Aqueous Ginger Research Articles

Modulatory Effect of Aqueous Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract on Gentamicin Sulfate Induced Oxidative Stress and Nephrotoxicity in Female Albino Rats

Modulatory Effect of Aqueous Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract on Gentamicin Sulfate Induced Oxidative Stress and Nephrotoxicity in Female Albino Rats

The effect of ginger extract on expression of Gli1 and Patched-1 genes involved in breast cancer signaling pathway under in vitro condition

Introduction and Aim: Breast cancer ranks among the leading causes of death in women worldwide. Ginger has shown potential efficacy against certain cancer types, surpassing conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. However, its molecular mechanisms remain less understood. Materials and Methods: In this study, MCF-7 cancer cells were cultured and treated with various concentrations of aqueous ginger extract (20, 30, 45, 65 microgram/mL) for 12, 48, and 72 hours. The effects were assessed through gene expression analysis and cell vitality assays (MTT). Results: The cell vitality test revealed a direct correlation between cytotoxicity and extract concentration. Concentrations exceeding 30 microgram/mL exhibited significant cell death (IC50 of 104.03 microgram/mL). Gene expression analysis demonstrated an increase in Patched-1 and a decrease in Gli1 expression with rising extract concentrations. The maximum Patched-1 expression occurred at 65 microgram/mL after 72 hours. Patched-1 (oncogene) and Gli1 (tumor suppressor) are pivotal genes in the hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway associated with breast cancer. Conclusion: It appears that ginger compounds play a substantial role in regulating cancer progression by influencing key components of the hedgehog signalling pathway.

Effect of Ginger and Rosemary Extracts on Shrimp Popcorn Shelf Life

Recently, research has proven that food products containing chemical preservatives have a harmful effect on health and cause major health risks, so it was necessary to provide a safe alternative for consumers, and this is why the demand by consumers for food products free from harmful chemical preservatives has increased and one of these products is shrimp popcorn. Replacing chemical preservatives with natural ones is not an easy thing, so the food industry is highly interested in studying natural extracts well, studying their activity as antioxidants and antimicrobials, and evaluating their efficiency in preserving new food products while maintaining product quality and consumer preferences. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate two plant extracts (ginger and rosemary) and study their effects on the shelf life and quality of the shrimp popcorn product. Three different concentrations (0.02, 0.2, and 0.5%) of both aqueous ginger and rosemary extracts were applied to shrimp popcorn and their impact on shelf life was assessed through determination of TBARS, DNPH, TVB-N, TMA, PV, pH value, WHC, aerobic plate count, coliform count, yeast and mold count and compared with negative control and positive control (BHT) through a storage period of 12 days and at 4°C. The treatment with aqueous extract of ginger and rosemary showed a results superior to that of the synthetic preservative with a lower TBARS value, carbonyl content, total volatile basic nitrogen, Tri-methylamine value, peroxide value and aerobic plate count at 12 days of storage with mean values of (1.50, 0.95, 1.02, 0.85, 0.79, 0.91, 0.61 and 0.53 mg MDA/Kg), (19.31, 10.52, 15.61, 11.28, 8.39, 10.65, 7.32, and 4.51 nmol carbonyl content/mg protein), (39.48, 31.52, 35.41, 20.22, 13.45, 23.27, 12.38, and 9.15 mg/100 g), (12.38, 10.38, 11.45, 6.85, 2.31, 9.31, 3.20, and 1.56 mg/kg), (25.71, 16.37, 19.65, 15.90, 13.37, 17.18, 11.68, and 9.01 mg/100g muscle), and (3.8x105, 2.2x104, 3.5x104, 2.1x103, 3.3x103, 2.5x104, 2.1x103, and 1.5x103 CFU/g) respectively for (negative control, positive control (BHT), 0.02%GE, 0.2%GE, 0.5%GE, 0.02%RE, 0.2%RE, 0.5%RE). These findings show that the ginger extract at the level of 0.2 and 0.5% and rosemary extract at level of 0.2 and 0.5% were very effective against lipid and protein oxidation, and a powerful antimicrobial in shrimp popcorn product and promising natural antioxidant and antimicrobial replacing the chemical preservatives in food processing.

