Arab Culture Research Articles

CHALLENGES OF TRANSLATING COVID-19 TERMINOLOGY INTO ARABIC: A STUDY OF MACHINE TRANSLATION AND LINGUISTIC MEANS

The COVID-19 pandemic has given rise to a plethora of new words and terminology in various languages, including Arabic. This linguistic phenomenon stems from the need to describe and discuss the unique circumstances and developments surrounding the pandemic. This study aims to find out the challenges faced by Arabic translators when incorporating these newly coined terms into the Arabic language and culture. The localization of COVID-19 terminology is a complex and challenging task, but it is essential to ensure that Arabic speakers have access to accurate and up-to-date information about the pandemic. The results indicate that there are linguistic and cultural challenges in the English-Arabic translation of COVID-19 prevention and control terminology. By using a variety of linguistic techniques, Arabic translators can help ensure that these new terms are accurately and effectively localized into Arabic.<p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/soc/0001/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

Clinical and prognostic implications of cardiopulmonary exercise stress echocardiography in asymptomatic degenerative mitral regurgitation

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): The Saudi Arabian Cultural Bureau. Background Current guidelines recommend intervention in severe degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR) in symptomatic patients or asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dilatation or dysfunction. The insidious onset of symptoms may mean patients do not report symptoms. The role of systematic exercise testing for symptoms in MR is not clearly defined. Methods 97 patients with moderate to severe, asymptomatic MR underwent exercise echocardiography combined with cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Predictors of exercise-induced dyspnoea, symptom-free survival and mitral valve intervention were identified. Results 18 (19%) patients developed limiting dyspnoea on exercise. Spontaneous symptom free survival at 24 months was significantly higher in those without exercise-induced symptoms compared to those with exercise-induced symptoms, p <0.0001. The only independent predictors of spontaneous symptoms at 2 years were effective regurgitant orifice area (odds ratio 27.45 (95% CI 1.43 – 528.40), p = 0.03) and exercise-induced symptoms (odds ratio 11.56 (95% CI 1.71 – 78.09), p = 0.01). The only independent predictor of surgery was indexed left ventricular systolic volumes (Odds ratio 1.17 (95% CI 1.04 – 1.30), p = 0.006). Where only patients undergoing surgery due to symptoms were included, the only independent predictor was exercise-induced symptoms (Odds ratio 13.94 (95% CI 1.39 – 140.27), p = 0.025). Conclusion In patients with primary asymptomatic degenerative MR, one fifth develop symptoms on exercise. This predicts subsequent development of spontaneous symptoms and mitral valve intervention due to symptoms.

Determinants of post-operative left ventricular dysfunction in degenerative mitral regurgitation

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): The Saudi Arabian Cultural Bureau. Background Chronic degenerative mitral regurgitation leads to volume overload causing left ventricular (LV) enlargement and eventually LV impairment. Current guidelines determining thresholds for intervention are based on LV diameters and ejection fraction. There is sparse data examining the value of LV volumes and newer markers of LV performance on outcomes of surgery in mitral valve prolapse. Purpose Identify the best markers of LV impairment after mitral valve surgery. Methods Prospective, observational study of patients with mitral valve prolapse undergoing mitral valve surgery. Pre-operative LV diameters, volumes, ejection fraction (LVEF), global longitudinal strain (GLS) and myocardial work measured. Post-operative LV impairment defined as LVEF < 50% at 1 year post-surgery. Results Eighty-seven patients included. 13% developed post-operative LV impairment. Patients with post-operative LV dysfunction showed significantly larger indexed LV end-systolic diameters (LVESD), volumes (LVESV), lower LVEF and more abnormal GLS than patients without post-operative LV dysfunction. In multivariate analysis, indexed LVESV (Odds ratio 1.11 (95% CI 1.01 – 1.23), p = 0.039) and GLS (odds ratio 1.46 (95% CI 1 – 2.14), p = 0.054) were the only independent predictors of post-operative LV dysfunction. The optimal cut-off of 36.3 ml/m2 for indexed LVESV had a sensitivity of 82% and specificity of 78% for detection of post-operative LV impairment. Conclusion Post-operative LV impairment is common. Indexed LV volumes (36.3ml/m2) provided the best marker of post-operative LV impairment.

