Arabic Lexicon Research Articles

The Lexical Status of the Root in Processing Morphologically Complex Words in Arabic

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the effects of the Arabic root in the visual word recognition process among young readers in order to explore its role in reading acquisition and its development within the structure of the Arabic mental lexicon. We examined cross-modal priming of words that were derived from the same root of the target (/murattabun/-/tarti:bun/well ordered–order) relative to prime words that included three letters of the target but not root letters (/tura:bun/-/tarti:bun/soil-order) in two elementary-school age groups: second grade and fifth grade. The results showed facilitation in lexical decisions about target words, suggesting that the root is a lexical unit that plays a crucial role in the processing and representation of Arabic from the early stages of written language acquisition. This issue may stem from the morpho-orthographic nature of the written Arabic word and/or from the semantic information conveyed from the roots’ morpheme.

أهمية المعجم في ترسيخ مفهوم المواطنة

هدفت الدراسة للكسف عن دور المعجم في ترسيخ مفهوم المواطنة . حيث تم استخدام منهجين من مناهج الدرس اللغوي المعاصر: الأول- المنهج الوصفي بوصف مظاهر رصد المعجم للمبادئ التي تؤجج مشاعر الانتماء الوطني لدى أبناء اللغة. والثاني- منهج النقد المعجمي الذي يُعنَى بتقويم المعجم. حيث بُنِىَ البحث من مقدمة ومبحثين وخاتمة، عنوان المبحث الأول- مدخلات أولية، ويضم مطالب ثلاثة: الأول- تحديد الدلالة في المعجم العربي، والثاني- مصطلح المواطنة نشأته ومعناه، والثالث- متطلبات المعجم الجديد. ووسِم المبحث الثاني بالوطن والمواطنة في المعاصر والأساسي، ويشمل مطالب أربعة: الأول الجذر (و ط ن)، والثاني- مداخل المصطلحات المشتركة، والثالث- صياغة التعريف في المعجمين، والرابع- الأمثلة الداعمة للمواطنة. خلصت الدراسة إلى إن بالمعجمين المدروسين معلومات كثيرة ذات مسحة وطنية- وإن فاق أحدهما- غير موجودة بالمعاجم السابقة، وبهما جهد واضح، وفيهما تحقق مظاهر الصناعة المعجمية الحديثة، من جانب، ومظاهر معنى كون الفرد منتميًّا إلى بلد دون آخر وله ولاؤه، من جانب آخر، فضلًا عن وجود المداخل التثقيفية التي ترتبط بالمشاركة والفاعلية الحقيقية.

Generating core domain ontologies from normalized dictionaries

This paper proposes a general framework for automatic core domain ontology generation from LMF (ISO 24613) standardized dictionaries. The originality of this work lies not only in the use of a unique and finely structured source containing multi-domain and lexical knowledge of morphological, syntactic and semantic levels, lending itself to ontological interpretations, but also in the proper building of the taxonomic backbone of the domain ontology. To this end, we have integrated a validation stage into the proposed process in order to maintain the consistency of the resulting formalized domain ontology core throughout this process and support the checking of anomalies in the handled source. Furthermore, this generation process has been implemented in an iterative and incremental system based on domain- and language-independent rules. The reliability of the proposed process is proven through many experiments that have been conducted on various domains using normalized dictionaries, but without lack of generality, we choose to illustrate an experiment carried out on the Arabic language. This choice is explained by both the great deficiency of work on building of Arabic ontologies and the availability within our research team of an LMF-standardized Arabic dictionary.

A Verified Arabic-IPA Mapping for Arabic Transcription Technology, Informed by Quranic Recitation, Traditional Arabic Linguistics, and Modern Phonetics

In this paper, we present a detailed mapping from the graphemes of Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) to symbols from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) for automated transcription of Arabic text. This mapping is distinctive in several ways. First, the corpus used in rule development is the full text of the Qur’ān rendered in fully pointed MSA. Second, we validate our scheme via automaticallygenerated frequency distributions of Arabic letters and diacritics over the whole corpus to anticipate and disambiguate non-trivial, compound grapheme-to-phoneme events, thus reducing the number of letter-to-sound rules. Such difficult cases include: the definite article; the letters alif, wāw, and yāʼ; the variant forms of hamza; the tanwīn case mark; and words with special pronunciations. Finally, our mapping scheme is informed by theory and practice from medieval Arabic linguistics and traditional Quranic recitation or tajwīd; we make a novel contribution with new translations for ancient terms which incorporate concepts familiar to modern phoneticians. Our principal objective in automating Arabic-IPA transcription is to generate phonemic citation forms of Arabic words to enhance Arabic dictionaries, to facilitate Arabic language learning, and for natural language engineering applications.