Green synthesis and antibacterial assessment of chitosan/silver nanocomposite conjugated with tobramycin against antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In this study, we employed aqueous ginger extract as an eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and chitosan/silver nanocomposites (Cs/AgNCs). Using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, we thoroughly characterized the physicochemical properties of these nanomaterials, confirming their desirable attributes. The AgNPs displayed a spherical morphology with an average diameter of 19 nm, while the Cs/AgNCs exhibited a size of approximately 28 nm. To assess their antibacterial efficacy, we investigated the activity of both AgNPs and Cs/AgNCs against Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Remarkably, these nanomaterials demonstrated significant antibacterial properties. To further enhance their antibacterial capabilities, we conjugated the nanocomposite with tobramycin using Sulfo NHS and EDC, resulting in a four-fold increase in antibacterial activity compared to tobramycin alone. Moreover, we explored the ability of AgNPs, CsNPs, Cs/AgNCs, and Cs/AgNCs/tobramycin (Cs/AgNCs/tbn) to degrade DNA and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Encouraging results were obtained, highlighting their potential applications in antimicrobial strategies. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive toxicity assessment of AgNPs, CsNPs, Cs/AgNCs, and Cs/AgNCs/tob using zebrafish embryos. The findings revealed low to moderate levels of toxicity for these nanomaterials, with Cs/AgNCs/tbn demonstrating no observable toxic effects. Our study demonstrates the immense potential of utilizing aqueous ginger extract as a green synthesis method to produce AgNPs and Cs/AgNCs with robust antibacterial properties and minimal toxicity. These findings pave the way for the development of innovative nanomaterials for various biomedical applications.

Ameliorating Effect of Aqueous Ginger Extract And Exercise On Insulin Resistance in Fructose Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats Through Upregulation of Serum Sirtuin-1

Introduction:The mounting prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in developing countries calls for an immediate need to find novel treatment strategies that not only target its underlying pathological process but are also safe and cost effective. Aims &Objectives:To determine the effect of ginger supplementation, exercise and their combination on insulin resistance (IR) and levels of serum sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in fructose induced type 2 diabetic rat model. Material &Methods:This randomized controlled trial was conducted at animal laboratory of Postgraduate Medical Institute Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2021 to June 2021, in which thirty rats were randomly allocated to five groups with six rats in each.Rats belonging to group1 (Normal Control) were given normal rat chow diet. Diabetes was induced in groups 2, 3 and 4 by administering 25% fructose diet, following which, group 2 was reserved as diabetic/positive control (PC) and continued to receive 25 %fructose diet only. Animals of group 3 received aqueous ginger extract (GE), group 4 underwent swimming exercise (EX) and group 5 received their combination (GE+EX) for 8 weeks. Aqueous ginger extract was prepared in the Pharmacology lab at PGMI where 50 gm of fresh ginger was blended with 75ml of 0.9% NaCl and filtered thrice. The obtained filtrate was centrifuged at a speed of 2000 rpm for ten minutes. The clear supernatant fraction was made to reach 100 ml mark using NaCl resulting in a concentration of 500 mg/ml which was used for oral administration. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 26, a p-value of ?0.05 was considered significant. Results:The results of the current study showed development of T2DM with 25% fructose supplementation in PC group, resulting in significantly high level of IR along with a significant reduction in levels of serum SIRT1. Aqueousginger extract group as well as the exercise group, both individually showed a significant reduction in IR as compared to the diabetic group and this was associated with significantly increased level of serum SIRT1 (p<0.05). However, most pronounced effect was seen in the combination group having lowest level of IR associated with a statistically significant increase in SIRT1 levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: Aqueousginger extract supplementation and exercise training, alone and in combination have the potential to significantly ameliorate IR in T2DM through its positive influence on serum SIRT1.However, the combination group has the most pronounced effect reflecting a potential synergistic effect of both interventions. Ginger supplementation and exercise may be introduced as safer, cost effective and natural adjunct to anti diabetic drugs hence lowering their potentially harmful side effects.

Effects of the Aqueous Extract of the Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) on Sexual Parameters in Female Wistar Rats

The rhizome of Zingiber officinal (Ginger) is widely consumed as a juice and spice in the Congo, and is also used in the treatment of various pathologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ginger on the reproductive function of the rat. Four batches of four female rats each received the aqueous rhizome extract of Zingiber officinal (Ginger) at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg, 17β-estradiol at a dose of 1 mg/kg and distilled water, orally for 14 days. Acute toxicity was previously assessed in mice. The results of the acute toxicity study at a dose of 5000 mg/kg of each extract showed no signs of toxicity in mice. Pharmacological tests with rats showed that aqueous ginger extract non-significantly increased and decreased rat body weight at 300 and 600 mg/kg respectively. The 600 mg/Kg dose blocked the sexual cycle at the estrus stage and lowered plasma estradiol levels. Whereas the 300 mg/kg dose increases plasma estradiol levels with a more or less regular sexual cycle. Chemical screening of this extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones and steroids.