Gender representation in animal-related proverbs: Algerian vs. Jordanian Arabic.

This study explores the connotative meanings in animal-related proverbs used to describe the behavior of men and women in Algerian and Jordanian societies. A questionnaire with 46 Algerian and 45 Jordanian animal-related proverbs was distributed to 30 native Arabic speakers enrolled at the University of Jordan. The analysis focused on adapted categories with a gender perspective, including inferiority, weakness, stupidity, ill-nature, objectification, ugliness, positivity, and shrewdness. Both Algerian and Jordanian animal-related proverbs exhibited diverse connotative meanings. Women were predominantly associated with derogatory connotations in both languages, portraying characteristics such as weakness, stupidity, inferiority, cunningness, and trickery. Similar characteristics were present in descriptions of men, but women in Arab cultures were consistently depicted as subordinate and denigrated. Conversely, men were portrayed with authority, control, superiority, and strength over women. Additionally, positive depictions included animals like gazelles, peacocks, partridges, cats, and horses to symbolize the beauty of women. Men's positive characteristics, such as strength, courage, and superiority, were associated with horses, camels, and lions. This study highlights the prevalent connotations in animal-related proverbs used to describe men and women in Algerian and Jordanian societies. It reveals derogatory portrayals of women, reinforcing their subordinate status, while men are depicted with authority and power. However, positive representations emerged, attributing beauty to women and highlighting admirable qualities in men. These findings shed light on the complex dynamics of gender portrayal within cultural proverbs, emphasizing the need for further examination of these linguistic expressions.

Physicians’ professionalism from the patients’ perspective: a qualitative study at a single-family practice in Saudi Arabia

IntroductionProfessionalism is a crucial component of medical practice. It is a culturally sensitive notion that generally consists of behaviors, values, communication, and relationships. This study is a qualitative study exploring physician professionalism from the patients’ perspective.MethodsFocus group discussions with patients attending a family medicine center attached to a tertiary care hospital were carried out using the four gates model of Arabian medical professionalism that is appropriate to Arab culture. Discussions with patients were recorded and transcribed. Data were thematically analyzed using NVivo software.ResultsThree main themes emerged from the data. (1) In dealing with patients, participants expected respect but understood delays in seeing physicians due to their busy schedules. In communication, participants expected to be informed about their health conditions and to have their questions answered. (2) In dealing with tasks, participants expected proper examination and transparency of diagnosis, but some expected the physician to know everything and did not appreciate them seeking outside opinions. They expected to see the same physician at every visit. (3) In physician characteristics preferences, participants preferred friendly smiling physicians. Some cared about the outer appearance of the physician whereas others did not.Discussion/conclusionsThe findings of the study explained only two themes of the four gates model namely dealing with patients and dealing with tasks. Cultural competence and how to benefit from patients’ perceptions to be an ideal physician should be incorporated into the process of physicians’ training.

The World Psychiatry Exchange Program in Iran: a unique academic and personal experience.

The World Psychiatry Exchange Program in Iran is an academic experience we are delighted to share. As two participating early career psychiatrists, a local psychiatry faculty member manager, and the lead founder and international coordinator of the programme, we focus in this article on the unfolding of this new learning experience, the difficulties we encountered and the main lessons learned by the participants: commonalities and differences in training and practice in general adult psychiatry and child psychiatry in Tunisia and Iran, as well as in idioms of distress between the Arab and Persian cultures.

GRAMMATICAL ANALYSIS CONCEPT AND FUNCTION

It is indisputable that (linguistic structure) is the real indication of the text, and in order to indicate a real significance, the interpretation of that interpretation is protected by essay and maqam clues that make us reach certainty of the intention of that text. 
 The researchers decided that the value of Arabic grammar has remained throughout history represented in the analysis of eloquent Arabic texts, and this analysis was practiced by scholars of different disciplines: commentators, commentators of the Sunnah, commentators of poetry, grammarians, and others, it is penetrating into the fabric of Arab culture is hardly devoid of a branch of Arabic, according to an audited researcher.
 To achieve this purpose, I followed in this research a plan based on an introduction, two sections, and a conclusion, as follows: 
 The first topic: grammatical analysis is a basic branch of linguistic analysis.
 The second topic: grammatical analysis, its function, evidence and patterns.
 Conclusion and the most important results.
 One of the most important things that the research decided is that grammatical analysis is one of the most important types of linguistic analysis, because checking grammatical links is an audit of the speaker's intention, in light of the context of the article and the context of the situation.

