Arab Journalists Research Articles

Medicine and Arabic literary production in the Ottoman Empire during the nineteenth century

AbstractThe selection of nineteenth-century Arabic texts on medical education, medicine and health demonstrates the significant link between the revival of the Arabic language and literary culture of the nineteenth century, known as thenahda, and the introduction of medical education to the Ottoman Empire. These include doctor Ibrahim al-Najjar's autobiographical account of his studies in Cairo (1855), an article by doctor Amin Abi Khatir advising on the health and care of infants (1877), questions and answers in the major popular Arabic journalsal-Hilalandal-Muqtataf(1877–1901) and an article about a new tuberculosis treatment by doctor Anisa Sayba‘a (1903). Taken together they contribute to our understanding of the bottom-up production, reproduction and reception of global scientific knowledge, as well as to a social and intellectual history of science. We argue that the engagement with science during thenahdawas a multi-vocal and dialogical process, in which doctors and patients, journal editors and their readers, negotiated the implications of scientific knowledge for their own lives and their own society. The texts of the original documents and their translations can be found in the supplementary material tab athttps://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087422000413.

Mohammed Rasul Hawar and his attention to writing contemporary Kurdish history 1923-2006

Abstract: Muhammad Rasul Hawar as an intellectual Kurdish figure, appeared in the 30s and 40s of the last century in the political and educational field in southern Kurdistan, he was engaged in politics through (Hiwa) party, the same time he was very active in the field of journalism, he published a lot of historical, political and social essays in the Kurdish Arabic journals and newspapers after 1950s. After he was settled in London in 1980, he wrote a Bunch of historical work. The purpose of this paper is, shedding light on his life, stages and characteristics of historical writings by Hawar and mentioned the historical products. This research depends on the analytical history method for sharing information in the frame of scientific research. The research consists of two sections and results the first section emphasis on the (life of Muhammad Rasul Hawar and his historical products), the second section is about (Muhammad Rasul Hawar’s interest for history, motives, stages and characteristics of writing history). Key words:(Muhammad Rasul Hawar, Sheikh mahmood, history, simko, Kurdish and Northern Kurdistan).

AL-FAJR MAGAZINE AND ITS IMPACT ON INTELLECTUAL AND POLITICAL LIFE IN SUDAN 1934-1939

The press in Sudan differs from other African countries. If the latter’s press originated at the hands of Europeans, and at the hands of patriots in Arab countries, it originated in Sudan at the hands of foreigners loyal to Britain since 1899, the beginning of the (British-Egyptian) condominium. Therefore, the press was not free, did not express the opinion of the people and was only concerned with what the British administration wanted, and it continued to do so until 1932. However, in spite of that, “Al-Fajr” magazine was published in June 1934 for its founder and editor-in-chief Arafat Muhammad Abdullah, and “Al-Fajr” played a role in achieving the goals for which it was issued, namely politics and public demands. It played a dangerous role in intellectual and political life. and literature in Sudan. Al-Fajr was concerned with specific axes to re-write the history of Sudan, and called for the renunciation of fanaticism and tribalism, the abolition of the indigenous administration system, the “indirect” government system, and the fight against sectarianism and partisanship. "Al-Fajr" paid attention to the Arabic language and literature. Al-Fajr" magazine had aleading role in the "Alumni Conference" and crowned their struggle by holding the General Conference, and publishing its ideas, principles and demands, as "Al-Fajr" was considered an important event in the world of Sudanese journalism in terms of editing, classification and style, especially in the field of literary journalism and journalism of studies, research and articles. the magazine continued In its line and kept giving until it stopped in 1939 after the conference established, leaving behind a trail of a developed school in the field of Sudanese and Arab journalism.

Sudan's Position on the Palestinian Issue 1948-1966

This study is dealt the attitude of Sudan towards the Palestinian issue since the beginning of Arab –Zionist conflict 1948-1966. The study aimed to identify the basic information of Sudan people attitude and contribution in the conflict between Arab states and the Zionist entity as well as studying the causes of obstacles and failure of lack of qualifications and abilities for a country like Sudan that it did not have the authority to make a political decision, because Sudan did not have dependence until 1956. The research followed the method of the historical research in present and analyses the information that were collected from documents, books, and Arabic journals as well as records of League of Arab States until 1966. The study ends with Sudan independence 1956 and forming the first independent Sudanese government made up of several political parties led by Mr. Esmail AL-Azihary who had a moderate policy on international and regional stander, as well as Sudan support and defense of the Arabic legal issues which is the Palestinian issue is one of them on political and military level it one of Arabic nationality and African position.

