ARS Group Research Articles

The Industrial Design Model in Italy at the Stage of Formation. The Aemilia Ars Group

The article considers the formation of the industrial design model in Italy in the peculiarity of socio-political conditions at the turn of the 20th century. Orientated towards the prospects of the design industrial culture, the progress of new art tended towards two vectors of development: a strong influence of traditional heritage of the great classical past and passion for modern examples of European design schools. The design, formed within the boundaries of the Italian regional version of the Art Nouveau style, stile Liberty, became a product of a specifically Italian design and artistic culture with a strong designer’s original creative beginning. It allowed freedom of experimentation in the search for its own unique means of expression. The industrial model of design was determined by the experience of the great craft heritage in addition to the influence of the artistic traditions of the new style. The new “revival” of the artistic industry of Italy took place in symbiosis of the activities of an artist-designer and artistic craft and industrial production. The Aemilia Ars group, as a regional design and production association, became an exemplary model of industrial design in Italy. The multidisciplinary structure of the association, which included a collaboration of architects, designers, and artisans specialising in various areas of the art industry, allowed the implementation of interdisciplinary tasks: from architectural restoration to interior design solutions. The group was an example of a unique design culture focused on a scientifically based approach, regional craft artistic traditions and an original style of a creative experiment. The great design-artistic and technological heritage as well as design potential of the Aemilia Ars craft traditions can still be found in the practice of a number of local associations of embroiderers of modern Bologna.

Dual Approach to Depression: The Combined Efficacy of Intermittent Hypoxia and Fluoxetine in Modulating Behavioral and Inflammatory Responses.

Background/Objectives: Mental disorders pose a significant public health challenge, affecting millions worldwide. Given the limitations of current therapies, many patients experience inadequate responses and adverse effects. Intermittent hypoxia (IH) has demonstrated anxiolytic, antidepressant, and neuroprotective properties in various protocols. This study investigated the effects of acute IH (13% O2, 1 h), fluoxetine (FLX) and their combination on depression-like behavior, serum corticosterone, and inflammatory cytokine levels induced by acute restraint stress in C57BL/6 female mice. Methods: Behavioral assessments included the tail suspension test, forced swim test, and open field test. Results: The combined IH + FLX treatment exhibited a synergistic effect, reducing immobility time and increasing latency time, respectively, in the tail suspension test (46%, p = 0.0014; 73%, p = 0.0033) and forced swim test (56%, p = 0.0082; 48%, p = 0.0322) compared to the ARS group. Biochemical analysis revealed that individual and combined treatments significantly reduced most inflammatory interleukins by up to 96%. Corticosterone levels were reduced by 30% only in the IH group. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of a one-hour IH session, particularly when combined with fluoxetine, to alleviate depressive-like behaviors and exert anti-inflammatory effects, suggesting a promising therapeutic approach for depression.

Periodontal host-modulation therapy with avocado/soybean unsaponifiables in rats with arthritis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) in the treatment of induced periodontitis in rats with experimental arthritis. Sixty rats were randomly assigned to 4 groups according to the type of treatment and the systemic condition of the animals: CTR-S: healthy animals in which saline solution (SS) was administered; ASU-S: healthy animals in which ASU (0.6 mg/kg) was administered; AR/ASU-S: animals with induced arthritis in which ASU was administered; AR-S: animals with induced arthritis in which SS was administered. Periodontitis was induced by ligatures, maintained for 15 days. Subsequently, the treatment was performed by scaling with hand instruments. The SS and ASU were administered daily by gavage until euthanasia of the animals that occurred at 7, 15 or 30 days after the scaling procedure (N.=5 animals/group). Bone resorption, inflammatory infiltrate composition, and osteoclastogenesis were assessed. The AR-S group had greater bone loss, smaller amounts of fibroblasts and larger amounts of inflammatory cells than all other groups. In addition, the AR-S group had greater osteoclastogenesis in relation to the healthy animal groups. The use of ASU improved the healing pattern after treatment for experimental periodontitis in animals with arthritis reducing the periodontal bone loss.