كلمة العدد (الإنجليزي)

كلمة العدد (الإنجليزي)

Problems in Translating Culturally Specific References in the Holy Quran Surat “Nissaa” as a Case Study

Quranic translations are hard to come by and remain an essential subject for translators and scholars in language translations. Nonetheless, translating the Quran is difficult, considering it has culturally bound terms and other linguistic devices that require understanding both the source and target languages. The current study aims to evaluate Culturally Specific References of the two famous translations of the Holy Quran. The first translation that will be considered is the English version of the Quran translated by Arberry (1986), and the second translation will be that of Khan 1998. The researcher extracted verses from Suran Nissaa from the two versions of the Quran. Using a comparative analysis technique, the researcher determined that both translators failed to correctly render and translate the culturally specific references. From the analysis, it is evident that most of the references needed to be correctly rendered. The study concludes that the cultural nature of the Quran calls for translators to understand the cultural contexts of both Source text and Target text properly. Besides, translators must have a nuanced understanding of Arabic culture and terminologies.

Stages of development of Arabic ( Andalusian literature) literature in Spain

Centers of Arabic culture and literature of the Middle Ages were established in Spain. This is related to the Arab expansion in the Iberian Peninsula, which lasted for almost eight centuries. During this time, the Arabs together with the Berbers, as well as the Arabized local Visigoths, were able to spread the Arabic language and literature in Andalusia. In Spain, centers of Arab culture and literature of the Middle Ages were created. From the eighth century, when the Arabs settled in Spain, the area of Arab culture expanded. Cordova, Granada, Almeria, Valencia and others became its centers in Andalusia (Arabic Spain). In Andalusian literature of the 8th-10th centuries. classical currents prevailed, in which the new style invaded. Prominent representatives of the poetry of this era are Al-Ghazali, Ibn Abd Rabihi, Ibn Hani, Ibn Daraj, Ibn Hazmi. In the Andalusian literature of the eleventh century, local color, original themes and poetic types were established. The rise of Andalusian poetry was soon followed by a decline. Ibn Zaydun, Ibn Abdun, Ibn Hafaja worked in this era.  An important event was the emergence of the original forms of strophic poetry, Muvashshahi and Zajal. From Andalusia it spread to all Arab countries. In turn, he influenced the development of early Provençal poetry. Ibn Kuzman is the greatest representative of the Zajal genre. Ibn Hazm, the author of the seminal treatise "The Dove's Necklace", stands out in prose. It is worth noting the mystic Ibn Tufail, the author of the allegorical philosophical story "Hay Ibn Yaqzan". Since the twelfth century, the Sufi direction has been important in Arab culture, whose outstanding representative is the Andalusian poet and philosopher Ibn al-Arab. He developed Sufi symbolism. Thus, three periods of the development of Arabic literature in Spain are distinguished. The earliest samples of Andalusian literature date from the second half of the eighth century. Thus, the most common genre of poetry is vasfi. It was in the Andalusian literature that strophic poetry - muwashshahi was formed in the ninth century.

