explore the relationship between symbolic and non-symbolic magnitude processing. In Experiment 1, participants had to match visually and auditory presented numerical stimuli in different formats (digits, number words, dot arrays, tone sequences). In Experiment 2, they were instructed only to match the stimuli after processing the magnitude first. The data of our experiments show different results for non-symbolic and symbolic number and are difficult to reconcile with the existence of one abstract magnitude representation. Rather, they suggest the existence of two different systems for processing magnitude, i.e., an exact symbolic system next to an approximate non-symbolic system.

Numerals and Arithmetic in the Middle Ages

Contents: Preface The abacus at Echternach in ca. 1000 A.D Abbon de Fleury, abaci doctor Algorismi vel helcep decentior est diligentia: the arithmetic of Adelard of Bath and his circle Ten or forty? A confusing numerical symbol in the Middle Ages Indian numerals in the Mediterranean basin in the 12th century, with special reference to the 'Eastern forms' The use of Arabic numerals among the three language cultures of Norman Sicily Why we read Arabic numerals backwards The Toledan Regule (Liber Alchorismi, part II): a 12th-century arithmetical miscellany, (with Ji-Wei Zhao and Kurt Lampe) Learning Indian arithmetic in the early 13th century Latin alphanumerical notation and annotation in Italian in the 12th century: MS London, British Library, Harley 5402 Fibonacci's 'method of the Indians' Addenda and corrigenda Indexes.

Distinctive Role of Symbolic Number Sense in Mediating the Mathematical Abilities of Children with Autism.

Despite reports of mathematical talent in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), little is known about basic number processing abilities in affected children. We investigated number sense, the ability to rapidly assess quantity information, in 36 children with ASD and 61 typically developing controls. Numerical acuity was assessed using symbolic (Arabic numerals) as well as non-symbolic (dot array) formats. We found significant impairments in non-symbolic acuity in children with ASD, but symbolic acuity was intact. Symbolic acuity mediated the relationship between non-symbolic acuity and mathematical abilities only in children with ASD, indicating a distinctive role for symbolic number sense in the acquisition of mathematical proficiency in this group. Our findings suggest that symbolic systems may help children with ASD organize imprecise information.

The number–time interaction depends on relative magnitude in the suprasecond range

Numerical representations influence temporal processing. Previous studies have consistently shown that larger numbers are perceived to last longer than smaller ones. However, whether this effect is modulated by the absolute or relative magnitudes of the numbers has yet to be fully understood. Here, participants observed single- and double-digit Arabic numerals in separate experimental blocks and reproduced stimulus duration of 600 or 1200 ms. Our results replicated previous findings that the duration of larger numbers was reproduced longer than that of smaller numbers within each digit set. Although the effect of numerical magnitude across single- and double-digit numerals was found when the numerals were presented for 600 ms, the difference was negligible when they were presented for 1200 ms, suggesting that relative magnitude is an important factor in the number-time interaction in the suprasecond range. These results suggest that contextual influence on number-time interaction may depend on the actual stimulus duration.

Time knowledge acquisition in children aged 6 to 11 years and its relationship with numerical skills

Acquisition of time knowledge (TK; the correct representation and use of time units) is linked to the development of numerical abilities, but this relationship has not been investigated in children. The current study examined the acquisition of TK and its association with numerical skills. A total of 105 children aged 6 to 11 years were interviewed with our Time Knowledge Questionnaire (TKQ), developed for purposes of this study, and the Zareki-R, a battery for the evaluation of number processing and mental calculation. The TKQ assessed conventional time knowledge (temporal orientation, temporal sequences, relationships between time units, and telling the time on a clock), estimation of longer durations related to birthday and life span, and estimation of the duration of the interview. Time knowledge increased with age, especially from 6 to 8 years, and was strongly linked to numerical skills. Regression analyses showed that four numerical components were implicated in TK: academic knowledge of numbers and number facts (e.g., reading Arabic numerals, mental calculation), number line estimation (e.g., correspondence between a number and a distance), contextual estimation (e.g., many/few leaves on a tree, children in a family), and numerical tasks involving verbal working memory (e.g., comparison of numbers presented orally). Numerical correlations with TK varied according to children’s age; subtests based on academic knowledge of numbers, working memory, and number line estimation were linked with TK in the younger children, but only contextual estimation was associated with TK in the older children.