Reporting quality of abstracts of systematic reviews/meta-analyses: An appraisal of Arab Journal of Urology across 12 years: the PRISMA-Abstracts checklist

ABSTRACT Objective We appraised the reporting quality of abstracts of systematic reviews/meta-analyses (SR/MAs) published in one urology journal and explored associations between abstract characteristics and completeness of reporting. Methods The Arab Journal of Urology (AJU) was searched for SR/MAs published between January 2011 and 31 May 2022. SR/MAs with structured abstract and quantitative synthesis were eligible. Two reviewers simultaneously together selected the SR/MAs by title, screened the abstracts, and included those based on inclusion/exclusion criteria. Data of a range of characteristics were extracted from each SR/MAs into a spreadsheet. To gauge completeness of reporting, the PRISMA- checklist (12 items) was used to appraise the extent to which abstracts adhered to the checklist. For each abstract, we computed item, section, and overall adherence. Chi-square and t-tests compared the adherence scores. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified the abstract characteristics associated with overall adherence. Results In total, 66 SR/MAs published during the examined period; 62 were included. Partial reporting was not uncommon. In terms of adherence to the 12 PRISMA-A items were: two items exhibited 100% adherence (title, objectives); five items had 80% to <100% adherence (interpretation, included studies, synthesis of results, eligibility criteria, and information sources); two items displayed 40% to <80% adherence (description of the effect, strengths/limitations of evidence); and three items had adherence that fell between 0% and 1.6% (risk of bias, funding/conflict of interest, registration). Multivariable regression revealed two independent predictors of overall adherence: single-country authorship (i.e. no collaboration) was associated with higher overall adherence (P = 0.046); and abstracts from South America were associated with lower overall adherence (P = 0.04). Conclusion This study is the first to appraise abstracts of SR/MAs in urology. For high-quality abstracts, improvements are needed in the quality of reporting. Adoption/better adherence to PRISMA-A checklist by editors/authors could improve the reporting quality and completeness of SR/MAs abstracts.

Comprehensive Study for Breast Cancer Using Deep Learning and Traditional Machine Learning

Comprehensive Study for Breast Cancer Using Deep Learning and Traditional Machine Learning

Trends in Media and Communication Research in Specialized Scientific Arab Journals: An Analytical Study

This paper deals with media and communication research trends in Arab countries through specialized scientific journals. It presents an analytical study that monitors and analyzes media and communication research trends through a sample of specialized scientific university journals from some Arab countries. The study concludes with a number of results, the most important of which are: -Reliance on the questionnaire as a tool for data collection in research (36.09%), followed by content analysis at a rate of 24.26%. -A large percentage of published research (70.1%) lacks scientific theories and approaches. -The predominance of individual research (76.92%) compared with joint research with bilateral research reaching 21.89%, and group research not exceeding 1.18% of the total sample research. -The interest of the published research was first in studying the content (36.98%), then the audience (19.23%), then the impact (13.31%), with a lack of research that dealt with the communicator and the medium. -The journal papers that formed the corpus of this study are showing an increasing interest in new media (21.89%) compared with a decreasing interest in traditional media.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 6 December 2021 / Accepted: 30 January 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022

Evaluating quality of Arab journals of special education

&#x0D; The quality of the research can be measured by a set of standards and indicators that focus on the idea of research originality, the depth of discussion, the literature analysis techniques, and the quality of research instruments. This research aims to evaluate the quality of Arab journals of special education (AJSEs). Five AJSEs were evaluated, all specializing in special education in the Arab world. The AJSEs were issued in Egypt, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. A checklist of 20 indicators was developed and applied to these journals. Results revealed that 5 indicators were highly met, 11 indicators were moderately met, and 4 indicators were low met in AJSEs. The results also indicated a difference in the quality indicators achievability (QIA) according to the journal's name. The QIA in International Journal for Talent Development, and Journal of Special Education and Rehabilitation was considerable. While, the QIA of the Saudi Journal of Special Education and Arab Journal of Disability and Talent Sciences was moderate, and it was low in Journal of Special Education.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Arab journals of special education, indicators, quality, scientific publishing, special education

