Aqueous Root Extract Research Articles

Nicotianamine as a Potential Active Component of Lotus Seed Extract for Inhibiting Angiotensin-converting Enzyme

Aims: Hypertension is one of the chronic diseases causing a serious health problem in many countries worldwide. Therefore, the prevention and amelioration of hypertension with medicinal food is considered to be important for maintaining good health and well-being. The main objective of this study is to verify that the extract of lotus seed has a significant inhibitory effect on the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE). Background: Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is well known to have a variety of biological and med-ical activities and is popularly used as a traditional medicinal food in several East Asian coun-tries. In a previous study, we reported that the aqueous extract of lotus root used as a popular foodstuff caused an inhibitory effect on the angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), suggesting its possible effectiveness for improving high blood pressure. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to reveal the effect of lotus seed extract on ACE activity and to identify a potentially active component of the extract originating from lotus seed. Methods: The ACE inhibitory activity was determined using Hippuryl-L-histidyl-L-leucin (HHL) as substrate, and the amount of hippuric acid formed enzymatically was determined using an HPLC system. Results: The lotus seed extract was shown to strongly inhibit the ACE activity, thus ameliorating the hypertensive state. Furthermore, the fractionation of the lotus seed extract provided evidence for suggesting nicotianamine as a putative ACE-inhibiting component contained in the extract. Conclusion: These findings were considered to propose the possibility that the lotus seed and the lotus root might benefit patients with hypertension.

Effects of Rauwolfa vomitoria (Akata) and Olax subscorpioidea (Asaja) Roots on Hematology of Chicken Type II Collagen-Freund’s Adjuvant-induced Rheumatoid Arthritis in Albino Rats

This study evaluated the effects of ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria and Olax subscorpioidea on Chicken type II collagen in Complete Freund’s Adjuvant-induced arthritis in albino rats. A total of 225 albino rats, weighing between 120-200 g, were used and divided into 15 groups of 15 rats each. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) was induced by administering 0.1 ml of Chicken type II-Complete Freund’s Adjuvant into the left hind paw. The study duration was 32 days, during which the arthritic rats were treated with Rauwolfia vomitoria and Olax subscorpioidea root extracts at doses of 400 mg, 600 mg, and 800 mg/kg body weight. The sub-lethal toxicity study revealed significant increases (P<0.05) in WBC, platelet, and differential counts, along with significant reductions (P<0.05) in RBC count, PCV, and HB in the adjuvant induced arthritic rats compared to the negative control group. However, treatment with the plant extracts (groups 4-15) significantly reversed these trends towards normal levels compared to the untreated arthritis group (group 2) within the 32-day period. The ameliorative effects of the extracts were both time- and dose dependent (P<0.05). This study concludes that the ethanol and aqueous root extracts of Rauwolfia vomitoria and Olax subscorpioidea effectively ameliorate arthritis symptoms in albino rats, potentially due to the presence of active chemical constituents. These findings provide scientific evidence supporting the therapeutic use of these plant extracts in managing arthritis.

Anti-Arthritic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Ethanol and Aqueous Root Extracts of Olax subscorpioidea in CFA-Induced Arthritic Rats

Anti-Arthritic and Antioxidant Efficacy of Ethanol and Aqueous Root Extracts of Olax subscorpioidea in CFA-Induced Arthritic Rats

Diuretic and Anti-Hypertensive Activity of Clerodendrum Chinense (OSBECK) MABB. Aqueous Extract in 8% Salt Diet-Induced Hypertensive Rats

