Triton X-100 Aqueous Solution Research Articles

Resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionizationtime-of-flight mass spectrometry for direct analysis of liposome-encapsulated compounds.

The direct measurement of compounds encapsulated into liposomes without pretreatment allows verification of both the encapsulation efficiency and the release rate of liposomes in their original state. In the present study, the direct analysis of liposomes was conducted via resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionizationtime-of-flight mass spectrometry (REMPI-TOFMS). When analyte species (2-phenoxyethanol) encapsulated in liposomes were measured online, spike signals appeared in a time profile of the peak area for 2-phenoxyethanol, which suggested a dispersion of the compound in this sample. In addition, the spikes disappeared when the liposomes collapsed following the addition of a Triton X-100 aqueous solution. These results strongly suggest that the appearance of spikes arises from the compound encapsulated into the dispersed liposomes. REMPI-TOFMS has an inherent characteristic of superior selectivity, which suggests that this process would be useful for achieving a precise evaluation of the release properties of target compounds even in a liposome sample containing a large variety of components.

The Interaction Of Homodimer Styrylcyanine Dyes With Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate And Triton X-100.

Solubilization of the styrylcyanine dye Sbt ((E)-2-(4-(dimethylamino)styryl)-3-methylbenzo[d]thiazol-3-ium iodide) and its homodimers Dbt-5 and Dbt-10 in aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 has been studied by steady state and picosecond time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. At low concentration of sodium dodecyl sulfate in solution, between Sbt, Dbt-5 dyes molecules and surfactant ion pairs are formed followed by the formation non-luminescent H-aggregates. The nature of the interaction between molecules of dyes and surfactants has been revealed. The binding constants Ks of the dyes to the surfactants, free energy changes (ΔG0), the number of dye molecules (n) included in a single micelle and photophysical parameters have been determined. The degree of solubilization of dyes in micellar solution of Triton X-100 is higher as compared to sodium dodecyl sulfate and depends on the molecular weight and size of both dye molecules and micelles.

Self-aggregation of zinc bacteriochlorophyll-d analogs with an acylhydrazone moiety as the 13-keto-carbonyl alternative.

Zinc methyl 3-hydroxymethyl-pyropheophorbides-a possessing an acylhydrazinylidene group at the 131-position were prepared by chemically modifying chlorophyll-a, which were models of bacteriochlorophyll-d as one of the light-harvesting pigments in photosynthetic green bacteria. Similar to the self-aggregation of natural bacteriochlorophyll-d in the antenna systems called chlorosomes, some of the synthetic models self-aggregated in an aqueous Triton X-100 solution to give red-shifted and broadened visible absorption bands. The newly appeared oligomeric bands were ascribable to the exciton coupling of the chlorin π-systems along the molecular y-axis, leading to intense circular dichroism bands in the red-shifted Qy and Soret regions. The self-aggregation in the aqueous micelle was dependent on the steric size of the terminal substituent at the 13-acylhydrazone moiety. An increase in the length of the oligomethylene chain as the terminal moved the red-shifted Qy maxima to shorter wavelengths, and branched alkyl and benzyl substitutes afforded no more self-aggregates to leave monomeric species in the hydrophobic environment inside the micelle. These results indicated that the acyl groups on the 13-hydrazone as the alternative of the natural 13-ketone regulated the chlorosome-like self-aggregation.

Self-aggregation of synthetic zinc bacteriochlorophyll-d analogs with pinacol boronates on the B-ring

Zinc 3-hydroxymethyl-131-oxo-bacteriochlorins possessing a variety of pinacol boronates on the B-ring were prepared from chemical modification of naturally occurring chlorophyll-a. The synthetic bacteriochlorophyll-d analogs were dissolved into an aqueous Triton X-100 solution to exhibit red-shifted and broadened electronic absorption bands with reversed S-shape circular dichroism bands, compared with their monomeric bands. The behaviors indicated that most synthetic models possessing a bacteriochlorin π-system self-aggregated inside the aqueous micelles to give similar oligomers as the J-aggregates of bacteriochlorophyll-d bearing a chlorin π-skeleton in major light-harvesting antennas of green photosynthetic bacteria, chlorosomes. The methylboronate self-aggregated more largely than the phenylboroante, and the self-aggregation was suppressed by ortho-substitution on the phenyl ring: phenyl > 1-naphthyl ≫ 9-anthryl and phenyl > 2,6-dimethylphenyl. Along with an increase in the size of the substituents on the boron atom of their boronates, the formation of the chlorosome-like self-aggregates decreased substantially.