The Effect of Palizin, Tondexir and Pymetrozine on The Green Cotton Aphid Aphis gossypii

Moghadam, M., B. Amiri-Besheli and M. Sharifi. 2022. The Effect of Palizin, Tondexir and Pymetrozine on The Green Cotton Aphid Aphis gossypii. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(4): 340-345. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.4.340345 The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of plant-based pesticides on the green aphid A. gossypii and also investigating the effect of adding citral oil to the plant pesticides. To carry out experiments on A. gossypii in nymph and adult stages, young soybean leaves of DPX cultivar were used (Katoul). For bioassay, first, the bulk solution was prepared and then, other concentrations (eight concentrations for each insecticide) were prepared and used. The results of this study showed that the palizin insecticide with citral oil at LC50 of 359.669 ml/l had the greatest effect on nymphs in-vitro, but when the same nymph stage was evaluated under greenhouse conditions, the highest efficacy was obtained with the mixture of pymetrozine and citral oil with LC50 of 295.242 ml/L. In the experiments performed on the adult stage under both greenhouse and laboratory conditions, the most desirable treatment was that of the mixture of herbal insecticide palizin and citral oil, and the LC50 obtained was 807.88 and 1249.14 ml/L under laboratory and greenhouse conditions, respectively. Keywords: Palizin, pymetrozine, tondexir, citral oil, cotton green aphid.

Biological Resistance to Okra yellow vein mosaic virus Using Three Biological Agents on Three Okra Cultivars

Jadoua, J.A. and M.A.W. Al-Fahd. 2022. Biological Resistance to Okra yellow vein mosaic virus Using Three Biological Agents on Three Okra Cultivars. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(2): 148-157. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.2.148157 A study was conducted in Al-Alam District, Salah Al-Din Governorate, Iraq, during the fall season 2019-2020, with the goal of diagnosing the local isolate of Okra yellow vein mosaic virus (OYVMV) from infected plants using polymerase chain reaction. A genomic segment of OYVMV with a size of 750 was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a set of specific primers. By amplifying a 750 bp band on agarose gel, the field isolate tested was identified as a member of the genus Begomovirus, which was related to an Indian isolate of the same virus. The study included determining the efficacy of three biological factors: (A) a medicinal plant preparation from A. Paniculara, (H) a preparation from Lion's mushroom (H. erinaceus and (P) a preparation from P. florescence bacteria which has impact on virus infection, as well as determining the response of three okra varieties to virus infection. The use of the three combined factors (A+H+P) outperformed other treatments reducing virus infection rate of the Petra okra variety to 26.67 % and severity to 10.66 % as compared to 100% for the control. The findings showed that there were substantial variation in the peroxidase enzyme activity and chlorophyll content, with the A+H+P treatment producing 59.14 units/mg protein for the Petra variety and 40.81 Spad for the Hasnawi variety. The results also showed that there were extremely significant differences in yield, with the triple treatment (A+H+P) yielding 833.96 gm/plant for the Star variety compared to 537.44 gm/plant for the infected control that was not treated. Keywords: Biological control, viruses, okra

The Accumulated Heat Units Required for the Development of the Different Stages of the Grape False Spider Mite, Tenuipalpus granati Sayed Under Laboratory Conditions