Diuresis refers to an increase in the rate of urine flow and sodium excretion from the system via the urine. It is a necessary excretory process that may prove difficult for some disease systems e.g. enlarged prostates. Hypertension occurs as a result of systolic blood pressure higher than 140 mmHg or a diastolic blood pressure higher than 90 mmHg. It is one of the most common chronic diseases affecting more than a billion people worldwide. A high dietary sodium intake is one of the factors associated with the development of hypertension. Clerodendrum chinensis is used by local communities in West Africa for its diuretic and anti-hypertensive properties. We analyze the phytochemical properties of the mixed leaf, root, and stem aqueous extract of the plant and investigate its anti-hypertensive and diuretic activity in Sodium chloride diet-induced hypertensive rats. The anti-hypertensive effect of extract at different concentrations (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg) was studied and compared with a known drug compound; Furosemide. Treated animal urine was analyzed for urinary excretion and diuretic action. The anti-hypertensive effect was statistically significant when compared with the control p < 0.001. The extract at 100mg/kg demonstrated the best systolic and diastolic blood pressure lowering potential as compared to other concentrations. The diuretic action of the plant extract at the lowest dose (100 mg/kg) was high and quantitatively similar to the standard drug. The combined powdered leaf, stem and roots aqueous extract of C. chinense possesses anti-hypertensive and diuretic potential in salt-loaded hypertensive rats.

Characterization and Comparative Investigation of In Vitro Bioactivities for Lactuca anatolica Root Aqueous Extract and Their Green-Chemical Synthesized Nanoparticles; Molecular Docking Studies

Characterization and Comparative Investigation of In Vitro Bioactivities for Lactuca anatolica Root Aqueous Extract and Their Green-Chemical Synthesized Nanoparticles; Molecular Docking Studies

Antimicrobial and Anti-Cancerous Effects of Saponin from Andrographis paniculata Root

ABSTRACT This study examined the saponin extracted from the roots of Andrographis paniculata for the phytochemical content and antimicrobial and anticancer effects. The phytochemicals present in the methanol and aqueous root extracts included alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, saponins, glycosides, steroids, triterpenoids, tannins, proteins, steroids, chlorogenics and carbohydrates. A. paniculata root saponin expressed antibacterial properties against four Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, and Klebsiella pneumoniae), four Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Micrococcus luteus), and two fungi (Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans); the saponin also inhibited the proliferation of HePG2 cells, with an IC50 value of 125 µg mL−1.

Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism and insulin secretion in diabetic rats following treatment with Hypericum perforatum L. hairy root aqueous methanol extract

Hairy root (HR) cultures of Hypericum perforatum L. have shown promise in controlling hyperglycemia, regulating blood lipid and enzyme profiles, and improving metabolic function in vivo. These benefits are mainly attributed to the phenolic acids, flavonoids, and xanthones present in HR extracts. However, the specific mechanism underlying these effects remains unclear. This study was performed to elucidate the biochemical and molecular mechanisms driving HR the antihyperglycemic and antidiabetic effects of HR extracts. HR extract (200 mg/kg body weight) was administered daily for 14 days to healthy rats and rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, with glibenclamide serving as a positive control. The phenolic composition of the HR extracts was confirmed through high-performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD/ESI-MSn ) analysis. The results showed that HR extract treatment increased the plasma insulin level and pancreatic poly (adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activity in diabetic rats, thus normalizing blood glucose levels. Additionally, it reduced the activity of gluconeogenic enzymes, increased the activity of glycolytic enzymes, and normalized the glycogen content in the liver. HR extract-treated rats also exhibited increased hepatic adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mRNA expression and a decreased protein kinase Cε (PKCε) concentration. In conclusion, HR extract demonstrated insulinotropic effects and effectively regulated hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats by modulating AMPK expression and the PKCε concentration. These findings suggest the potential use of HR extract as an herbal medicine for diabetes treatment and a source of antidiabetic drug development.

The effect of aqueous extract of orchid root on the structure of ovary and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal hormones in polycystic ovary syndrome rat model: An experimental study.

Some medical conditions, including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOs), may lead to infertility. In PCOs, hormonal imbalance is significant. Antioxidants such as natural antioxidants have many health benefits, including positive effects on hormone production. Since herbal medicines are more acceptable to people, the present study was designed to evaluate the effect of an aqueous extract of orchid (SA), with antioxidative effects, on the structure of the ovary and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis hormones and free testosterone in PCOs rats. In this experimental study, 64 healthy female Wistar rats (180-200 gr) were randomly divided into 60 and 89 day control groups, PCOs, and 4 PCOs + SA groups that received 40, 80, 160, and 320 mg/kg of SA. Serum levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone were measured. In addition, the ovaries were extracted and examined histologically. The amount of primordial, primary, secondary, and Graafian follicles and serum levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and progesterone hormones decreased in PCOs groups, while atretic follicles and the serum levels of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and free testosterone were increased. SA at different doses regulated hormonal and histological imbalances caused by PCOs, and 320 mg/kg was the most effective. The aqueous extract of orchids root can have a positive effect on the improvement of polycystic ovary syndrome. This effect can be achieved by regulating the level of sex hormones and correcting follicular abnormalities in the ovarian tissue.