Developing a Transition Parser for the Arabic Language

One of the most important Characteristics of the Arabic language is the exhaustive undertaking. Thus, analyzing Arabic sentences is difficult because of the length of sentences and the numerous structural complexities. This research aims at developing an Arabic parser and lexicon. A lexicon has been developed with the goal of analyzing and extracting the attributes of Arabic words. The parser was written by using a top–down algorithm parsing technique with recursive transition network. Then, the parser has been evaluated against real sentences and the outcomes were satisfactory.

Identifying the Old Semitic š in Arabic Lexicon in light of Semitic Languages

Identifying the Old Semitic š in Arabic Lexicon in light of Semitic Languages

ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ARABIC-MALAY BILINGUAL DICTIONARIES IN MALAYSIA

The emergence of Arabic language and Islamic religion in the Malay Archipelago which comprises the present day Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, Brunei Darussalam, part of the Philippines as well as southern Thailand gave birth to Islamic education through the medium of Arabic language. This was inevitable because of the mutual relationship between Arabic language and Islam. To have better understanding of the Quran as the primary source of Islam is to have mastery of Arabic language. Hence the Muslim scholars in the Malay Archipelago resorted to the writing of Arabic Malay dictionaries which could help in the proper understanding of Arabic texts such as the Quran and Hadith which were primarily in Arabic language. This effort continues from generation to another until modern times which gave rise to the production of different types of Arabic Malay bilingual dictionaries. Some of these dictionaries have contributed to the general education of the Malays for their precision in translation. This study however, is an attempt to examine and analyse the contributions of selected Malay Arabic dictionaries to the Malay world in order to determine their precision in translation from Arabic to Malay language with reference to their methodologies with the aim of suggesting standards by which an ideal and all-encompassing Arabic Malay bilingual dictionary could emerge.Keywords: Analysis, Impact, Arabic-Malay, Bilingual Dictionaries, Archipelago.

Probabilistic Approach to Arabic Speech Correction for Peoples with Language Disabilities

This work consists in achieving an automatic speech correction system for continuous Arabic speech with large vocabulary in mono-speaker mode. Two vectors to be generated: the first is an Arabic speech standard (probability of occurrence of each Arabic bi-phoneme), the second gives a probabilistic representation of the speech sequence to be corrected. Using these two vectors, phonemes that pose pronunciation problems to speakers and their replacements can be identified. The rest is a game of substitutions and belonging tests to an Arabic lexicon. For that, an acoustic model for Arabic speech and a lexicon of 4 million distinct words have been built. Results of the work were encouraging and present a reference for other works for people with language disabilities. A correction rate of 97% is reached.

Towards an automatic extraction of synonyms for Quranic Arabic WordNet

In this paper, we developed an automatic extraction model of synonyms, which is used to construct our Quranic Arabic WordNet (QAWN) that depends on traditional Arabic dictionaries. In this work, we...

ISO standard modeling of a large Arabic dictionary

AbstractIn this paper, we address the problem of the large coverage dictionaries of Arabic language usable both for direct human reading and automatic Natural Language Processing. For these purposes, we propose a normalized and implemented modeling, based on Lexical Markup Framework (LMF-ISO 24613) and Data Registry Category (DCR-ISO 12620), which allows a stable and well-defined interoperability of lexical resources through a unification of the linguistic concepts. Starting from the features of the Arabic language, and due to the fact that a large range of details and refinements need to be described specifically for Arabic, we follow a finely structuring strategy. Besides its richness in morphology, syntax and semantics knowledge, our model includes all the Arabic morphological patterns to generate the inflected forms from a given lemma and highlights the syntactic–semantic relations. In addition, an appropriate codification has been designed for the management of all types of relationships among lexical entries and their related knowledge. According to this model, a dictionary named El Madar1has been built and is now publicly available on line. The data are managed by a user-friendly Web-based lexicographical workstation. This work has not been done in isolation, but is the result of a collaborative effort by an international team mainly within the ISO network during a period of eight years.