Comparative effect of ginger (an anti-inflammatory medicinal herb) and aspirin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) on liver enzymes in male albino Wistar rats

Background:Herbal therapies mediate similar functions with those of some well-known drugs. Ginger and aspirin are herbal and drug therapies respectively which are used for the treatment of anti-inflammatory conditions. Non-steroidal medicinal drugs especially aspirin and acetaminophen are usually linked to drug-induced liver injury. Therefore, this research seeks to compare the effect of these two therapies on liver function using aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as the biomarkers. The aim of the study was to establish if ginger will offer a better hepatocellular protection considering that the use of aspirin in treating inflammatory disorders is already linked to liver injury.
 Methods: AST, ALT, ALP, Total, conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin were assessed in this study using 18 Wistar rats. The animals were divided into three groups (control, ginger and aspirin), six (6) rats per group. The three groups of animals were allowed access to food and water daily throughout the experimental period. Ginger group animals were administered 150 mg/kg dose of aqueous ginger extract while aspirin group of animals also received 150 mg/kg dose of aspirin for four weeks. Control group received normal saline of equal volume with the test groups.
 Results: AST, ALT, total and conjugated bilirubin was significantly lower in ginger group compared to aspirin and the control group (P<0.05). However, ALP was significantly higher in ginger group compared to aspirin and the control group (P<0.05). Unconjugated bilirubin showed no significant difference among experimental groups.
 Conclusion: Result showed that ginger offered a better hepatocellular protection compared to aspirin group following decrease AST and ALT concentration in the ginger group.

Assessing the Antioxidant Potential of Ginger Aqueous Extract on H2O2 Induced Oxidative Stress in Local Rabbits: A Comprehensive Study of Hematological Parameters

This research, that was carried out at the Technical Institute in Bakraju/ Sulaimaniyah Technical University, the aim was to investigate the impact of administering 0.5% hydrogen peroxide via drinking water as an oxidative stress inducer, as well as the effect of an antioxidant in the form of an aqueous extract of ginger tubers (at a dosage of 200 mg/kg), on the physiological characteristics of male domestic rabbits. A total of 48 rabbits distributed into four groups, each group consisting of 12 rabbits. The study lasted for 42 days, the groups were: a control group, a group receiving only hydrogen peroxide (0.05%), a group receiving only the ginger extract (200 mg/kg), and a group receiving both hydrogen peroxide (0.05%) and the ginger extract (200 mg/kg). The second group resulted in negative effects on blood indicators, including a decrease in the total number of RBCs, hemoglobin concentration, PCV, and platelets compared to the other groups. These effects were significant at a level of P≤0.05. However, the third group (200 mg/kg) of aqueous ginger tubers extract had a positive effect, improving all the previously mentioned indicators and significantly surpassing the control and second groups at a probability level of P≤0.05. Additionally, the use of the aqueous extract of ginger tubers in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide in the fourth group prevented or minimized the negative effects of oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide on most of the blood indicators mentioned in the study.

Comparative effect of ginger (an anti-inflammatory medicinal herb) and aspirin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) on cytoprotection and body weight changes in male albino Wistar rats

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) are used to treat acute and chronic musculoskeletal problems (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout injuries), headaches, dental aches, surgical pains, and dysmenorrhea. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause ulcers. Ginger, a common spice, is anti-inflammatory. Ginger's anti-inflammatory qualities make it suitable for the herbal treatment of inflammatory diseases in numerous cultures. This study examined the effects of ginger, an anti-inflammatory plant, and aspirin, a NSAID, on animal stomachs and body weight. Both are used to treat inflammatory conditions in various nations. Given that aspirin has been linked to stomach ulcers, the study sought to determine if ginger had a larger stomach cytoprotective impact. The study hopes to determine if ginger, a medicinal herb, might reduce inflammation and weight. This study used 45 male Wistar rats. Three 15-rat groups—Control, Ginger, and Aspirin—were created. Five (5) rats in each group were utilized to assess mucus, ulcer scores, and pepsin secretion from the 15 rats in each group. Three animal groups received food and water daily. For four weeks, ginger group mice received 150 mg/kg aqueous ginger extract, while aspirin group animals received 150 mg/kg aspirin. At the end of the trial, ginger group animals had considerably lower mucus secretion than the control and aspirin groups. At 0.05 significance difference, the ginger group's pepsin secretion was significantly higher than the control and aspirin groups, although the ulcer score was significantly higher in the aspirin group. Ginger and aspirin groups had lower body weight changes than the control group at 0.05 significant differences. Ginger may treat inflammatory diseases, according to ulcer scores, and decrease weight gain.