Proximate, elemental and anti-nutritional composition of <i>Pachycarpus bisacculatus</i> (bitter butter) roots used locally as anti-snake venom

Snake bite remains a public health problem in many countries including Nigeria; hence search for snake antivenom has intensified. One plant that is potentially useful in this regard is Pachycarpus bisacculatus roots (bitter butter). This study determined; proximate, phytochemical, of the aqueous, n-hexane, methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of Pachycarpus bisacculatus roots. These extracts obtained by maceration were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening. Proximate, elemental, anti-nutritional compositions of this plant were carried out using standard methods. Results obtained were: moisture content (71.56±0.06, 7.53±0.37)%, crude protein (3.19±0.19, 1.92±0.05)%, crude fibre (11.33±0.31, 3.98±0.28)%, crude fat (1.05±0.07, 0.30±0.03)%, Ash (4.68±0.17, 2.32±0.32)%, carbohydrate (72.21±0.24, 19.92±0.48)% for the dried and fresh roots respectively. Elemental content showed that level of Ca was highest while that of Zn was the lowest. Al, Si, V, Pb were not detected. Anti-nutritional composition showed: oxalate (1.68±0.02 mg/100g), tannins (7.10±0.78 mg/100g), phytate (8.47±0.25 mg/100g) and cyanogenic glycosides (0.03±0.01 mg/100g). Extraction yields were 21.068% in aqueous solution, 1.6391% in ethyl acetate. The results indicate that root extracts of Pachycarpus bisacculatus contain bioactive chemicals and micronutrients which may be responsible for the medicinal properties reported for the plant.

Antibacterial Screening of Chromolaena odorata Root Extracts and in silico Physico-chemical Properties of their Bioactive Compounds

Bacterial infection constitutes global health challenges due to antimicrobial resistance prevalence, and the search for natural and potent antibacterial agents continues. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity Chromolaena odorata root aqueous and methanolic extracts, and to also predict in silico the physicochemical properties of their bioactive compounds. The plant roots were air-dried and ground into fine powder using mortar and pestle. The aqueous and methanolic extracts were prepared using the C. odorata root powder. The chemical composition of the two extracts was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to identify their bioactive compounds. The physicochemical properties of the identified compounds were then predicted using the SwissADME server. Additionally, the antibacterial properties of the extracts were evaluated by testing their inhibitory effects on the growth of four bacterial species: Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Salmonella spp. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of C. odorata roots showed 20 compounds having 10 peaks, and 19 compounds having 10 peaks respectively. This study's findings highlight two compounds from C. odorata roots with promising physicochemical properties, making them potential drug candidates: 1-dioxide-4-methyl-3-(4-methyl-1-piperzinyl) from the methanolic extract and 2,3-dihydroxylpropylelaidate from the aqueous extract. The methanolic extract demonstrated superior antibacterial activity against S. aureus, E. coli, and Salmonella spp., while the aqueous extract showed greater efficacy against Klebsiella spp. Although the targeted bacteria may develop resistance to these extracts, our results indicate that both extracts possess antibiotic properties, warranting further investigation.

Ameliorative effect of licorice extract against the detrimental effect of glyphosate-based pesticide: Toxicity and health

This study sheds the light on the potential of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root aqueous extract as a cornerstone for mitigating and detoxifying the residues of the widely used agricultural Glyphosate-based pesticides (GBPs). This study examined the GBPs toxic effects on kidney, liver, thyroid functions, and apoptosis using 50 adult male albino rats. All rats were divided into 5 groups, with 10 each. Control: served as untreated rats. GBP: rats were treated with 1 mL glyphosate solution 24 % orally for three weeks. The glyphosate-treated rats were gavaged with licorice root aqueous extractsolution (100, 200, and 300 mg/mLdistilled water, respectively) daily for three weeks. Licorice root aqueous extract solution (300 mg/mL distilled water) yielded notable reductions in liver, kidney enzymes, albumin, and AFP levels within the serum. Immunological tests, including immunohistochemical evaluations of caspase-3 and TNF-α expressions revealed a dose-dependent attenuation of apoptosis and inflammation with licorice intervention. This will provide a valuable perspective for agricultural practices future and paving the way for a more sustainable approach for using GBPs in animal agriculture industries.