Al-Sweedi, T.M.M. 2022. The Accumulated Heat Units Required for the Development of the Different Stages of the Grape False Spider Mite, Tenuipalpus granati Sayed Under Laboratory Conditions. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(4): 351-355. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.4.351355 The grape false spider mite Tenuipalpus granati Sayed (Acariformes: Tenuipalpidae) is one of the significant pests on the grape trees in Iraq. The aim of this study was to determine the threshold temperature and calculate the heat units needed for the development time of the duration of this mite stage. Different incubation temperatures (10 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40±2°C), relative humidity (50-60±5%), and light:darkness period of 16: 8 hours were applied to rear this mite on the lower surface of the newly grown grape leaves. The results showed that the development time of the egg, larva, protonymph, and deutonymph (active, quiescent, active + quiescent) at temperatures 15, 20, 25, 30, and 35°C were decreased gradually with temperature increase. Furthermore, the development time of the eggs incubation period was 15.3, 4.98 days and the larva (active + quiescent) were 15.1, 4.43 days, and the protonymph (active + quiescent) was 14.4, 3.48 days and of the deutonymph (active + quiescent) was 15.6, 5.58 days for the effect of 15 and 35°C. Additionally, the development time from egg to adult was 60.00 and 18.26 days at 15 and 35°C, respectively. The threshold temperature was 6.73, 7.89, 9.38, 6.47 and 7.3 °C, respectively. Finally, the accumulated heat units required for the development time of each mite instar varied according to the threshold temperature difference and development time. Keywords: False red mite, heat units, Tenuipalpus granai, developmental rate.

Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis Isolates and Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Cellulase Enzyme Activity in Workers' Digestive System of the Termite Microcerotermes diversus Silv.

Kamel, S.H., R.F. Al-Jassani and H.A. Al-Shammari. 2022. Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis Isolates and Biologically Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles on Cellulase Enzyme Activity in Workers' Digestive System of the Termite Microcerotermes diversus Silv. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(4): 315-324. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.4.315324 The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different bacterial isolates of P. fluorescens and B. t. tenebrionis and silver nanoparticles on the activity of the cellulase enzyme in termites' middle digestive system and its role in glucose release by treating cellulose media with bacterial strains and nanoparticles. Ultraviolet spectroscopy results revealed that silver nanoparticles synthesized by P. fluorescens isolated from termites, commercial P. fluorescens, and local B.t. tenrbrionis had the highest absorption at 385, 324, and 324 nm wave length, respectively. Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that ketons, amines, alkanes, and alcohols were among the groups that contributed to silver ions reduction, capping and stabilizing nanoparticles. The particle diameters were measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and found to be on average 32.43, 63.19, and 57.62 nm. The highest concentration of liberated glucose was recorded after 24 hours, which ranged between 0.453 and 1.285 mg/ml when treated with silver nanoparticles prepared from a commercial isolate of P. fluorescens bacteria and when treated with a bacterial isolate P. fluorescens, respectively. Only when treated with synthesized silver nanoparticles and when treated with commercial P. fluorescens isolates did the lowest concentrations of liberated sugar reached between 0.037 and 0.730 mg/ml after 72 hours, respectively. The high quantity of liberated sugar in the control treatment was constant, reaching 1.70 and 2.33 mg/ml after 24 and 72 hours, respectively. In addition to the variation in cellulase enzyme inhibition rates in termite digestive systems due to the effect of different treatments, it was discovered that the local isolate of B. t. tenrbrionis was better than the rest of the isolates in affecting the enzyme, causing inhibition rates of 71.42%. Furthermore, silver nanoparticles synthesized from a commercial isolate of P. fluorescens outperformed other treatments in inhibiting enzyme activity, with an inhibition rate of 78.57% . Keywords: Pseudomonas fluorescens, Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis, silver nanoparticles, Microcerotermes diversus

Evaluation of Inhibition Efficiency of Some Bacteria Isolated from Greenhouse Soils on the Growth of the Pathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that Causes White Rot Disease on Vegetables in the Laboratory.

Al-Kubaisy, A.K.A. and H.H. Al-Juboor. 2022. Evaluation of Inhibition Efficiency of Some Bacteria Isolated from Greenhouse Soils on the Growth of the Pathogenic Fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that Causes White Rot Disease on Vegetables in the Laboratory. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(2): 140-147. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.2.140147 This study aimed to isolate beneficial bacteria from the soil of plastic houses planted with eggplant and cucumber at different locations of Baghdad Governorate and characterize them molecularly in addition to determining their antagonistic ability to inhibit six isolates of the pathogenic fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the causal agent of white rot disease. The isolation results showed that 18 different bacterial isolates were obtained from several fields in Baghdad governorate. Bacterial isolates showed antagonistic ability towards six isolates of the pathogenic fungus S. sclerotiorum (ScE1, ScE2, ScE3, ScE4, ScC1 and ScC2), and the inhibition rate ranged between 84.25 and 93.75%. The two bacterial isolates BE1 and BE6 excelled in plastic houses grown with eggplant plants, and the inhibition rate of the fungal pathogen reached 93.75%. Whereas, the bacterial isolate BC9 isolated from soils planted with cucumber plants achieved the highest inhibition rate of all fungal isolates, except isolate ScE1, which reached 84.25%. Bacterial isolates were identified molecularly and they were registered in the GenBank under accession numbers MZ436922, MZ436923, MZ436921 and MZ436920 for the isolates of Alcaligenes faecalis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively. Keywords: Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, biological control, molecular identification, eggplant