Expression of major histocompatibility complex class II gene in commercial strains of broiler chickens administered varying levels of aqueous ginger extract

Due to regulation on the usage of synthetic antibiotics as a result of the development of resistance by microorganisms, the expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II gene in three commercial strains of broiler chickens administered varying levels of ginger extract was investigated. Ninety each of Arbor acres Plus, Cobb 500 and Ross 308 were used in the experiment. The birds were randomly divided into three treatment groups, on breed basis, of 30 birds, designated as T1, T2, and T3. Each treatment per breed were further divided into 3 replicates of 10 chicks. The control was administered a leveled table spoonful of Oxytetracycline® in 2L of water as recommended by the manufacturer while 4% and 6% of aqueous ginger extract was given to treatment 2, and 3 birds, respectively via drinking water. A single phase diet (22.34% CP; 2948.05 ME kcal/kg) was fed to the birds for 8 weeks. Liver samples were collected at the end of the experiment, fixed in RNA Later, and used for the expression study. Results showed significant (P<0.05) effect of treatment on the expression of MHC complex class II gene of the birds. Arbor acres Plus, Cobb 500 and Ross 308 birds administered ginger extract expressed more of the gene compared to the control. For the breed effect, expression of MHC class II gene was better in Ross 308 strain (1.07 fold change) followed by Arbor acres plus (0.76 fold change) while Cobb 500 had the least (0.62 fold change). For the effect of varying ginger extract levels on the expression of MHC class II gene, it was observed to have been upregulated most in birds administered 4% ginger extract (1.26 FC), 6% ginger extract (1.19 FC), while the control (0% ) had the least value (0.00 FC). In conclusion, aqueous ginger extract could be used up to 6% in the drinking water of the three broiler chickens strains as it led to upregulation of the MHC class II gene expression which could help in conferring immunity to the birds against exogenous microbial infection.
 
 
 
 
 En raison de la réglementation sur l’utilisation d’antibiotiques synthétiques à la suite du développement d’une résistance par des micro-organismes, l’expression du gène de classe II du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité (CMH) dans trois souches commerciales de poulets à griller administrées à des niveaux variables d’extrait de gingembre a été étudiée. Quatre-vingt-dix chacun des acres Arbor Plus, Cobb 500 et Ross 308 ont été utilisés dans l’expérience. Les oiseaux ont été divisés au hasard en trois groupes de traitement, sur la base de la race, de 30 oiseaux, désignés par T1, T2 et T3. Chaque traitement par race a ensuite été divisé en 3 répétitions de 10 poussins. Le témoin a reçu une cuillerée de table rase d’Oxytetracycline® dans 2L d’eau comme recommandé par le fabricant tandis que 4% et 6% d’extrait aqueux de gingembre ont été administrés aux oiseaux de traitement 2 et 3, respectivement via l’eau potable. Un régime à une seule phase (22,34 % de PB ; 2 948,05 ME kcal/kg) a été administré aux oiseaux pendant
 8 semaines. Des échantillons de foie ont été prélevés à la fin de l’expérience, fixés ultérieurement dans l’ARN et utilisés pour l’étude d’expression. Les résultats ont montré un effet significatif (P<0,05) du traitement sur l’expression du gène du complexe CMH de classe II des oiseaux. Les oiseaux Arbor acres Plus, Cobb 500 et Ross 308 ayant reçu de l’extrait de gingembre ont exprimé plus de gène que le témoin. Pour l’effet de race, l’expression du gène CMH de classe II était meilleure dans la souche Ross 308 (changement de 1,07 fois) suivie par Arbor acres plus (changement de 0,76 fois) tandis que Cobb 500 avait le moins (changement de 0,62 fois). Pour l’effet de la variation des niveaux d’extrait de gingembre sur l’expression du gène du CMH de classe II, il a été observé qu’il avait été régulé positivement chez les oiseaux ayant reçu 4 % d’extrait de gingembre (1,26 FC), 6 % d’extrait de gingembre (1,19 FC), tandis que le contrôle (0% ) avait la valeur la plus faible (0,00 FC). En conclusion, l’extrait aqueux de gingembre pourrait être utilisé jusqu’à 6% dans l’eau potable des trois souches de poulets à griller car il a conduit à une régulation positive de l’expression du gène MHC de classe II qui pourrait aider à conférer une immunité aux oiseaux contre les infections microbiennes exogènes.