CO‐Boosted Protocol for the Photocatalytic C−H Thiolation of Aldehydes Using Phenylthiobenzenesulfonate

AbstractThe formyl C−H thiolation of aldehydes using thiosulfonates and the decatungstate anion as a photocatalyst is reported. Using this photocatalytic protocol together with a CO atmosphere, both aromatic and aliphatic thioesters can be synthesized in good yields. The transformation consists of a cascade of double SH2 reactions, HAT and an ArS group transfer. CO atmosphere effectively limits the extent of decarbonylation of acyl radicals that are generated in the reaction.

The histopathological effects of sleep disorders on striated muscle in rats.

To histopathologically examine the change in gastrocnemius muscle created by sleep disorder in rats. This study was carried out at Giresun University, Turkey from December 2018 to January 2021. A total of 30 Wistar rats were separated into 3 groups as the control group (CG), absence of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep (ARS) group, chronic absence of sleep (CAS) group. The lack of sleep was created in all rats. At the end of 21 days, all the rats were euthanized. Degeneration and regeneration findings, and expressions of muscle RING finger 1 (MuRF1), muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX 2), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) in the gastrocnemius muscles were evaluated histopathologically and immunohistochemically. Degeneration was found to be greater in the ARS and CAS groups compared to the CG. Regeneration was determined to be significantly lower in the CAS group compared to the ARS group and control group. The number of atrophic fibres was greater in the CAS and ARS groups than in the control group. The IGF1 staining in the CAS group was found to be stronger than in the other 2 groups. This study demonstrated an increase in findings of degeneration in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats with a lack of sleep. The regeneration was reduced in the group with chronic lack of sleep.

Differences in muscle magnetic resonance imaging findings between anti-signal recognition particle antibody-positive myopathy and anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibody-positive myositis.

To compare the findings of muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) between anti-signal recognition particle antibody-positive myopathy (anti-SRP myopathy) and anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase antibody-positive myositis (anti-ARS myositis). Of the patients newly diagnosed with polymyositis (PM)/dermatomyositis (DM) and immune-mediated necrotising myopathy (IMNM) admitted to our Department between April 2012 and December 2021, those who met the eligibility criteria of positive for anti-SRP or anti-ARS antibodies and thigh MRI at the time of diagnosis were included. We compared the lesion sites and MRI findings of the thigh muscles that were classified into oedema, fascial oedema, fatty replacement, and muscle atrophy between the three groups of anti-SRP myopathy, anti-Jo-1 antibody-positive myositis, and non-Jo-1 antibody-positive myositis. Of the 98 PM/DM and IMNM patients, five anti-SRP myopathy patients and 11 anti-Jo-1-positive and 22 non-Jo-1 antibody-positive patients with myositis were included. The SRP group showed significantly higher blood levels of myogenic enzymes such as serum creatinine kinase (CK) than the other groups (p=0.01). In thigh MRI findings, despite oedema in most cases in anti-SRP and anti-ARS groups, fascial oedema was identified only in the ARS group, frequently in Jo-1 positive patients in particular. Moreover, gluteus maximus muscle lesions occurred more frequently in the SRP group than in the ARS group (p=0.008). A comparison of thigh MRI between anti-SRP myopathy and anti-ARS myositis showed different findings and lesion sites reflecting the different pathophysiology that may contribute to their diagnosis.

Comparative Analysis of Mucociliary Clearance and Mucosal Morphology Using High-Speed Videomicroscopy in Children With Acute and Chronic Rhinosinusitis.