Instability and symmetry breaking of surfactant films over an air bubble

We examine the asymmetric flows of aqueous surfactant films over an air bubble. A thin film is formed by raising an equilibrated air bubble through an aqueous solution of Triton X-100 (0.01 mM, below critical micelle concentration). Due to the advection generated by the squeezing motion, the initially uniformly distributed surfactants redistribute and, thus, generate an axisymmetric surface tension gradient that drives a Marangoni flow. The external forcing of raising the bubble also creates an axisymmetric dimpled film with a radial thickness variation that reaches its minimum at the rim of the dimple. The curvature in the film thickness generates an axisymmetric capillary pressure driven flow. When the apex of the bubble has penetrated the initially flat air-solution interface, the rising bubble is stopped and the resulting flow demonstrates symmetry breaking both in the experiment and in the parameter matched numerical simulation. Linear stability analysis reveals the mechanism behind the disturbance growth. It is found that the most dangerous azimuthal wavenumber scales linearly with the ratio of the rim radius to the radial width of significant radial pressure and surface tension gradients after stopping the bubble. Finally, we compare this instability to the previously studied surfactant spreading induced fingering phenomenon (Warner, Craster & Matar, Phys. Fluids, vol. 16, issue 8, 2004, pp. 2933–2951).

Micellar extraction and spectrophotometric determination of quinoline yellow in drugs

A distinctive feature of modern drugs is a complex multicomponent composition, including both medicinal and auxiliary substances. The synthetic food dye Quinoline yellow (QY) is widely used for color correction, however, the determination of QY by the spectrophotometric method is impossible without separating the preparation from the matrix. Micellar extraction with polyoxyethylated alkylphenols Triton X-100 and OP-10 is proposed as an alternative to solid-phase extraction and traditional extraction with organic solvents. The phase separation of aqueous and aqueous-salt solutions of Triton X-100 and OP-10 with a con-centration of 1 to 10% is studied in various modes: polythermal (when heated to cloud point) and isothermal (salting out at 25°C). Sodium and ammonium sulfates and sodium carbonate are used as salting-out agents. Their salting-out ability decreases in the series Na2CO3 > Na2SO4 > (NH4)2SO4. The effect of the acidity of the medium and the nature of the electrolyte on the state of the QY in aqueous and aqueous micellar solutions is also studied. The form of the dye does not change within the pH range 1 – 8 and with the addition of Na2SO4, (NH4)2SO4. At higher pH values and in the presence of Na2CO3, structural changes occur in the molecule. The intensity and position of the maximum in the absorption spectrum change in the presence of surfactant micelles (bathochromic shift, Δλ = 8 nm). The dye distribution between the aqueous and micellar phases is studied in different modes of phase separation. It is shown that the systems with the addition of sodium and ammonium sulfates in the salting-out mode (R > 97%) have the best extraction characteristics. Optimal conditions for the maximum single extraction of the dye in the concentration range of 1 – 10 mg/liter in the aqueous solution C(surfactant) — 10%, solution volume — 10 ml, Na2SO4 — 0.84 g, temperature — 25°C, time — 30 min. A rapid and easy to use method of QY extraction concentration from orodispersible tablets (lozenges) is developed. The error of the method does not exceed 5%. The verification of the correctness of the method, carried out by HPLC, proved the absence of a systematic error.

固体平板と気泡間に形成される液膜の排水過程における中心膜厚に及ぼす水中の電解質の影響

The drainage and rupture of the thin liquid film formed between a bubble and a flat mica plate have been investigated. It is known that the bubble coalescence can be prevented in electrolyte aqueous solution, and its effects strongly depends on the type of electrolyte. In this study, by using two types of electrolyte aqueous solutions (0.05 M MgSO4 aqueous solution and 0.05 M CH3COONa aqueous solution) and surfactant aqueous solution (10 ppm Triton X-100 aqueous solution), evaluate the effects of impurities on the behavior of the liquid thin film. The effect of the approach velocity also is also evaluated. By using an optical interferometer and a high-speed video camera, interference fringe images are taken, and the shape of the liquid thin film formed between a bubble and a flat mica plate can be obtained. The effect of solute in transition on the thin film process in the center of the liquid film is investigated. Under conditions of 2 mm bubble diameter and the approach velocity of 50 μm/s or less, the thickness of the central film increases, and the spreading of the liquid film is suppressed when electrolytes are added into water.