Effect of ginger extract on sensory quality of spent Japanese quail meat tandoori

Spent Japanese quail (SJQ) meat was tenderized with ginger extract and utilized in the preparation of tandoori. The ginger extract level for tenderization of SJQ meat was optimized by physico-chemical and sensory analyses. The SJQ meat was treated with two levels of ginger extract and used for tandoori preparation along with two controls (broiler quail meat and spent quail meat). Japanese quail tandoori was prepared as four treatments namely CYB (Control young broiler), CSA (Control spent adult), G20 (Spent adult - ginger treatment 20%) and G40 (Spent adult - ginger treatment 40%). The aqueous ginger extract was prepared from fresh ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale Roscoe). The SJQ was marinated in ginger extract marinade, tumbled, and placed in the chiller (4±1⁰C) for 24 hours and utilized for tandoori preparation. The cooked tandoori of all the treatments were analysed for the physico-chemical and sensory parameters. With ginger extract marination, the pH of cooked tandoori was not affected and the product yield was improved. In the organoleptic evaluation, the appearance score increased in the treatment with 20% ginger extract. The flavour score was significantly (p<0.05) higher in CYB and G20. The SJQ was significantly (p<0.05) tenderized by treatment with 20% and 40% ginger extract. CYB and G20 had significantly (p<0.01) higher scores for overall acceptability scores. It is concluded that 20% ginger extract level could effectively be used to tenderize the SJQ meat for the preparation of tandoori without affecting the physico-chemical and sensory properties.

Effects of aqueous ginger extract on smooth muscle contraction in bovine cecum: in vitro study.

Intestinal hypomotility cause health risks and economic losses and is considered as an important digestive disorder that efforts to find prokinetic drugs can solve this major problem. This study investigated the effects of Zingiber officinale aqueous extract (ZOAE) on caecal smooth muscle contractions in healthy cows. To perform in vitro tests, cecum strips connected to the organ bath. Ginger aqueous extract caused concentration-dependent contraction in caecal smooth muscle with an effective threshold concentration of 6.00 mg L-1. The strongest contraction was caused at a concentration of 100 mg L-1 with an average contraction of 141%. To evaluate the possible mechanisms underlying the contractile effect on cecum strips, atropine, 1,1-dimethyl-4-diphenylacetoxypiperidinium iodide (4-DAMP) and verapamil completely inhibited aqueous extract induced smooth muscle contractions, while addition of hexamethonium had no effect on the contraction process. The lack of reduction of contractions caused by the extract in the presence of hexamethonium indicates that presence of acetylcholine-like constituents independent of nicotinic receptors. The inhibitory properties of atropine and 4-DAMP indicate that at least part of the prokinetic effect of the extract is due to stimulating the muscarinic receptors, especially M3 receptors. Also, verapamil inhibitory function proves that the extract acting by L-type calcium channels. The results suggest that the ZOAE has a potential prokinetic effect which may provide a pharmacological base to its medicinal or prophylactic use in caecal motility disorders.