evaluation of mucociliary clearance and mucosal morphology using high-speed videomicroscopy, and their association with markers of disease severity in children with acute (ARS) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). A total of 67 children aged from 6 to 17 years including 15 healthy children, 20 pediatric patients with acute rhinosinusitis, and 32 cases with chronic rhinosinusitis were enrolled in the present study. SNOT20, Lund-Kennedy, and Lund-Mackay scores were also evaluated. Children with rhinosinusitis were characterized by significantly lower number of cells with motile cilia, ciliary beat frequency, cilia length, and cell viability, as well as ciliary beat asynchrony, epithelia dystrophy and reduced epithelial cell height, being more severe in ARS group. Neutrophil infiltration of sinonasal mucosa was more profound in children with ARS, whereas the number of lymphocytes was significantly reduced. Markers of ciliary function were characterized by a significant correlation with epithelia dystrophia and neutrophil infiltration. Discriminant analysis demonstrated significant group separation based on the parameters of mucociliary clearance and mucosal morphology. In regression models mucociliary function was also associated with SNOT20, Lund-Kennedy, and Lund-Mackay scores. The results of the present study demonstrate significant alteration of mucociliary clearance and mucosal morphology and its association with sinonasal inflammation and disease severity in patients with rhinosinusitis. Given a tight association between altered mucociliary clearance and severity of the disease, modulation of inflammation and ciliary function both in acute and chronic rhinosinusitis may be considered as the potential tool in therapeutic and surgical management of the disease.

Effect of Alkylresorcinols on Autophagy, Migration, and Invasion of HepG2 Cells.

Alkylresorcinols are phenolic lipids that mainly exist in the cortex of grains, and they exhibit anticancer activity against various cancer cells in vitro. However, the underlying action mechanisms are still unclear. In our study, the influence of alkylresorcinols C19:0 and C21:0 (ARs) upon migration, invasion, and autophagy in human hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells was evaluated. Results showed that ARs at 80 and 160 µg/mL significantly suppressed cells proliferation, migration, and invasion, downregulated the expression of proteins RhoA and MMP-7 associated with migration and invasion. ARs at 160 µg/mL, the rate of LC3 puncta was appreciably increased. After autophagy was blocked by 3-MA or CQ, the expression of LC3II was significantly increased in 3-MA+ARs group and p62 was significantly decreased in CQ+ARs group. The results indicate that ARs may promote autophagic flow. ARs (80, 160 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the expression of proteins p-mTOR, p-PI3K, and p-Akt related to the PI3K/Akt pathway. The results of the present study suggest that ARs can activate autophagy and suppresses the biological behaviors of HepG2 cells by inhibiting the activation of MMP-7, Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase, and activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The anticancer mechanism of ARs in wheat bran was studied, which provided a basis for the development of anticancer functional auxiliary food with wheat bran as raw material. It is of great practical significance to promote the effective utilization of grain processing by-products and improve the economic benefits of the grain industry.

Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy patients with different autoantibody exhibit unique peripheral blood T cell subsets

Abstract Idiopathic inflammatory myopathy (IIM), a heterogeneous group of systemic autoimmune diseases, is characterized clinically by weakness of skeletal muscle. Patients with IIM often show a myositis-specific autoantibody (MSA) such as anti-melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA5 group) or anti-aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS group, including Jo-1, EJ, PL-12, PL-7, OJ, and KS), indicating that the adaptive immune system may alter in IIM patients. T cells (CD3+) play important roles in regulation of the adaptive immune system and usually subdivide into naïve cells (TN) and memory T cells (TM). Based on the surface expression of different cell markers, TM cells can be divided into central memory T (TCM, CD45RA−CD62L+) and effector memory T (TEM, CD45RA−CD62L−) cells. After antigenic stimulation, a subset of TEM cells re-expresses CD45RA, called TTEMRA. Here we examined peripheral blood T cell subsets in MDA5 group (n=22), ARS group (n=34) and healthy control individuals (HC group, n=30) using flow cytometry analysis. We found that TTEMRA population was increased in MDA5 group. TN population was reduced and TTEMRA population was enhanced in ARS group. Th17 and Th1 cells were more abundant in MDA5 and in ARS group, respectively. Treg cells was increased in both of MDA5 and ARS group. In addition, in MDA5 group, death patients (n=5) had fewer Treg cells compared with alive patients (n=17), suggesting reduced Treg cells may be associated with mortality. Therefore, peripheral blood T cell subsets may be correlated with specific clinical manifestations for IIM patients with distinct MSA.