Structure, form, and meaning in the mental lexicon: evidence from Arabic

Does the organization of the mental lexicon reflect the combination of abstract underlying morphemic units or the concatenation of word-level phonological units? We address these fundamental issues in Arabic, a Semitic language where every surface form is potentially analyzable into abstract morphemic units – the word pattern and the root – and where this view contrasts with stem-based approaches, chiefly driven by linguistic considerations, in which neither roots nor word patterns play independent roles in word formation and lexical representation. Five cross-modal priming experiments examine the processing of morphologically complex forms in the three major subdivisions of the Arabic lexicon – deverbal nouns, verbs, and primitive nouns. The results demonstrate that root and word pattern morphemes function as abstract cognitive entities, operating independently of semantic factors and dissociable from possible phonological confounds, while stem-based approaches consistently fail to accommodate the basic psycholinguistic properties of the Arabic mental lexicon.

Lost in Collocation: When Arabic Collocation Dictionaries Lack Collocations

Arabic has always been in bad need of collocation dictionaries. However, the only two recent English/Arabic & Arabic/English dictionaries that emerged, Dar El-Ilm’s Dictionary of Collocations (DEDC) and Al-Hafiz Arabic Collocations Dictionary (AACD) suffer from serious problems. Although DEDC has a wide range of items covered, it suffers from the serious problem of disregarding the Arabic legacy of collocational equivalents while translating the English terms. English collocation structures, therefore, are translated into free Arabic word combinations. AACD, on the other hand, has the perceived problem of the deficiency in the range of items covered for each entry, ignoring that Arabic, a lexically rich language, can provide a remarkable range of collocational material on different word entries. The two dictionaries would be of greater help for language learners and translation practitioners if those problems were addressed. This paper focuses on those particular weaknesses putting forward alternative suggestions about how to tackle the deficiencies.

Exploring and exploiting a historical corpus for Arabic

This paper presents a historical Arabic corpus named HAC. At this early embryonic stage of the project, we report about the design, the architecture and some of the experiments which we have conducted on HAC. The corpus, and accordingly the search results, will be represented using a primary XML exchange format. This will serve as an intermediate exchange tool within the project and will allow the user to process the results offline using some external tools. HAC is made up of Classical Arabic texts that cover 1600 years of language use; the Quranic text, Modern Standard Arabic texts, as well as a variety of monolingual Arabic dictionaries. The development of this historical corpus assists linguists and Arabic language learners to effectively explore, understand, and discover interesting knowledge hidden in millions of instances of language use. We used techniques from the field of natural language processing to process the data and a graph-based representation for the corpus. We provided researchers with an export facility to render further linguistic analysis possible.

Sentiment Analysis for Modern Standard Arabic and Colloquial

The rise of social media such as blogs and social networks has fueled interest in sentiment analysis. With the proliferation of reviews, ratings, recommendations and other forms of online expression, online opinion has turned into a kind of virtual currency for businesses looking to market their products, identify new opportunities and manage their reputations, therefore many are now looking to the field of sentiment analysis. In this paper, we present a feature-based sentence level approach for Arabic sentiment analysis. Our approach is using Arabic idioms/saying phrases lexicon as a key importance for improving the detection of the sentiment polarity in Arabic sentences as well as a number of novels and rich set of linguistically motivated features contextual Intensifiers, contextual Shifter and negation handling), syntactic features for conflicting phrases which enhance the sentiment classification accuracy. Furthermore, we introduce an automatic expandable wide coverage polarity lexicon of Arabic sentiment words. The lexicon is built with gold-standard sentiment words as a seed which is manually collected and annotated and it expands and detects the sentiment orientation automatically of new sentiment words using synset aggregation technique and free online Arabic lexicons and thesauruses. Our data focus on modern standard Arabic (MSA) and Egyptian dialectal Arabic tweets and microblogs (hotel reservation, product reviews, etc.). The experimental results using our resources and techniques with SVM classifier indicate high performance levels, with accuracies of over 95%.

Oxford Arabic dictionary: Arabic-English/English-Arabic

Endorsed by academics worldwide, the Oxford Arabic Dictionary is the most authoritative English-Arabic / Arabic-English dictionary ever published. Based on real modern evidence and computational analysis of hundreds of millions of words of both English and Modern Standard Arabic (the standardized variety of Arabic used in writing and in most formal speech), the dictionary boasts more than 130,000 words and phrases and 200,000 translations. This up-to-date resource has been designed for both Arabic and English native speakers and includes the latest vocabulary from computing, business, the media, and the arts, across both languages. The organization and layout have been designed for maximum clarity and ease of use. The most commonly used sense of each word is shown first, helping you to identify and understand the correct meaning, and more than 70,000 real-life example phrases help you interpret meaning and usage accurately. All Arabic text is shown with vowels to aid the learner of Arabic in pronunciation and comprehension and the Arabic-English section of the dictionary is usefully organised by root, which are listed alphabetically. The dictionary is also packed with extra features including tables of Arabic verbs, Arabic numbers, dates, and years, and irregular English verbs. Produced using the unique dictionary resources of Oxford University Press with an international team of expert advisors, the Oxford Arabic Dictionary is a ground-breaking work, essential for any serious student of Arabic and English, as well as academics, professionals, business people, teachers, and translators.

