Calcium Chloride Aqueous Solution Research Articles

Solubility of natural gases in aqueous salt solutions—I: Liquidus surfaces in the system CH 4-H 2O-NaCl 2-CaCl 2 at room temperatures and at pressures below 1000 psia

The solubility of methane in water, in aqueous solutions of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and both sodium and calcium chloride has been determined at room temperatures and at pressures up to 1000 psia by the pressure decline method. The results for water agree with previous published values, but the solubilities in the salt solutions are considerably higher. The data obtained, augmented by other solubility figures from the literature, permit the construction of the liquidus surfaces in the tetrahedral phase model for the system CH 4-H 2O-NaCl-CaCl 2 at fixed temperature and pressure. An orthogonal projection of these surfaces is presented.

Performance of packed columns. III. Holdup for aqueous and nonaqueous systems

AbstractTotal, static, and operating holdups have been measured for 1‐in porcelain and carbon Raschig rings and 1‐in. porcelain Berl saddles, employing aqueous solutions of calcium chloride, sorbitol, and a wetting agent as well as pure methanol and benzene. The range of variables covered by this investigation includes liquid rate, 1,000 to 10,000 1b./(hr.) (sq. ft.); viscosity, 0.6 to 185 cp.; surface tension, 23 to 86 dynes/cm.; specific gravity, 0.8 to 1.32.Equations and charts are presented for estimating holdups for all liquids. The application of holdups for estimating mass transfer coefficients, kG, and effective interfacial areas, a, is discussed.The total holdups for water, methanol, and benzene can be used to explain why mass transfer coefficients obtained by vaporization of pure liquids in packings seem to depend on gas diffusivity raised to the 0.15 power instead of the 0.67 power, as found in other mass transfer studies. The larger total holdups of nonaqueous liquids result in larger effective interfacial areas in the packing, which mask the effect of the change in gas diffusivity.

The Thermodynamics of Aqueous Solutions of Calcium Chloride at Temperatures from 15-35° from E. M. F. Measurements on Cells with Transference

The Thermodynamics of Aqueous Solutions of Calcium Chloride at Temperatures from 15-35° from E. M. F. Measurements on Cells with Transference

The Conductance of Aqueous Solutions of Calcium Chloride at Temperatures from 15° to 45°C

The conductance of aqueous solutions of calcium chloride at temperatures from 15° to 45°C has been determined by the direct-current method previously used for potassium chloride, sodium chloride, and potassium bromide. The results for 25° are in excellent agreement with those of Shedlovsky and Brown. At all temperatures the data can be represented by the extended Onsager-Shedlovsky equation, as in the case of the 1–1 salts. In contrast to the 1–1 salts, however, the contribution of the logarithmic term passes through a minimum with increasing temperature, and then rises. The limiting conductance has been determined for calcium ion; the temperature coefficient of the ionic conductance is large in comparison with those for univalent ions.

The compressibility of aqueous solutions II

In an earlier communication, Perman and Urry described the measurement, by a direct method, of the compressibility coefficients of aqueous solution of urea, cane sugar, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride, over a range temperatures and concentrations. Their work was over the pressure range 0-200 atmospheres excess pressure. They were able to apply their together with other data obtained by their co-workers, to an extension Porter's theory of compressible solutions, and thus obtained values for osmotic pressures of those solutions which agreed very well with the obtained by more direct methods. The present work is a continuation of this and subsequent work (unpublished) by these authors. It was intended, especially, to investigate the effect of nature of the solute molecule upon the compressibility, and, for this reason the choice of solutes was particularly important. A number of series chemically related compounds were used where only one part of the mole varied in a progressive manner from substance to substance. In series there was no chemical relationship, but the members had the empirical formula and their molecular weights were therefore simple multi of each other.

Some Further Experiences with the Production of Colloidal Lead or Salts of Lead

In 1926, one of the authors in collaboration with Dr. Stenstrom (1) published an account of some experiences with the production of colloidal lead for intravenous injection in the treatment of malignancy. This work was interrupted and it was not until recently that further work was undertaken in an endeavor to find a more suitable colloid of lead or lead salt which would be more stable and less toxic. The method originally described by Bell (2) (3) is the Bredig method of arcing between lead electrodes in an aqueous solution of gelatin and calcium chloride. This yields a colloidal solution of metallic lead, the particles of which are of various sizes, necessitating centrifuging in order to remove the coarse grains. The solution is black but exposure to air soon causes it to become gray and eventually white with consequent rapid settling out of the precipitate. Furthermore in our experience this solution did not yield as concentrated solution as might be desired. Modifying this method by substituting various other chlorides such as iron, sodium and potassium, the above authors were able to produce more concentrated solutions. The use of potassium chloride yielded the best solution with respect to concentration and stability and this solution was used for most of the work.

On the properties of parkesine and its application to the arts and and manufactures

A series of sodium alginate (SA) grafted polymer composite beads were synthesized by a solution free-radical graft polymerization reaction performed in a surface crosslinked alginate bead reactor. The outer surface of the precursor droplet containing reactants including SA, acrylamide (AM), N,N′-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBA), ammonium persulfate (APS), sepiolite (SP) and gelatin (GE) was instantly crosslinked with Ca2+ ions to form a capsule-like bead when it was dropped into aqueous solution of calcium chloride, and simultaneously the reactants inside the capsule-like “bead reactor” were polymerized in-situ to form new composite beads with crosslinked network structure, abundant functional groups, excellent single or co-adsorption ability and easily separable advantages. The optimal composite bead shows high adsorption capacities of 390.78, 1425.65 and 533.91 mg/g toward Methylene Blue (MB), Basic Fuchsin (BF) and Pb(II), respectively. After adsorption with the composite bead, 99.71% of MB, 99.99% of BF and 99.97% of Pb(II) were removed from original dye or Pb(II) solutions. Moreover, above 99.22% of BF and 95.33% of Pb(II) was co-removed from their binary mixture (BF concentration, 100 mg/L; Pb(II) concentration, 50 mg/L). This paper provides a simple green way to synthesize efficient and recyclable biopolymer-based adsorbents capable of purifying dyes and heavy metal ions in water.