Study of Some Species of the Genus Gymnosporangium and its Host Plant Families in Al-Kadmous Region, Syria

Ghazal, I. and A. Shaheen. 2022. Study of Some Species of the Genus Gymnosporangium and its Host Plant Families in Al-Kadmous Region, Syria. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(4): 286-292. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.4.286292 This study was carried out to identify some rust fungi species of the genus Gymnosporangium and to determine their hosts in the Mediterranean mountain region of Al-Kadmous, Tartous Governorate, Syria, during the period 2017-2020. The identified species were described morphologically, and stages of their lifecycle was detected on each host plant and their occurrence (%) on mutual hosts was assessed. The monitoring of various tree species, which belong to the family Rosaceae (subfamily: Pomoideae) in addition to all species of cypress (Cupressaceae), has shown mainly the existence of four species belonging to Gymnosporangium: G. sabinae (Dicks.) Winter, G. gracile Pat., G. confusum Plowr. and G. clavariiforme (Wulfen) DC. The pycnia and the aecia stages were recorded on all cultivated pear trees (Pyrus sp.), and the wild pear or Syrian pear (Pyrus syriaca). The second species was found on the wild hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus and Crataegus monogyna) and quince (Cydonia sp.). As for the rest of the species, they were found only on wild hawthorn. In addition, the telial stage (Telia) of the four species was found on the primary or winter host juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus). Finally, it was noticed that the distribution of this genus depended entirely on the existence of the Juniper shrubs nearby the Pomoideae species. Keywords: Rust fungi, Gymnosporangium, Host Plant, Pomoideae, Juniper, Al- Kadmous Region, Syria.

ECOLOGY Susceptibility of Apple Varieties to Tetranychus urticae Koch and Panonychus ulmi Koch and its Relation to the Nutrient Contents and Spider Mite Predators in Apple Trees

El-Abdallah, J., M. Muflih and L.H. Aslan. 2022. Susceptibility of Apple Varieties to Tetranychus urticae Koch and Panonychus ulmi Koch and its Relation to the Nutrient Contents and Spider Mite Predators in Apple Trees. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(2): 119-126. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.2.119126 The susceptibility to T. urticae and P. ulmi of eight apple varaietis were studied in southern Syria (Sweida) from 2018 to 2020. Significant differences of susceptibility to the two species between apple varieties, in addition to significant differences of apple-leaf nutrients content (NPK) were found. Results obtained showed that apple-leaf nutrients content affect the susceptibility to the two spider mite species differently. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed positive correlation to P. ulmi with apple-leaf contents of potassium and negative correlation with apple-leaf contents of nitrogen and showed positive correlation between T. urticae numbers and nitrogen and phosphorous content. T. urticae had a weak correlation with potassium apple-leaf content in 2019. Cluster analysis showed that apple varieties were distributed in three clusters based on the studied factors in 2020. The first cluster included the varieties Top Red, Starking Delicious and Starking Red Delicious which were the most sensitive to P. ulmi. The second cluster included Golden Delicious, Golden 972 and Granny Smith, and those were less sensitive to P. ulmi and the third cluster included Ozark Gold and Royal Red and these varieties were moderately sensitive to P. ulmi. The effects of studied factors were clearer on P. ulmi than on T. urticae. Keywords: Apple, T. urticae, P. ulmi, Phytoseiidae, Principal component analysis, PCA.