Effective lipase extraction: Designing a natural liquid support for immobilization

The search of competitive extraction tools for extraction and containment of the enzymes biotechnologically produced in aqueous media is one appealing option to be investigated in transesterification biocatalysis. In this work, the use of a natural deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of cholinium chloride and glucose has been demonstrated to be a suitable liquid support for lipolytic enzymes. After confirming the absence of detrimental effects on the biocatalytic activity of a model Candida antarctica lipase (CaLB), the segregation capacity of the natural DES in aqueous solutions of the surfactants Triton X-100 and Triton X-102 was concluded at different temperatures. After a thorough characterization of the immiscibility regions, the ability to extract CaLB from aqueous solutions was investigated for different feed compositions in two distinct tie-lines, concluding the suitability of operating at low water contents to reach about 70% of extraction to the DES-rich phase. Finally, almost no deleterious effects were detected when several alcohols were introduced in this phase, thus confirming the suitability of cholinium chloride:glucose-based DES as a liquid support to immobilize lipolytic enzymes.

Synthesis and wettability of cellulose based composites by aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant

The synthesis and characterization of the new UV-cured polymeric composites with microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as a bio-filler are presented. The different contents of MCC from 0% to 20% wt. were applied. The polymeric parts of the composites were: bisphenol A glycerolate diacrylate (BPA.DA) as a cross-linking monomer and N-vinylpyrrolidone (NVP) as an active diluent. Due to the application of bulk polymerization method and UV-initiator (2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone), regular plates with the dimensions of 60 × 50 × 3 mm were obtained. The surface properties of the obtained solids were determined by the infrared spectra (ATR-FTIR) and optical profilometer as well as the values of the solid surface tension calculated from those of the contact angle of model liquids and van Oss et al. approach to the solid-liquid interface tension. Next the contact angle measurements of aqueous solutions of the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX100) (C = 10−6–10−3 M) were performed in the time range from 0 to 12 min for each drop. It was proved that with the MCC addition the composites become more hydrophobic and the TX100 adsorption at the solid-water interface as well as the surface structure are not the same as at the water-air one. Also the wetting and the spreading processes depend on the amounts of hydroxyl groups on the composites surface and the surface roughness as well as on the conformation and hydration of hydrophilic parts of TX100 molecules.

Choline dihydrogen phosphate-based deep eutectic solvent: A suitable bioplatform for lipase extraction

In this work, we have demonstrated the suitability of a novel Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) composed of cholinium dihydrogen phosphate and ethylene glycol at a molar ratio of 1:2 (ChDHP:EG) to extract Candida antarctica lipase B from aqueous solutions of non-ionic surfactants Triton X-100 and Tween 80. The binodal curves were firstly explored at temperatures between 298.15 and 333.15 K and the experimental data were correlated by means of empirical models based on exponential and polynomial equations. The tie-lines have been ascertained by means of density and refractive indices measurement, and Othmer-Tobias, Bancroft and Setschenow equations were proposed to correlate these data. The Tween 80-based Aqueous Biphasic System was demonstrated to avoid any deleterious effect on the lipase biocatalytic activity, and more than 80% of the enzyme activity was retained on the DES-rich phase, which proves the suitability of these platforms to be employed in downstream stages in lipase production processes.

Matching Effects in the Interaction of Ionic Surfactants with Fluorescent Reagents in Micellar Solutions of Triton X-100

The influence of cationic and anionic surfactant solutions on the character of the fluorescence spectra of reagents of different charge and hydrophobicity in aqueous solutions of nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 has been studied. An increase in the fluorescence intensity and a shift in the position of the fluorescence maximum with increasing hydrophobicity of reagents and ionic surfactants have been shown. The analytical signal of the surfactant is further amplified in the proximity of the charge values of the reagent and the counterion of the surfactant. The non-monotonic nature of the hydrophobicity effect of cationic surfactants on their analytical signal in the system has been shown. The observed effects are explained by the realization of charge and hydrophobic matching in the interaction of surfactants with the fluorescent reagents. The obtained effects are significant in the design of fluorescent systems for the determination and study of surfactant micelles. Conditions for detecting the content of cetylpyridinium chloride by reaction with eosin Y and sodium tetradecyl sulfate by reaction with rhodamine 6G in the presence of Triton X-100 were proposed. The methods have been tested in detecting the content of the ionic surfactants in pharmaceuticals.

Molecular Tetrahedrons as Selective and Efficient Ion Transporters via a Two-Station Swing-Relay Mechanism

The traditional approach to utilizing an ion-relay mechanism for ion transport requires three or more ion-relay stations. Herein, we describe a novel strategy, incorporating a swing action to reali...

Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Signaling in Extractive Shiraia Fermentation by Triton X-100 for Hypocrellin A Production.

Shiraia mycelial culture is a promising biotechnological alternative for the production of hypocrellin A (HA), a new photosensitizer for anticancer photodynamic therapy (PDT). The extractive fermentation of intracellular HA in the nonionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX100) aqueous solution was studied in the present work. The addition of 25 g/L TX100 at 36 h of the fermentation not only enhanced HA exudation to the broth by 15.6-fold, but stimulated HA content in mycelia by 5.1-fold, leading to the higher production 206.2 mg/L, a 5.4-fold of the control on day 9. After the induced cell membrane permeabilization by TX100 addition, a rapid generation of nitric oxide (NO) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was observed. The increase of NO level was suppressed by the scavenger vitamin C (VC) of reactive oxygen species (ROS), whereas the induced H2O2 production could not be prevented by the NO scavenger 2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide (PTIO), suggesting that NO production may occur downstream of ROS in the extractive fermentation. Both NO and H2O2 were proved to be involved in the expressions of HA biosynthetic genes (Mono, PKS and Omef) and HA production. NO was found to be able to up-regulate the expression of transporter genes (MFS and ABC) for HA exudation. Our results indicated the integrated role of NO and ROS in the extractive fermentation and provided a practical biotechnological process for HA production.

Accurate Determination of the Equilibrium Surface Tension Values with Area Perturbation Tests.

We demonstrate two robust protocols for determining the equilibrium surface tension (EST) values with area perturbation tests. The EST values should be indirectly determined from the dynamic surface tension (DST) values when surface tension (ST) values are at steady-state and stable against perturbations. The emerging bubble method (EBM) and the spinning bubble method (SBM) were chosen, because, with these methods, it is simple to introduce area perturbations while continuing dynamic tension measurements. Abrupt expansion or compression of an air bubble was used as a source of area perturbation for the EBM. For the SBM, changes in the rotation frequency of the sample solution were used to produce area perturbations. A Triton X-100 aqueous solution of a fixed concentration above its critical micelle concentration (CMC) was used as a model surfactant solution. The determined EST value of the model air/water interface from the EBM was 31.5 ± 0.1 mN·m-1 and that from the SBM was 30.8 ± 0.2 mN·m-1. The two protocols described in the article provide robust criteria for establishing the EST values.

Examination of Conditions for Optimized Decellularized Liver Preparation

Aims: The main aim of our study was to examine the concentration of surfactant that can cause significant disruption of the resulting decellularized liver structure. Furthermore, it is our goal to determine the suitable solvent that can boost the potential of each surfactant.
 Methodology: The porcine liver discs of 8-mm diameter and 2-mm thickness were prepared. These were soaked in aqueous solution of either sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or Triton X-100 (TX), and placed on a rotational shaking machine (100 rpm).
 Results: TX was unable to completely remove the cellular components under any of our experimental conditions. The salt concentration did not affect the decellularization in TX. The pH buffer, however, was found to affect the decellularization. Also, in the solvent study, the conditions under which SDS effectively exerted power were not the salt concentration and pH, but the condition that was close to water. We also confirmed that the shrinkage of tissue occurred when decellularization with 0.1% SDS in CMF-PBS. However, 0.1% SDS in distilled water didn't cause the deformation of tissue. This is considered to be due to the low salt concentration of solvent.
 Conclusion: This work establishes the concentration range of the surfactant that causes the collapse of the cellular structure during decellularization. In addition, the solvent suitable for each surfactant has also been established.

Chemiluminescent Reactions of Luminol and N-Octylluminol with a Hypochlorite in Non-ionic Surfactants

The chemiluminescent reaction of luminol is widely used for analytical purposes. Surface-active components of biological membranes are often present in biochemical studies and in many real objects of analysis. Their influence on the chemiluminescent reaction of luminol has not been systematically studied. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate this chemiluminescent reaction in organized molecular systems - micellar, vesicular and other systems simulating biological membranes. Micellar medium may also provide an additional opportunity to control chemiluminescent reactions, primarily with the aim of increasing their efficiency. The kinetics of the chemiluminescent oxidation of luminol and its hydrophobic analogue N-octylluminol with a hypochlorite ion in aqueous solutions and micellar solutions of non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 was studied in the present work. It was shown that the growth and fading of the luminol and N-octylluminol chemiluminescence is adequately described by a two-exponential dependence, and the effective rate of increase in the intensity of chemiluminescence is directly proportional to the concentration of the hypochlorite ion. The dependences of the rate of accumulation and consumption of the intermediate product on the presence and concentration of surfactants in the reaction mixture are determined. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of localization of the reagents and intermediate reaction products.