Impact of Fermentation on the Phytochemical Profile and Bioactivity Characteristics of Aqueous Matricaria recutita L. Root Extracts.

While the flowers of Matricaria recutita L., German chamomile, are widely used for medicinal and cosmetic purposes, little is known about its roots, which are used in complementary medicine for the preparation of aqueous fermented extracts for the treatment of cramps and anxiety. To broaden the understanding of the active principles involved, a model fermentation approach was developed and fermentates were compared to commercially manufactured tinctures. Coumarins and hydroxycinnamates were among the major secondary metabolites characterized using HPLC-MSn. After six months of fermentation and storage, low-molecular organic acids were detected by GC-MS. Fermentation contributed to the stabilization of antioxidant and radical scavenging activities, which were in a range of about 8-10 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight and 20-24 mg trolox equivalents/g dry weight, determined by Folin-Ciocalteu and DPPH assays, respectively. In addition, antibacterial activities of the extracts against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria increased during the first week of fermentation. Fermentates were neither cytotoxic nor pro- or anti-inflammatory. Thus, fermentation of chamomile roots is a suitable method for the safe production of biofunctional aqueous chamomile root extracts that remain stable without the addition of synthetic preservatives.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Applications of Aerva persica Aqueous-Root Extract-Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles.

In the present study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by using aqueous extracts of Aerva persica roots. Characterization of as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles was carried out using different techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and BET surface area analysis. Morphological analysis confirmed the small, aggregated flake-shaped morphology of as-synthesized ZnO nanostructures. The as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles were analyzed for their potential application as anti-inflammatory (using in vivo inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema) and antioxidant (using in vitro radical scavenging activity) agents. The ZnO nanoparticles were found to have a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of standard ascorbic acid (antioxidant) and indomethacin (anti-inflammatory drug). Therefore, due to their ecofriendly synthesis, nontoxicity, and biocompatible nature, zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized successfully from roots extract of the plant Aerva persica with potent efficiencies can be utilized for different biomedical applications.

IN VITRO INVESTIGATION OF ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-UROLITHIATIC ACTIVITY OF HOMONOIA RETUSA ROOTS

Ayurvedic practitioners utilise Pashanabheda as an anti-urolithiatic. The root of Homonoia retusa (Euphorbiaceae), which grows in the Indian town of Tirupathi, was chosen for this study's screening for its antioxidant and anti-urolithiatic properties. The hydrogen peroxide assay (H2O2), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) techniques were utilised to assess antioxidant activity. The anti-urolithiatic activity was evaluated by nucleation and aggregation assay by adding 0.01 M sodium oxalate solutions that caused the crystallisation of Calcium oxalate. By measuring turbidity in the presence or absence of extract at 620 nm using a spectrophotometer, the effect of extract (200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 µg/ml) was investigated. According to the result, aqueous root extract can prevent crystal growth and aggregation more than methanol-based root extract.

Phytochemical evaluation and exploration of some biological activities of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of two species of the genus Plantago L.

Plantago major L. and Plantago lagopus L. are cosmopolitan species, belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, used in traditional and modern medicine. In this study, a phytochemical evaluation of different aqueous and ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of both species from the region of Beja in Tunisia was performed. Some biological activities, including antioxidant, anticancer and antibacterial were also done. LC-MS qualitative analysis revealed that the aqueous extracts of the roots of P. lagopus were richer in polyphenols, mainly flavonoids (Luteoline 7-rutinoside, Luteoline 7-rhamnoside) and hydroxycinnamic acids including caffeic acid, than the hydro-ethanolic extracts. Additionally, we identified for the first time the presence of salicylic acid in the hot aqueous extracts of roots of P. lagopus and its absence in the roots of P. major. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed using cyclic voltammetry (CV), revealing that the voltammograms of leaf and root extracts from P. lagopus exhibited a higher antioxidant capacity compared to those of P. major. Antiproliferative activity, was determined against two-colon cancer cell lines, demonstrated that only the 12 h treatments with P. lagopus leaf and root aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts at low concentration were able to significantly reduce the colon carcinoma coli-2 (CaCo-2) cells proliferation. The antibacterial /antibiofilm activity was performed on yeast, Gram- negative and +positive bacterial strains. We demonstrated for the first time that ethanolic extracts of leaves and roots of P. lagopus have an inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia at MIC = 2 μg/mL for leaves and 4 μg/mL for roots.