Identifying the Old Semitic š in Arabic Lexicon in Light of Semitic Languages

Identifying the Old Semitic š in Arabic Lexicon in Light of Semitic Languages

ARAPÇA SÖZLÜKLERDE ARAPÇA SÖZLÜKLERDE (

The aim of this study is to determine a sample word which is in the dictionary, and find how much of this word used in Qur’an. In the content of this article, there are h-l-k stem and the words that derived from this stem, what are these words mean in the Qur’an and what linguists have commented on this words. Thus, in dictionaries the words which have their meanings in Qur’an will be understood that which words have a place and what is it stem and what do they means in Qur’an. Words that derived from the h-l-k stem, pass in 261 places in the Qur'an. According to our research results only one of the seven verb derived from this stem, we have identified only seven from twenty-five names that involved in the Quran. This article describes how this course will provide the knowledge that there is a connection between the Qur’an and Arabic dictionaries. It will also show how many different meanings of a very famous and known word exist.

«Боль шой сло варь» Каирс кой ака де мии арабс ко го язы ка как аль тер на ти ва Ис то ри чес ко му сло ва рю арабс ко го язы ка Ав гус та Фи ше ра

«Боль шой сло варь» Каирс кой ака де мии арабс ко го язы ка как аль тер на ти ва Ис то ри чес ко му сло ва рю арабс ко го язы ка Ав гус та Фи ше ра

Azhary: An Arabic Lexical Ontology

Arabic language is the most spoken languages in the Semitic languages group, and one of the most common languages in the world spoken by more than 422 million. It is also of paramount importance to Muslims, it is a sacred language of the Islamic Holly Book (Quran) and prayer (and other acts of worship) in Islam is performed only by mastering some of Arabic words. Arabic is also a major ritual language of a number of Christian churches in the Arab world and it is also used in writing several intellectual and religious Jewish books in the Middle Ages. Despite this, there is no semantic Arabic lexicon which researchers can depend on. In this paper we introduce Azhary as a lexical ontology for the Arabic language. It groups Arabic words into sets of synonyms called synsets, and records a number of relationships between words such as synonym, antonym, hypernym, hyponym, meronym, holonym and association relations. The ontology contains 26,195 words organized in 13,328 synsets. It has been developed and contrasted against AWN which is the most common available Arabic lexical ontology. keywords: Arabic Language, Ontology, WordNet, Semantic Web, Arabic Lexicon.

More on “Arabic Linguistic Terminology in Pedro de Alcalá”

SummaryThe main purpose of this paper is to analyze Spanish linguistic terms and their translations into Arabic in Pedro de Alcalá’s (c.1455–post1505)Vocabulista arauiga en letra castellana, the first printed missionary Spanish–Arabic dictionary, which appeared together with hisArte para ligeramente saber la lengua arauiga(1505). In 1981 William Cowan published a list of Arabic grammatical and linguistic terms in the grammatical treatise (Arte). As will be demonstrated in the present study, Pedro de Alcalá’s dictionary is an even more important source for the study of Arabic linguistic terms as they circulated among ‘the wise alfaquis’ – the informants of Pedro de Alcalá – in Andalusia and Granada after the Conquest of 1492. In general, Pedro de Alcalá follows theVocabulario español-latino(c.1495) composed by Antonio de Nebrija (1441/44–1520), but it is obvious that he added a number of linguistic terms in hisVocabulistanot found in Nebrija’s work. The Arabic terms have a long history and had been developed for the Arabic language. These terms are analyzed in detail. Some of them are obviously erroneous, others are correct, and often the Arabic technical terms do not correspond (entirely) to the Spanish source entries, since technical terms in both languages have been developed for the description of different languages. This paper contributes to the historiography of descriptive linguistics in early modern Spain and particularly highlights which strategies Pedro de Alcalá followed when translating Graeco-Latin concepts into Arabic.