COMPOSITION“KING ROGER” KAROL SHIMANOVSKY IN PRESENTING IDEAS BLESSING OF THE FAITH

The idea of worshiping Orthodoxy may have long hindered the recognition of the work in Poland itself, where Catholic religion became a component of national emblematics, although it premiered in Poland at the Warsaw Bolshoi Theater in 1926. But in the reference literature it is noted that “much greater success than in Warsaw was “King Roger” in musical Prague (1932) and later in Palermo in Sicily in 1949, where he was staged at the local Teatro Massimo with the participation of the famous Italian artists, in a re-enactment of Bronislaw Horowicz and under the direction of Mieczyslaw Mezheevsky”. And further the author of the same essay in the “Guide to the Opera” J. Kanski noted: “King Roger is an unusual opera. Unusual was already conceived in the imagination of the composer and masterfully realized by Yaroslav Ivashkevich the concept of libretto, which made the place of the action medieval Sicily, interweaving the atmosphere of austere asceticism of the then Christianity with the colorful and mysterious world of Arabic and Byzantine culture, in the figure of the Pastor, who later transformed into the Greek god Dionysus)”. Later on, Kanysky states a whole list of “oddities” that distanced this work from the general public – and the first in that list is “the strangeness of the music itself”, in which the opera-ballet and cantat-oratorial typological components exhibit a high level of artistry, has direct analogues neither in Polish nor in the world as a whole. J. Kansky’s sentence is as follows: what remains of Shimanovsky’s “work is beautiful and lonely”. Such a summary clearly ignores the Eastern and Central European analogies, since the impulse for K. Shimanovsky’s “Dionysian mysteriousness” can be traced back to O. Borodin’s “Polovtsian Ecstatic” the glorification of “severe asceticism” in “St. Francis of Assisi” by O. Messian, whose spiritual ideas were nourished by the Hesychastic energy of the prayerful ecstasy of the mysteriousness of O. Scriabin. However the recognition of K. Shimanovsky really only took place at the beginning of the third millennium, and the Christian background of the Scriabin ecstatic, which was vigorously discussed in the Odesa press in the 1910’s, along with the mysterious samples of the “Drama of the Spirit” by V. Rebikov – was not extended in the 1920’s – 1930’s, when only the folkloristic national-demonstration innovations of the composer were appreciated. In S. Gelman’s preface to the publication of the score of this work by K. Shimanovsky we find some reflections on its genre meaning, from which it is clear that “King Roger” does not represent a pure operatic discovery, but rather constitutes the border of opera and musical drama, marked, however, equally by elements of oratorial, and even features of the mysterious spectacle. This commentary sees the Wagnerian influence, without noticing at the same time the Eastern European origins of K. Shimanovsky’s score and the outspoken scribbling of the composition born in the Ukrainian South. In general, the work has the features of stage oratory, as we find it in the version of I. Stravinsky’s works, and later by K. Orff.

Bodies for Sale: Sex Tourism in Nabil Ayouch’s Much Loved (2015)

Bodies for Sale: Sex Tourism in Nabil Ayouch’s Much Loved (2015)

(472) The AM-EDITS: A New Tool for Evaluating the Arab Patient and Partner Satisfaction Following Penile Prosthesis Implantation

Abstract Introduction The Modified Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (M-EDITS) is recognized as a useful tool in English language to assess post penile prosthetic implantation (PPI) satisfaction. Nevertheless, a more global questionnaire remains to be introduced for the Arab population, where malleable PPI (MPPI) remains more popular, compared to the inflatable types. Due to the sensitivity of the topic and the conservative nature of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, a scarce body of related research is available. Objective Our primary goal was to develop a validated Arabic version of the M-EDITS adapted to the Arabic culture and introduce it as the AM-EDITS. Our secondary goal was to utilize it to investigate the levels of Arab patient and partner satisfaction after MPPI and its sustainability during and after the first 6 months of surgery. Methods This was a prospective 6-month follow-up study of 120 patients undergoing MPPI at our unit by a single surgeon. Three telephone encounters were conducted for each couple at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months postoperative (PO). For our study, we developed a validated Arabic version of the M-EDITS, coined as the AM-EDITS. The first encounter covered general patient perioperative experience, beginning from preoperative counseling till early after surgery. The second and third encounters focused on patient and partner satisfaction regarding implant utilization. Results The mean ages for the men and their spouses were 54.7±8.4 and 32.9±4.6 years, respectively. Over 82% of the patients in our study showed a decreased level of anxiety after preoperative counseling. 96% of the patients reported a positive experience regarding their early PO days with above half exceeding their expectations. After 3 months, 82.5% of the men were satisfied, describing their erections to be 80% close to natural. Of the 92.5% satisfied wives at 3 months, 78.5% were highly satisfied. Feeling sexually desirable by their husbands was reported in 93.4%. As opposed to the significant rise in men’s overall satisfaction and AM-EDITS index by 11.6% and 5.2 ± 0.8% (P <0.001), respectively after 6 months PO, partners demonstrated a 12.4% and 5.9 ± 0.8 decline (P <0.001), respectively, compared to the 3 months follow up. Conclusions The AM-EDITS may expand the global application of the original M-EDITS. MPPI represents a good quality of life treatment option for middle to low-income countries. Time has a positive effect on the Arab men’s PO satisfaction as opposed to their partners’. These findings should be considered during perioperative counseling of both parties to ensure sustainable satisfaction. Extended studies are necessary to confirm our findings as well as assess long-term PO satisfaction. Disclosure Any of the authors act as a consultant, employee or shareholder of an industry for: Coloplast