The characterization, pharmacokinetic, and tissue distribution studies of TPGS-modified artesunate liposome in rats

Objective: The objective of this study (ARS-TPGS-Lipo) was to enhance the stability, encapsulation efficiency (EE), improve AUC, circulation time and liver targeting of ARS-TPGS-Lipo.Methods: ARS-TPGS-Lipo was prepared by thin-film dispersion method and characterized by TEM. The EE, in vitro release and stability of ARS-TPGS-Lipo were detected by HPLC and UV. In addition to the safety evaluation, the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution studies were also carried out after i.v. administration.Results: The size, PDI, zeta potential, and EE of ARS-TPGS-Lipo were 126.7 ± 9.9 nm, 0.182 ± 0.016, −10.1 ± 1.43 mV, and 78.8 ± 1.89%, respectively. ARS-TPGS-Lipo showed the slow-release effect in vitro release experiments. The AUC of ARS in the ARS-TPGS-Lipo group was 7.51 times higher than in the ARS group after i.v. administration and the circulation time was significantly prolonged. The tissue distribution results showed the components of artesunate and its metabolism DHA of the ARS-TPGS-Lipo group were much higher in liver than the ARS-Lipo group.Conclusion: ARS-TPGS-Lipo was prepared successfully, which had the smaller vesicles size with a better PDI, better stability, higher EE, and slow-release. The results of safety evaluation indicated that ARS-TPGS-Lipo had no hematotoxicity and hepatorenal toxicity. The pharmacokinetic studies indicated ARS-TPGS-Lipo had higher AUC, longer circulation time and better liver targeting.

Tissue distribution of TPGS modified artesunate liposome and its metabolites in rats

Artesunate, which is a widely used anti-malaria medicine, can be made into liposome to overcome its poor bioactivity. Its tissue distribution in rats may change with different dosage forms, which therefore shall be studied after ARS-TPGS-Lipo was injected. Based on this experiment, ARS-TPGS-Lipo and ARS-Lipo were prepared by thin-film hydration method. LC-MS/MS method was used to simultaneously determine ARS and DHA in rat tissues at different time points. The results showed that this method was suitable for the content analysis of ARS and DHA in biological samples. The distribution of ARS and DHA in ARS-TPGS-Lipo, ARS-Lipo and ARS groups were quite different. The content of ARS-TPGS-Lipo in liver was the highest, with significant differences.ARS and DHA contents in ARS group eliminated rapidly. ARS and DHA contents in ARS-Lipo group were higher in liver and spleen, while those in ARS-TPGS-Lipo group significantly increased only in liver (P<0.05).

FEATURES OF MICROBIOCENOSIS OF NOSE MUCOUS MEMBRANE DURING ATOPIC AND POLYPOUS RHINOSINUSITIS

Study of microbiocenosis of nose mucous membrane during allergic rhinosinusitis. Patients with polypous (PRS) and atopic (ARS) rhinosinusitis were examined, as well-as a control group.. Standard general clinical methods taking differential diagnostics ofatopic diseases and rhinitis into consideration were used for the PRS and ARS diagnosis. Microbial content during different forms of rhinosinusitis has varying directionality that is deter- mined by different pathogenetic mechanisms. ARS microflora has a significantly extended range and was characterized by an increase of concentration. of opportunistic microorganisms not characteristic for normoflora. Microbial composition for PRS was significantly depleted by a lack of certain permanent members of microflora, whereas the quantity of opportunistic bacteria was significantly above normal.. Disturbance of microbiocenosis in patients with allergic rhinosinusitis was detected, more pronounced in the PRS group. Staphylococcus strains isolated from patients with ARS and PRS possess pathogenic properties in equal ratios, wherein the per- centage of strains in ARS group that have persistence properties is higher than in other studied groups. This could give evidence regarding their role in development of inflammatory process on the nose mucous membrane.