Antioxidant Properties of Dried Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) var. Bentong.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is a popular culinary herb used in the Eastern culture. The essential cultivar of the Zingiber genus is rich in antioxidants and is crucial in the fight against oxidative stress-related diseases. The antioxidant properties of dried ginger were evaluated and compared for their efficacy from different drying processes (sun-, oven-, vacuum- and freeze-drying) and using three extraction solvents: hot water, aqueous ethanol (80%, v/v) and ethanol. The drying process demonstrated a positive effect on the antioxidant activities of ginger. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the extracting ability of each solvent. Sun-dried ginger extracted with ethanol performed better than the fresh ginger extract in the form of increased yield (3.04-fold), TFC values (12.25-fold), reducing power (FRAP) (15.35-fold), total antioxidant activity (TAA) (6.82-fold) and inhibition of ABTS•+ radical cation (3.51-fold) and DPPH• radical (95%). Meanwhile, freeze-dried aqueous ginger extracts demonstrated significantly higher TPC (1.66-fold), TFC (3.71-fold), FRAP (3.26-fold), TAA (2.97-fold), ABTS•+ scavenging activity (1.48-fold) and DPPH• radical inhibition (77%), compared to fresh ginger extracts. In addition, it was found that ethanol was significantly superior to aqueous ethanol in phenolic content recovery, despite the lower yield. Furthermore, ethanol ginger extracts exhibited higher antioxidant activity than aqueous ethanol extracts. On the other hand, hot water was the least potent solvent for extraction. In summary, there was an excellent correlation between TPC, TFC and antioxidant activity. Sun-drying is the most desirable method for preserving and enhancing ginger quality due to its cost effectiveness and bioactive compound efficacy.

Effect of different thermal and non‐thermal pre‐treatments on bioactive compounds of aqueous ginger extract obtained using vacuum‐assisted conductive drying system

AbstractThe current study investigates the effect of microwave (MW), Ohmic heating (OH), and ultrasound (US) pre‐treatments on the extraction of bioactive compounds and the drying kinetics of ginger using a vacuum‐assisted conductive drying system. The US pre‐treatment produced acoustic cavitation, and microstreaming in ginger slices which enhanced the total phenolic content and radical scavenging activity of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) (i.e., 14.83 ± 0.03 mg GAE/ml and 57.37 ± 0.00%) in obtained aqueous ginger extract (AGE). Similarly, OH pre‐treatment improved the total flavonoids content (i.e., 8.99 ± 0.01 mg QE/ml) of the acquired AGE. The pre‐treatments modified the surface of ginger which eventually led to better moisture diffusivity ratio of 2.58E−08 and 2.01E−08. Furthermore, the GCMS analysis of OH pretreated AGE reported more bioactive compounds compared to MW, US, and control. The major bioactive compounds reported were linalool, neral, geraniol, endo‐borneol, and 2,4 di‐tert‐butyl‐phenol which possess several therapeutic benefits. Thus, the US and OH pre‐treatments effectively enhanced the drying and extraction of bioactive compounds from ginger. Further studies are warranted on the obtained extract to understand its maximum potential for application in food and pharmaceutical industry.Practical applicationsThe ginger extract collected while drying can be used as a flavoring agent or can be incorporated into drinks to enrich the bioactive compounds. The GCMS results indicate that volatile compounds entrapped in the condensate collected contains bioactive components with antioxidant properties. These bioactive compounds can be further studied for their potential health benefits in humans. Thus, this condensate obtained using vacuum‐assisted conductive drying system helps in utilizing the nutrients that are lost and goes unutilized during drying in many industries.

Ginger Loaded Polyethylene Oxide Electrospun Nanomembrane: Rheological and Antimicrobial Attributes.

Synthetic antibiotics have captured the market in recent years, but the side effects of these products are life-threatening. In recent times, researchers have focused their research on natural-based products such as natural herbal oils, which are eco-friendly, biocompatible, biodegradable, and antibacterial. In this study, polyethylene oxide (PEO) and aqueous ginger extract (GE) were electrospun to produce novel antibacterial nanomembrane sheets as a function of PEO and GE concentrations. A GE average particle size of 91.16 nm was achieved with an extensive filtration process, inferring their incorporation in the PEO nanofibres. The presence of the GE was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) through peaks of phenol and aromatic groups. The viscoelastic properties of PEO/GE solutions were analysed in terms of PEO and GE concentrations. Increasing PEO and GE concentrations increased the solution's viscosity. The dynamic viscosity of 3% was not changed with increasing shear rate, indicating Newtonian fluid behaviour. The dynamic viscosity of 4 and 5 wt% PEO/GE solutions containing 10% GE increased exponentially compared to 3 wt%. In addition, the shear thinning behaviour was observed over a frequency range of 0.05 to 100 rad/s. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis also specified an increase in the nanofibre's diameter with increasing PEO concentration, while SEM images displayed smooth morphology with beadless nanofibres at different PEO/GE concentrations. In addition, PEO/GE nanomembranes inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, as presented by qualitative antibacterial results. The extent of PEO/GE nanomembrane's antibacterial activity was further investigated by the agar dilution method, which inhibited the 98.79% Staphylococcus aureus population at 30% GE concentration.