Gendered Social-interactional Contexts in Educational Institutions in Iraq

Social variables have a tremendous impact on the language spoken by the male and female genders, particularly in Eastern cultures. Because men and women in Arabic cultures are typically raised separately, they speak somewhat differently depending on their gender. Arabic is used exclusively in educational institutions in the Arab world. The objective of the present study was to examine certain social and linguistic aspects of the language spoken by females and males in mixed academic organisations from ‎the point of view of female academics. It also ‎examined some noted gender differences in previous gender studies of the interactional styles of the ‎two genders in higher education institutions in Iraq from the perspective of female ‎‎academics, as well as the results of Holmes and Stubbe’s (2003) work. Seventy female lecturers from a variety of disciplines at the University of Baghdad participated in the present research. The data analysis was quantitative in nature. The findings are discussed following a statistical analysis of the collected data using SPSS software. The researchers have reached a number of conclusions, including that female academics should be extremely careful in their choice of vocabulary when speaking to male colleagues because their vocabulary indicates their social status, which was rated as being very high. The female academics were found to use more polite words and compound sentences than did the male academics with regard to the topics of discussion and institutional interactions; none of the female academics disagreed with this point.

The role of Cultural Distance in the Adaptation of Arab Students to the Educational Environment of Russian Universities

In the 21st century, many universities seek to internationalize their educational activities. The number of foreign students is one of the indicators of the university’s success in the market of global educational services. The success of education, in its turn, depends on the students’ socio-cultural adaptation in the host country. In this study, we used cultural distance as a predictor of socio-cultural adaptation for students from Arab countries. When cultural distance is high, immigrants find it more difficult to adapt to the new environment. We conducted a socio-psychological survey among first-, second-, and third-year students from Morocco, Syria, and Egypt receiving education at the universities of Perm, Moscow, Astrakhan, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and St. Petersburg. Our study showed that cultural distance affects socio-cultural adaptation. It was the differences between Russian and Arab cultures in values, traditions, and appearance that affected the adaptation of Arab students in the Russian cultural environment. Our results can contribute to further research into the predictors of adaptation for foreign students. They can also be used to develop adaptation programs for Arab students studying not only in Russian universities, but worldwide.

Buṭrus al-Bustānī: Between Secularism and Christianity

Abstract The vast majority of studies on Buṭrus al-Bustānī (1819–83), a leading intellectual of the Arab Nahḍa, have focused on his intellectual “transitions” from the Maronite church to Protestantism and then to various secular pursuits, such as fostering a Syrian national identity, the separation of religion and politics, and supporting a political culture based on equal rights and religious ecumenism. The present article contends that the extant literature confers undue precedence to the secular over the religious in Bustānī’s intellectual biography. A balanced portrayal requires giving due weight to his engagement with religious matters, such as: a defense of Protestantism as the sole true faith; the divine character, textual integrity, and veracity of the Bible; and the rejection of Darwinism’s contradiction of aspects of his faith. The study also elucidates his explicit prejudices against Catholicism and Islam that were concomitant with his defense of freedom of conscience and support for revival of classical Arabic culture. The study shows that Bustānī strove to balance his loyalties to multiple intellectual orientations, creating tension within his own thought.

“EPISTEMICIDE” AND “MEMORICIDE”, LEGALIZED DESTRUCTION IN THE ARAB/MUSLIM WORLD

This article is a contribution to Postcolonial Trauma Studies. It aims to examine the ways in which Arab cultures bear the lasting aftereffects of the loss of al-Andalus that took place in 1492. Its focus is especially on the ramifications of such a key juncture in history that has enduringly contributed to the legitimation of the destruction of the Arab/Muslim cultures’ heritage. Western-centric knowledge came to license violence based on the demonization of the Other’s ways of knowing. Based on a postcolonial rethinking of trauma, the Arab cultures bear witness to the existence of the same discursive frameworks that made the destruction of the cultural heritage of al-Andalus possible.