Assessment of Ozone Gas Efficiency on the Biological Aspects of the Fig Moth Ephestia cautella on Zahdi Date

Al-Saadi, Th.A.M. and F.B. Hermize. 2022. Assessment of Ozone Gas Efficiency on the Biological Aspects of the Fig Moth Ephestia cautella on Zahdi Date. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(3): 240-246. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP40.3.240246 This study aimed to assess the efficiency of ozone gas in controlling the different stages of the fig moth Ephestia cautella (Pyralidae: Lepidoptera) (eggs, larvae, pupa, adults) that infect dates in storage. Four gas exposure periods (30, 60, 90, 120 minutes) were evaluated and the mortality rate of the different insect stages increased with increase in the exposure time. The mortality rate of insect adults reached 100% after an exposure period of 120 minutes, whereas the mortality rate of insect pupa was 66.66%. The mortality rate of larvae reached 100% following an exposure period to ozone gas of 120 minutes and five days after exposure. The study also showed that exposure of eggs to 120 minutes of ozone gas led to an inhibition of egg hatching rate of 37.47%, whereas the lowest insect eggs inhibition rate following 30 minutes 245 Arab J. Pl. Prot. Vol. 40, No. 3 (2022) exposure to ozone gas was 16.66%. The study also showed that the adults of Ephestia cautella were most affected when treated with ozone gas followed by larvae, whereas pupa and eggs were the least affected when treated with ozone gas. Keywords: fig moth, Ephestia cautella, Zahdi date, ozone gas.

First Record of the Two Insects Megaselia halterata and Lycoriella ingenua that Attack Some Edible Mushrooms in Iraq and Assessing the Damage Caused by them

Hassan, A.A. and A.R.M. Al-Qaissi. 2022. First Record of the Two Insects Megaselia halterata and Lycoriella ingenua that Attack Some Edible Mushrooms in Iraq and Assessing the Damage Caused by them. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(3): 209-214. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.3.209214 Invading insects were found in the fruiting bodies of the edible mushrooms Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus spp. at the mushroom farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tikrit, through the presence of holes, necrosis and tunnels in the mushroom fruits. Infested fruiting bodies containing larvae were collected and insects were reared in the laboratory for the purpose of diagnosis. The phenotypic diagnosis was confirmed by molecular diagnosis based on the nucleotide sequence of the cytochrome oxidase C subunit 1 gene (in mitochondria). The two insects were identified as Megaselia halterata and Lycoriella ingenua and were registered in the NCBI database under the accession numbers MZ021516.1 and MZ021517.1, respectively. This is the first record of these two species in Iraq. The study also included a description of the damage caused by these two insects on the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms A. bisporus and Pleurotus spp. Keywords: Molecular identification, mushroom fly, Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus spp

Occurrence of the Hyperparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis on Golovinomyces neosalviae (Erysiphaceae), Causal Agent of Powdery Mildew on Common Sage (Salvia officinalis)

Hamzeh, S., W. Naffaa and M.F. Azmeh. 2022. Occurrence of the Hyperparasite Ampelomyces quisqualis on Golovinomyces neosalviae (Erysiphaceae), Causal Agent of Powdery Mildew on Common Sage (Salvia officinalis). Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(2): 158-163. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-040.2.158163 Ampelomyces quisqualis, the oldest mycoparasite of powdery mildew (PM), has been widely studied due to its potential in biocontrol. Many strains of this hyperparasite have been experimented worldwide and some of them were successfully applied for biocontrol, but others have been less efficient. No previous identification of Ampelomyces strains has been done in Syria, but some isolates were morphologically identified in the coastal region. There was no indication of Ampelomyces occurrence in any other location in Syria. During this three years survey (2019–2021), 73 plant samples were collected from five governorates, including coastal and southern regions in Syria. Ampelomyces pycnidia were detected in five samples from the coastal area and a new unpredictable finding of Ampelomyces sp. was found in southern Syria. This new occurrence of Ampelomyces isolate (S.ham82) is documented on a new mycohost; Golovinomyces neosalviae, the causal agent of PM on common sage (Salvia officinalis). Successful isolation of S.ham82 on PDA was conducted and parasitic activity was assessed by artificial inoculation using In vitro detached leaf assay. Morphological characteristics of this isolate were determined and compared with isolate Bah1 from the coastal region. Ampelomyces sp. (S.ham82) pycnidia size were 77.44 (±17.16) x 25.28 (±6.12) µm in natural host, 125.27 (±42.34) x 115.95 (±40.14) µm, 189.51 (±60.06) x 167.64 (±52.41) µm on PDA media pre and post artificial inoculation, respectively, and 88.24 (±20.05) x 27.98 (±5.68) µm on inoculated detached leaves. Conidia were also morphologically characterized and measured 8.11 (±0.87) x 3.88 (±0.51) µm in natural host, 8.86 (±1.65) x 3.18 (±0.80) µm in PDA pre and post artificial inoculation, respectively, and 7.82 (±0.69) x 3.61 (±0.37) µm in inoculated detached leaves. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the natural occurrence of Ampelomyces sp. in G. neosalviae on Saliva officinalis. Keywords: Ampelomyces sp., Common sage, Golovinomyces neosalviae, Syria.