Circulating sclerostin and estradiol levels are associated with inadequate response to bisphosphonates in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis

IntroductionThe biological mechanisms associated with an inadequate response to treatment with bisphosphonates are not well known. This study investigates the association between circulating levels of sclerostin and estradiol with an inadequate clinical outcome to bisphosphonate therapy in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis. MethodsThis case-control study is based on 120 Spanish women with postmenopausal osteoporosis being treated with oral bisphosphonates. Patients were classified as adequate responders (ARs, n=66, mean age 68.2±8 years) without incident fractures during 5 years of treatment, or inadequate responders (IRs, n=54, mean age 67±9 years), with incident fractures between 1 and 5 years of treatment. Bone mineral density (DXA), structural analysis of the proximal femur and structural/fractal analysis of the distal radius were assessed. Sclerostin concentrations were measured by ELISA and 17β-estradiol levels by radioimmunoassay based on ultrasensitive methods. ResultsIn the ARs group, sclerostin serum levels were significantly lower (p=0.02) and estradiol concentrations significantly higher (p=0.023) than in the IRs group. A logistic regression analysis was performed, including as independent variables in the original model femoral fracture load, 25 hydroxyvitamin D, previus history of fragility fracture, sclerostin and estradiol. Only previous history of fragility fracture (OR 14.04, 95% CI 2.38–82.79, p=0.004) and sclerostin levels (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02–1.20, p=0.011), both adjusted by estradiol levels remained associated with IRs. Also, sclerostin concentrations were associated with the index of resistance to compression (IRC) in the fractal analysis of the distal radius, a parameter on bone microstructure. ConclusionsSclerostin and estradiol levels are associated with the response to bisphosphonate therapy in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Preliminary Assessment of a New Antireflux Ureteral Stent Design in Swine Model

To assess a new antireflux ureteral stent in animal model. The design expects to reduce morbidity associated with JJ ureteral stents. Twelve pigs were used in this study. The study began with a nephrosonographic assessment and excretory urography. Afterward, measurement of the internal diameter of both ureteropelvic junctions (UPJ) by retrograde ureteropyelography was performed. A 3 Fr (ARS group) antireflux ureteral stent was placed in the right kidney and a JJ 4 Fr (JJ group) stent was placed in the left. Follow-ups were performed at 3-6weeks; both stents were removed at 6weeks. The final follow-up was completed at 5months. This includes the above-mentioned diagnostic methods and an anatomopathological study. There were no significant differences in UPJ diameter evolution between groups. During renal damage assessment, significant differences at 3 and 6weeks were found, renal dilation being larger in JJ group. The JJ group shows a higher degree of vesicoureteral reflux at 3 and 6weeks. After assessment of ureteral orifice, significant differences between groups were found at 3weeks, 6weeks, and 5months, damage being more severe in the JJ group. After anatomopathological assessment, no statistical significance at UPJ was observed. However, statistical significance was found at ureterovesical junction, damage being more severe in the JJ group. The antireflux ureteral stent design dilates the upper urinary tract without affecting ureterovesical junction, and consequently reduces morbidity associated with JJ ureteral stents. Therefore, its patient tolerance will possibly be better than that to existent designs.

Do questions help? The impact of audience response systems on medical student learning: a randomised controlled trial

BackgroundAudience response systems (ARSs) are electronic devices that allow educators to pose questions during lectures and receive immediate feedback on student knowledge. The current literature on the effectiveness of ARSs...

Aortic root surgery improves long-term survival after acute type A aortic dissection

ObjectiveOur objective was to analyze the long term survival of patient operated on for acute type A aortic dissection. MethodsBetween 1990 and 2010, 226 patients underwent emergency surgical operation for acute type A aortic dissection. We have followed the long-term outcomes. Results144 patients were operated on with a supracommissural replacement of the ascending aorta (SCR) and 82 with an aortic root surgery (ARS, including 77 Bentall procedures and 5 Tirone David operations). Aortic cross-clamp was longer in ARS group (150.8 vs. 103.6min, p<0.0001). Overall in-hospital mortality was lower in ARS group (20% vs. 34%, p 0.03). Median follow-up was 11.6years. 10-year survival was higher in ARS group (85.7% vs. 65.9%, p 0.03) and 10-year freedom from aortic root reoperation was significantly lower in ARS group (93.4% vs. 82.9%, p 0.02). In a multivariate analysis aortic root surgery was an independent protective factor for proximal reoperations OR 0.393, CI 95% [0.206–0.748], p=0.005. ConclusionsOur study suggests that complete aortic root replacement in type A aortic dissection does not burden short-term outcomes, improves long-term survivals and decreases the rate of late reoperation. Whether this approach has to be preferred in younger patient has to be demonstrated in further studies.