Paradigma Pembelajaran Bahasa Arab (Analisis Kontrastif Metode Pembelajaran Konvensional dan Kontemporer)

This study uses the interpretivism paradigm to analyze the contrast between conventional and contemporary teaching methods in learning the Arabic language. The conventional teaching method emphasizes mastery of grammar and vocabulary through structured methods, while the contemporary method prioritizes communication and understanding of Arab culture. A literature review was conducted to understand the perspectives of experts in Arabic language learning and shows that contemporary teaching methods are more suitable for Arabic language teaching because it emphasizes communication skills and understanding of Arab culture. However, some studies show that conventional teaching methods are still crucial in strengthening the structured mastery of grammar and vocabulary. This article recommends using contemporary teaching methods in Arabic language learning by paying attention to the structured mastery of grammar and vocabulary and developing appropriate learning strategies based on students' needs and contextual factors.

Bioinformatics and network pharmacology-based study to elucidate the multi-target pharmacological mechanism of the indigenous plants of Medina valley in treating HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma

The incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) in Saudi Arabia is not surprising given the relatively high prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.Hepatitis C is also common in Saudi Arabia with a prevalence rate of 1% to 3% of the population,which further increases the risk of HCC. The incidence of HCC has been increasing in recent years, with HCV-related HCC accounting for a significant proportion of cases. Traditional medicine has long been a part of Saudi Arabian culture, and many medicinal plants have been used for centuries to treat various ailments, including cancer. Following that, this study combines network pharmacology with bioinformatics approaches to potentially revolutionize HCV-related HCC treatment by identifying effective phytochemicals of indigenous plants of Medina valley. Eight indigenous plants including Rumex vesicarius, Withania somnifera, Rhazya stricta, Heliotropium arbainense, Asphodelus fistulosus, Pulicaria incise, Commicarpus grandiflorus, and Senna alexandrina, were selected for the initial screening of potential drug-like compounds. At first, the information related to active compounds of eight indigenous plants was retrieved from public databases and through literature review which was later combined with differentially expressed genes (DEGs) obtained through microarray datasets. Later, a compound-target genes-disease network was constructed which uncovered that kaempferol, rhazimol, beta-sitosterol, 12-Hydroxy-3-keto-bisnor-4-cholenic acid, 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, 24-Methyldesmosterol, stigmasterone, fucosterol, and withanolide_J decisively contributed to the cell growth and proliferation by affecting ALB and PTGS2 proteins. Moreover, the molecular docking and Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation of 20 ns well complemented the binding affinity of the compound and revealed strong stability of predicted compounds at the docked site. But the findings were not validated in actual patients, so further investigation is needed to confirm the potential use of selected medicinal plants towards HCV-related HC.

Black Muslims and the Angels of Afrofuturism

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size AcknowledgmentsHeartfelt thanks to Abbas Rattani, Shimul Chowdhury, and Yusuf Siddiquee,organizers of the AlHamdu/Muslim Futurism project where this work was first presented. Heartfeltthanks to the Doris Duke Foundation for Islamic Art's Building Bridges initiative for supporting this work. And heartfelt thanks to the Sun Ra estate, Ihnfinity corporation, and Amina Baraka—as well as Camae Ayewa, Chelle Barbour, Antoinette Jackson, Jenn Nkiru, Tariq Touré, and Vanessa Taylor—for permissions, encouragement, inspiration, grace, and future consciousness.Additional informationNotes on contributorsEllen McLarneyEllen McLarney is Director of the Duke Islamic Studies Center and Associate Professor of Arabic Culture working on two interrelated projects: one on “Black Muslims and Racial Justice in the American South” and another a Doris Duke Foundation’s Building Bridges initiative featuring Muslim American poets and musicians of African descent. The aim is engaging in reckoning, consciousness raising, and reconciliation through the arts while raising awareness about anti-Black and anti-Muslim bias in the North Atlantic.Solayman IdrisSolayman Idris’s Times of the Signs trilogy applies metaphysical principles, strategic planning and grand design to African American global futures. Idris’s New World Mahdist Literatures politicize weapons of spiritual war and call for establishment the newest continental African Nation State, “Orun,” as reparations for American Descendants of Slaves. A literary Ark of the Covenant Sunrise in the West, StarLogic, and Dusk Orientalis tell us how we got here and guide Us to where We’re going …