Exploring mental representations for literal symbols using priming and comparison distance effects

Higher-level mathematics requires a connection between literal symbols (e.g., ‘x’) and their mental representations. The current study probes the nature of mental representations for literal symbols using both the priming distance effect, in which ease of comparing a target number to a fixed standard is a function of prime-target distance, and the comparison distance effect, in which ease of comparing two numbers depends on the distance between them. Can literal symbols that have been assigned magnitude access mental representations of quantity to produce distance effects? Forty participants completed number comparison tasks involving Arabic numerals and literal symbols, a training task, and a working memory task. While both distance effects were present with Arabic numerals, there was no evidence of either with literal symbols. Results suggest that literal symbols may not share the same mental representations of magnitude as other number formats or may access them differently. Additional research is needed to understand mental representations utilized in higher-level mathematics (e.g., algebra), which includes both Arabic numerals and literal symbols.

Retraction. Fenofibrate improves the impaired endothelial progenitor cell function through inhibiting eNOS uncoupling in diabetic mice.

The above article, published online on 24th December 2014 as an Accepted Article in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.13054/abstract), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Professor J. McGrath and John Wiley & Sons Limited. The retraction has been agreed owing to duplication of some images. In this paper, there is a figure duplication in Figure 8A (‘Control’ is from an identical tissue slice as ‘STZ+FF’). There are also partially overlapping figures in supplemental figures S3 and S5.The authors explain this as follows: ‘Our technician took fluorescence images and saved them in one folder using the Arabic numerals. Then we use[d] Photoshop to arrange the images. We chose the STZ+FF group image from the Control group by mistake.’ReferenceTing Zhao, Ya‐Ping Deng, Min Ni, Ji‐Kuai Chen, Zhang‐Peng Li, Dong‐Jie Li and Fu‐Ming Shen (2014), . Br J Pharmacol, doi: 10.1111/bph.13054

Industry-Specialist Audit Fee Premium and Financial Statement Complexity

In this paper, we examine whether the industry-specialist audit fee premium and scale discounts are attributable to financial statement complexity. Financial statement complexity is measured using a combination of the number of Arabic numerals, the number of words, and the readability of 10-K financial statement footnotes. We find that specialist auditors charge a premium for clients with higher financial statement complexity and, correspondingly, offer scale economy discounts to these clients as well. Interestingly, even though non-specialist auditors charge a higher fee for clients with higher financial statement complexity, they do not offer scale economy discounts to these clients. We also show that a client’s financial statement complexity is distinct from its operational complexity. Collectively, our results suggest that the industry-specialist auditors’ premium is attributable to auditors’ investment in resources to handle client complexity, and not monopoly rent or compensation for audit risk.

Isolated Handwritten Eastern Arabic Numerals Recognition Using Support Vectors Machines

In this paper, we present a comparison between the different variations of virtual retina (grid size) in features extraction with the support vectors machines classifier for isolated handwritten Eastern Arabic numerals recognition. For this purpose we have used for pre-processing each numeral image the median filter, the thresholding, normalization and the centering techniques. Furthermore, the experements results that we have obtained demonstrate really that the most powerful method is that virtual retina size equal 20x20. This work has achieved approximately 85% of success rate for Eastern Arabic numerals database identification.