Experimental analysis of water-based nanofluids using boron nitride nanotubes with improved thermal properties

Nowadays, the use of nanofluids as alternative to commonly-used industrial heat transfer fluids is a topic of increasing interest. Analysing the improved efficiency of heat transfer processes according to advanced nanomaterials and obtaining stable nanofluids is one of the most interesting challenges. This paper presents a study of nanofluids based on boron nitride nanotubes and using an aqueous solution of Triton X-100 (which acts as a surfactant) as the base fluid. UV-vis spectroscopy, particle size measurements (size between 150 and 170 nm) and ζ potential (at about −25 mV) showed that stable nanofluids were obtained. Surface tension measurements were also performed. The surface tension of water was weakly affected by the presence of any amount of nanoparticles and was mainly governed by the presence of surfactant. The rheological properties of the fluids were also analysed, as were their isobaric specific heat and thermal conductivity values. A Newtonian behaviour was observed for the base fluid and the nanofluids, with no significant increase in viscosity. The isobaric specific heat increased by 8% and thermal conductivity by 10% compared with the base fluid. Thus, the results obtained are interesting because while thermal properties improved with nanoparticle content, rheological behaviour did not change. Consequently, the nanofluids studied in the current paper do not raise the pressure drop and pumping power significantly and may therefore be a good option for thermal system applications.

Thioacetal modified phenanthroimidazole as fluorescence probe for rapid and sensitive detection of Hg2+ in aqueous solution assisted by surfactant

A novel fluorescence probe PISOH comprising phenanthroimidazole as a fluorophore and thioacetal as recognition unit is designed and synthesized. PISOH displays high selective turn-on fluorescence response toward Hg2+ with no interference from other metal cations, such as Cu2+, Ag+, Fe3+, Pb2+, etc. PISOH can be converted to the corresponding aldehyde PICHO in the presence of Hg2+, based on the Hg2+ promoted deprotection of thioacetal. Moreover, the fluorescence emission and sensing properties of PISOH can be modulated by surfactants in aqueous solution. PISOH exhibits a detection limit (LOD) of 1.16 nM for Hg2+ in aqueous Triton X-100 solution, much lower than that in DMF (LOD = 6.83 nM). The response time of PISOH for Hg2+ is around 1 min, suitable for rapid detection of Hg2+. Furthermore, the probe can be used to monitor Hg2+ effectively in living cells by fluorescence imaging. This work represents a novel and simple strategy for sensing of Hg2+ in pure water by using commercially available surfactants to solubilize fluorescent probe.

Morphological transformations in Triton X-100 micelles modulated by imidazolium and pyridinium type Ionic Liquids: Investigations by scattering techniques

The phase behaviour and aggregation characteristics of aqueous solution of Triton X-100 in the presence of several 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium salts, [Cnmim+]X− and 1-alkylpyridinium salts [CnPy+]X−, where n is the alkyl chain length (4,6,8.10) and X− is the anion CF3SO3− and BF4− has been explored. The effect of nonpolar alkyl chain length, cation and anion of these ionic liquids was investigated from cloud point (CP), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and small angle neutron scattering (SANS). ILs with longer alkyl chain on cation drastically increased CP and decreased micelle size. The size, hydrophobicity and polarity of anions also showed marked effect on solution behavior of Triton X-100. The results indicate opposite effect on CP and hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) on addition of ionic salts. SANS results demonstrate that added ILs modulated the size of TX-100 micelle, which is further discussed in terms of penetration of cation and anion into TX-100 micelle depending on the nature of alkyl chain attached to the cation/anion and varying size, hydrophobicity, surface activity of anion.

Salting out potential of cholinium dihydrogen citrate in aqueous solution of Triton surfactants

Abstract Aqueous solutions of the non-ionic surfactants Triton X-100 and Triton X-102 have been salted out with the biocompatible ionic liquid cholinium dihydrogencitrate (N 1112OH DHC). The phase boundary for {Triton X-100 or Triton X-102 + N 1112OH DHC + H 2 O} was ascertained at T = (293.15, 303.15, 313.15 and 323.15) K and 0.1 MPa. The binodal data were modelled by one polynomial and three exponential equations, and the tie-line data were suitably correlated by means of Othmer-Tobias, Bancroft and Setschenow empirical models. The experimental results allowed concluding that the increase of temperature and the hydrophobicity of the surfactant led to the shift of the binodal curve to the water vertex.