Effect of Chemical and Biological Control Components in Protecting Potatoes from Infection with Early Blight Disease Caused by Alternaria solani and its Impact on Growth and Yield

Shaabo, A., N. Deeb, M. Mufleh, R. Zaydan, A. Haj Hasan, L. Adra, A. Askriyeh and N. Sakkour. 2022. Effect of Chemical and Biological Control Components in Protecting Potatoes from Infection with Early Blight Disease Caused by Alternaria solani and its Impact on Growth and Yield. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(4): 325-333. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.4.325333 This study was carried out at Alsonawbar Station of the Agricultural Scientific Research Center in Lattakia, Syria during the spring of 2021 to evaluate the effect of different treatments for the control of potato early blight disease, and their effect on plant growth and potato yield and quality. Six treatments were evaluated: two chemical pesticides: Ranman 20% SC (cyazofamid), Moximate 50% WP (cymoxanil + mancozeb), three biological pesticides Bacillus subtilis, Beauveria bassiana and Trichoderma harizianum, in addition to the control. Results showed that Ranman treatment was superior, as it led to reduction of 20.18 and 5.61 % in disease severity and infection rate, respectively, two weeks after treatment, with a decrease of 25.80 and 20.46 %, respectively, compared to the control. With the same treatment, the leaf area and leaf area index reached 8438.75 cm2 /plant and 3.45 m2 /m2 , respectively, with an increase of 4827.75 cm2 /plant, and 1.97 m2 /m2 over the control treatment. Results also showed the superiority of Bacillus subtilis treatment in terms of tubers number, tubers weight, yield, and the proportion of marketable yield which reached 8.16 tuber/plant, 93.47 g/tuber, 3126.94 kg/donum, 95.30% marketable yield, respectively, which represented a reduction rate of 20.09%, 30.99%, 42.31%, 9.72%, respectively, over the control treatment. In addition, results showed that the highest dry matter and starch content was obtained in response to the chemical pesticides treatments. Key words: Alternaria solani, potato, chemical control, biological control, production

Effect of Different Treatments on Producing in vitro Healthy Vitis vinifera L. cv. Halwani Free From Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus-3

El-Samin, M., K. El-Maari and F. El-Biski. 2022. Effect of Different Treatments on Producing in vitro Healthy Vitis vinifera L. cv. Halwani Free From Grapevine Leafroll-Associated Virus-3. Arab Journal of Plant Protection, 40(4): 334- 339. https://doi.org/10.22268/AJPP-40.4.334339 This study was carried out during the period 2020-2021, to produce virus-free propagation material from Halwani cultivar of grape infected with Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3), by using the meristem tip culture technique together with thermal and chemical treatments. The meristem tip of 500 micrometers was excised from infected plants and placed on 1/2 MS medium which contains 0.5 mg/l BAP and 30 g/l sucrose. Virus presence or absence was confirmed by the ELISA test (DAS-ELISA). Results showed that the highest Percentage of virus free plantlets (87.67%) was obtained from the combined treatment, whereas the thermal treatment resulted in the lowest percentage of virus-free plants (56.25%). The results obtained also showed the significant superiority of using meristem-tip culture compared with all other treatments in terms of percent growing plants, which reached 98.13%. This study indicated that there were negative effects of all treatments on plant elongation, especially the thermal treatment, which gave the least plant growth elongation (0.33 cm). Keywords: Grapevine leafroll-associated virus, grape, meristem, thermal treatment, chemical treatment, DAS-ELISA