Isolated Handwritten Eastern Arabic Numerals Recognition Using Support Vectors Machines

In this paper, we present a comparison between the different variations of virtual retina (grid size) in features extraction with the support vectors machines classifier for isolated handwritten Eastern Arabic numerals recognition. For this purpose we have used for pre-processing each numeral image the median filter, the thresholding, normalization and the centering techniques. Furthermore, the experements results that we have obtained demonstrate really that the most powerful method is that virtual retina size equal 20x20. This work has achieved approximately 85% of success rate for Eastern Arabic numerals database identification.

Grading abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture risk.

The aim of this paper was to develop a scoring system to grade the risk of rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) in individual patients. Computed tomography angiography of an AAA were coupled with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) evaluation performed using open source software (ElmerSolver, Institute of Technology, Espoo, Finland). CFD criteria studied were: Oscillatory Shear Index (OSI), time averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) and residence relative time (RRT) on both two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) models. AAA rupture predictors were analyzed and a scoring system was generated using Arabic numerals for all significant variables in order to grade the individual patient risk of rupture. There were 143 patients examined. Ninety-one AAAs (18 ruptured AAAs), and 52 had a non-aneurysmal aorta. The 2D OSI was the best CFD criterion following multivariate analysis and ROC curves evaluation. An AAA was deemed respectively at low, moderate, or high risk of rupture, according to whether the risk score was defined as AAA I (total score <2.3), AAA II (2.3-6.5) or AAA III (>6.5). The only protective factor was found in diabetes (OR=0.775; CI: 0.665-0.902). The Florence Risk Score for AAA rupture based on this report may be a useful tool to predict AAA rupture. A prospective multicenter registry will need to confirm its validity.

A Comparison between the Performances of Several Distances for Isolated Handwritten Arabic Numerals Recognition

A Comparison between the Performances of Several Distances for Isolated Handwritten Arabic Numerals Recognition

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The developmental onset of symbolic approximation: beyond nonsymbolic representations, the language of numbers matters.

Symbolic (i.e., with Arabic numerals) approximate arithmetic with large numerosities is an important predictor of mathematics. It was previously evidenced to onset before formal schooling at the kindergarten age (Gilmore et al., 2007) and was assumed to map onto pre-existing nonsymbolic (i.e., abstract magnitudes) representations. With a longitudinal study (Experiment 1), we show, for the first time, that nonsymbolic and symbolic arithmetic demonstrate different developmental trajectories. In contrast to Gilmore et al.’s (2007) findings, Experiment 1 showed that symbolic arithmetic onsets in grade 1, with the start of formal schooling, not earlier. Gilmore et al. (2007) had examined English-speaking children, whereas we assessed a large Dutch-speaking sample. The Dutch language for numbers can be cognitively more demanding, for example, due to the inversion property in numbers above 20. Thus, for instance, the number 48 is named in Dutch “achtenveertig” (eight and forty) instead of “forty eight.” To examine the effect of the language of numbers, we conducted a cross-cultural study with English- and Dutch-speaking children that had similar SES and math achievement skills (Experiment 2). Results demonstrated that Dutch-speaking kindergarteners lagged behind English-speaking children in symbolic arithmetic, not nonsymbolic and demonstrated a working memory overload in symbolic arithmetic, not nonsymbolic. Also, we show for the first time that the ability to name two-digit numbers highly correlates with symbolic approximate arithmetic not nonsymbolic. Our experiments empirically demonstrate that the symbolic number system is modulated more by development and education than the nonsymbolic system. Also, in contrast to the nonsymbolic system, the symbolic system is modulated by language.

Recognition of Arabic Handwritten Amount in Cheque through Windowing Approach

Arabic language is a semantic language that has differences when compared to English language. We are dealing with the handwritten Arabic Amount from cheques of Arabic banks . In this paper we proposed a windowing technique for the segmentation of the numerical amount, followed by an efficient moment invariants for features extraction . A maximum and minimum points technique used to isolate the Arabic (Hindi Digits) numerals. The feature vectors are grouped for each digit and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), is applied for the classification and recognition. This approach resulted in providing 99.5% of recognition rate.