Anticancer Potential of Gold doped ZnO Nanoparticles Fabricated using Root Extract of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. against Lung (A549), Melanoma (A375) and Epidermoid (A431) Cancer Cells

This study presents a simple, biocompatible and eco-friendly Au-doped ZnO nanoparticles were fabricated by employing root aqueous extract of Kigelia africana (Lam.) Benth. root as reducing, stabilizing and capping agent. The nanoparticles were identified by showing characteristic UV-visible wavelength maxima at 361 nm (ZnO NPs) and 569 nm (Au NPs). The nanoparticles possess polycrystalline structure with circular to oval in shape having 34 nm size that contains ~24.74 % and ~52.16 % of Au and Zn content. The FT-IR analysis confirmed the functional groups correspond to terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolics present in aqueous root extract of of Kigelia africana (Lam.) were actively participated in nanoparticles capping. The cytotoxic applicability of fabricated nanoparticles was assessed by performing MTT assay against human lung cancer (A549) cells, melanoma cancer (A375) cells and skin or epidermoid cancer (A431) cells. The nanoparticles were proved to show potential anticancer activity with IC50 concentration of 206.13 µg/mL, 152.73 µg/mL and 295.49 µg/mL against A549, A375 and A431 cell lines respectively. The IC50 concentration of nanoparticles in DPPH assay was noticed as 43.75 µg/mL, whereas 33.95 µg/mL and 81.10 µg/mL respectively noticed for standard and aqueous root extract suggest that the nanoparticles possess potential antioxidant capability. Based on findings, it was suggested that the fabricated Au-doped ZnO NPs were treated as promising biocompatible candidate that can having remarkable applicability in therapeutic applications.

Unveiling the chemical profiling and remarkable modulation of carbohydrate metabolism by costus root, Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDolomiaea costus (Falc.), formerly Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., an ayurvedic medicinal plant, has long been recognized and utilized in diverse indigenous systems of medicine for its multifaceted therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, carminative, expectorant, antiarthritic, antiseptic, aphrodisiac, anodyne, and antidiabetic effects. Aim of the studyThe potential and underlying mechanisms of D. costus root as an antidiabetic agent were investigated in this study. Additionally, the quantification of phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which dominate the extracts, was of particular interest in order to elucidate their contribution to the observed effects. Materials and methodsHigh-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) was employed to analyze the chemical constituents in D. costus root aqueous extract (DCA) and D. costus root ethanolic extract (DCE). Furthermore, the inhibitory potentials of DCE and its respective fractions as well as DCA against α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and lipase enzymes were assessed. Subsequently, the efficacy of DCA and DCE extracts was evaluated using an established streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animal model; this involved administering the extracts at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg bwt. and comparing them with a positive control (glibenclamide (Glib.) at 0.6 mg/kg bwt.). After induction of diabetes (except for negative control), all animals received the treatments orally for 21 days consecutively, followed by the collection of rat serum to assess various parameters including, glycemic and lipid profiles, liver and kidney functions, antioxidant activity, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis pathways. ResultsThe results of HPLC-ESI-MS/MS revealed that isochlorogenic acid A (8393.64 μg/g) and chlorogenic acid (6532.65 μg/g) were the predominant compounds in DCE and DCA, respectively. Both extracts exhibited notable antidiabetic properties, as evidenced by their ability to regulate blood glycemic and lipid profiles (glucose, insulin, HBA1C; HDL, TC, TGs), liver enzymes (ALT, ALP, AST), kidney function (urea, creatinine, uric acid), oxidative stress biomarkers (MDA), antioxidant enzymes (CAT, GSH, SOD), as well as glycolysis (glucokinase) and gluconeogenesis (G-6-P, FBP1) pathways. ConclusionsFurthermore, the administration of D. costus extracts significantly mitigated STZ-induced diabetic hyperglycemia. These results can be attributed, at least partially, to the presence of several polyphenolic compounds with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.