Structural and Solvent Effects on the C–S Bond Cleavage in Aryl Triphenylmethyl Sulfide Radical Cations

Steady-state and laser flash photolysis (LFP) studies of a series of aryl triphenylmethyl sulfides [1, 3,4-(CH(3)O)(2)-C(6)H(3)SC(C(6)H(5))(3); 2, 4-CH(3)O-C(6)H(4)SC(C(6)H(5))(3); 3, 4-CH(3)-C(6)H(4)SC(C(6)H(5))(3); 4, C(6)H(5)SC(C(6)H(5))(3); and 5, 4-Br-C(6)H(4)SC(C(6)H(5))(3)] has been carried out in the presence of N-methoxyphenanthridinium hexafluorophosphate in CH(3)CN, CH(2)Cl(2), CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)CN, and CH(2)Cl(2)/CH(3)OH mixtures. Products deriving from the C-S bond cleavage in the radical cations 1(•+)-5(•+) have been observed in the steady-state photolysis experiments. Time-resolved LFP showed first-order decay of the radical cations accompanied by formation of the triphenylmethyl cation. A significant decrease of the C-S bond cleavage rate constants was observed by increasing the electron-donating power of the arylsulfenyl substituent, that is, by increasing the stability of the radical cations. DFT calculations showed that, in 2(•+) and 3(•+), charge and spin densities are mainly localized in the ArS group. In the TS of the C-S bond cleavage an increase of the positive charge in the trityl moiety and of the spin density on the ArS group is observed. The higher delocalization of the charge in the TS as compared to the initial state is probably at the origin of the observation that the C-S bond cleavage rates decrease by increasing the polarity of the solvent.

Homogeneous Nickel Catalysts for the Selective Transfer of a Single Arylthio Group in the Catalytic Hydrothiolation of Alkynes

A novel homogeneous catalytic system has been developed for the regioselective hydrothiolation of alkynes based on CpNi(NHC)Cl complexes (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene). The designed catalyst was efficient for the selective addition of a single ArS group to an alkyne and was suitable for the synthesis of vinylsulfides, without side reactions leading to bis(arylthio)alkenes. Furthermore, this catalytic system allowed for the S−H bond addition to alkynes to be performed with high regioselectivity (up to 31:1) and in good yields (61−87%). A mechanistic study showed that this reaction involved three steps: (1) a nickel-based substitution of chloride for the ArS group, (2) alkyne insertion into the Ni−S bond, and (3) protonolysis of the Ni−C bond. The intermediate CpNi(NHC)(SAr) complexes were unambiguously characterized by X-ray analysis.

Kinetics and mechanism of the aminolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl and 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl thiolacetates

The reactions of the title substrates with alicyclic secondary amines and pyridines are subject to a kinetic study in water [25 °C, ionic strength 0.2 mol dm–3(KCl)]. The Bronsted-type plots obtained for all reaction series are non-linear, indicating the existence of a tetrahedral intermediate (T±) in the reaction pathway and a change in the rate-limiting step involving formation and breakdown of T±. Calculated curves based on the above hypothesis fit the experimental data well. From estimations of both the pKa of the T± formed in the reactions with secondary amines and the rate of arylthiolate ion expulsion from T±(k2) it is deduced that the rate coefficient for proton transfer from T± to a base is lower than k2. The centre of the Bronsted-type curvature for the reactions of the dinitro derivative lies at pKa= pKa°= 8.9 (alicyclic amines) and 6.6 (pyridines). For 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl thiolacetate, pKa°= 7.8 (alicyclic amines) and 4.9 (pyridines). These figures show that pyridines leave T± at a rate (k–1) slower than isobasic secondary amines (the k2 value is independent of the amine nature). From estimations of k–1 and k2 based on the aminolysis of other aryl thiolacetates the pKao values of both reaction series are predicted. These show reasonable agreement with the experimental values. Comparison of these reactions with the aminolyses of aryl acetates indicates that the ‘push’ provided by ArO (to expel a given amine) from an analogous oxy-T± is slightly stronger than that exerted by an isobasic ArS group in T±.