Chemical Analysis of Gnetum africanum roots

The use of medicinal plants as complementary therapies has lately grown in popularity. The aim of this study was to determine the chemical composition of the aqueous root extract of Gnetum africanum using GC-MS and GC-FID analysis. Fresh roots of G. africanum Welw used in this study were collected, cut into pieces, washed and air-dried. The dried plant materials were ground into powder and kept in an airtight container. GC-MS analysis of the aqueous root extract revealed 20 bioactive compounds with the following being most abundant 2,3-Butanediol as the predominant phytochemical at 46.02%, followed by Benzene, 1,4-dichloro (3.57%) and Oxalic acid, allyl octadecyl ester (3.45%). The quantitative GC-FID determination of the phytochemicals of Gnetum africanum aqueous root extract presented common phytochemicals such as, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, phenols and glycosides. Phytochemicals in higher proportions include; sapogenin (26.2645 µg/ml), anthocyanins (17.4986 µg/ml), cyanogenic glycosides (15.3616 µg/ml), kaempferol (13.7621 µg/ml) and flavan-3-ol (13.0446 µg/ml). It has been discovered that the root of Gnetum africanum contains an array of phytocompounds with a variety of therapeutic properties.

Antimicrobial Antioxidant Polymer Films with Green Silver Nanoparticles from Symphyti radix.

Antimicrobial natural polymer film with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) biosynthesized using aqueous plant root extracts as reducing capping agents and for film formatting show extensive applicability for pathogenic microorganism problems. The formation of AgNPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) techniques. The antimicrobial activity of biofilm with green AgNPs was analysed by inhibiting the growth of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria culture using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity were slightly higher in aqueous extracts of Sym. Radix than in Sym. Radix/AgNPs. The antimicrobial effect of polymer film/AgNPs against selected test bacteria cultures was substantially more robust than with pure film. Pictures of AgNPs obtained by TEM revealed the presence of spherical-shaped nano-objects with an average size 27.45 nm. SEM-EDS studies confirmed the uniform distribution of metal nanoparticles throughout the biopolymeric matrix. Morphological studies of the surface showed that the obtained surface of the films was even, without holes or other relief irregularities. These apparent Symphyti radix polymer film/AgNPs' biological functions could provide a platform for fighting pathogenic bacteria in the era of multi-drug resistance.

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) Extracts Inhibit the Growth of Fungal Isolates Associated with American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.).

American ginseng, a highly valuable crop in North America, is susceptible to various diseases caused by fungal pathogens, including Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., and Pestalotiopsis spp. The development of alternative control strategies that use botanicals to control fungal pathogens in American ginseng is desired as it provides multiple benefits. In this study, we isolated and identified three fungal isolates, Alternaria panax, Fusarium sporotrichioides, and Pestalotiopsis nanjingensis, from diseased American ginseng plants. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts from the roots and leaves of goldenseal were prepared, and the major alkaloid constituents were assessed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Next, the antifungal effects of goldenseal extracts were tested against these three fungal pathogens. Goldenseal root ethanolic extracts exhibited the most potent inhibition against fungal growth, while goldenseal root aqueous extracts and leaf ethanolic extracts showed only moderate inhibition. At 2% (m/v) concentration, goldenseal root ethanolic extracts showed an inhibition rate of 86.0%, 94.9%, and 39.1% against A. panax, F. sporotrichioides, and P. nanjingensis, respectively. The effect of goldenseal root ethanolic extracts on the mycelial morphology of fungal isolates was studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mycelia of the pathogens treated with the goldenseal root ethanolic extract displayed considerable morphological alterations. This study suggests that goldenseal extracts have the potential to be used as a botanical fungicide to control plant fungal diseases caused by A. panax, F. sporotrichioides, or P. nanjingensis.