Antibacterial activity of green gold and silver nanoparticles using ginger root extract.

Recent studies demonstrated that the speed of synthesis, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial activity of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) metals is enhanced when biosynthesized in nano-sized particles. In the present study, Au- and Ag-based nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized via a biological process using aqueous Ginger root extract and characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The NPs have hexagonal and spherical shapes. The average particle size for Au and Ag NPs was 20 and 15nm, respectively. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique has shown that the zeta potential values of synthesized NPs were 4.8 and - 7.11 mv, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of Ginger root extract revealed 25 compounds. The synthesized NPs showed significant activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia (E). coli in vitro, with IC50 and IC90 values for Au and Ag NPs, respectively, noted to be 7.5 and 7.3µg/ml and 15 and 15.2µg/ml for both bacterial strains. The protein leakage level was tremendous and morphological changes occurred in bacteria treated with biosynthesized NPs. These results suggest that the biosynthesized metallic NPs have the suitable potential for application as antibacterial agents with enhanced activities.

Evaluation of Secondary Metabolites Profiling of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Rhizome using GC-MS and Its Antibacterial Potential on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

Objective: Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome is a well-known food spice and flavoring ingredient with wide range of medicinal properties. The rhizome of ginger consists of unique secondary metabolites compounds. The study evaluates the secondary metabolites profiling of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and its antibacterial potential on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.&#x0D; Methodology: The GC-MS and phytochemical screening of the aqueous ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome extract were determined using standard procedures. Antibacterial activities were determined by agar well diffusion methods. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined using standard procedure.&#x0D; Results: The result of the GC-MS analysis shows that thirty six compounds were identified in the ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome using GC-MS analysis with tridecane with molecular formula of C13H28 being the most abundant with peak area of 16.94% and retention time of 12.849. The phytochemical screening shows that the plant contains saponins, alkaloids, glycoside, simple phenolics, tannins, flavonoids carbohydrates and reducing sugar. The study shows that at 250 mg/ml, the aqueous ginger extract exhibited little or no response with zone of inhibition of 9.85±0.39 and 8.19±1.33 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli respectively. The extract exhibited weak response antibacterial activity against E. coli and moderate response against S. aureus with zone of inhibition of 13.62±2.03 and 16.73±1.83 at 500 mg/dl respectively. Augmentin showed moderate and strong response with zone of inhibition of 17.23±1.67 and 21.13±1.34 mg/ml against E. coli and S. aureus at concentration of 7.50 mg/ml respectively. At 15 mg/ml, augmentin showed strong response with zone of inhibition of 23.00±2.88 mg/ml against E. coli and potent response with zone of inhibition of 30.50±2.64 mg/ml against S. aureus. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for the aqueous ginger are 125 and 250 mg/ml for S. aureus and E. coli and 7.81 and 15.63 for augmentin solution for the sane organisms respectively.&#x0D; Conclusions: The aqueous ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) rhizome contains secondary metabolites and possesses poor antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and may prevent pathogenic diseases caused by these organisms.

Ecofriendly phytosynthesized zirconium oxide nanoparticles as antibiofilm and quorum quenching agents against Acinetobacter baumannii

The worldwide increase of multi-drug resistance has directed the researchers to focus on ecofriendly ways of nanoparticles synthesis with effective antivirulence properties. Here, we report the antibiofilm and quorum quenching (QQ) potential of zirconium oxide nanoparticles (ZrO2 NPs) synthesized from aqueous ginger extract against multi-drug resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii. The results indicated that ZrO2 NPs were of tetragonal shape with average diameter of 16 nm. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values for A. baumannii were 15.6 and 62.5 µg/ml, respectively, as revealed by broth microdilution assay. Exposure of bacterial cells to ZrO2 NPs resulted in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation which in turn led to cellular membrane disruption as observed by an increase in leakage of cellular contents, such as proteins, sugars, and DNA. The antibiofilm activity was evaluated by microtiter plate assay and the results revealed that the percentage inhibition of biofilm was found to be 14.3–80.6%. ZrO2 NPs also obstructed the chemical composition of biofilms matrix by reducing the proteins and carbohydrate contents. Molecular docking studies of ZrO2 NPs with four proteins (2NAZ, 4HKG, 5D6H, and 5HM6) involved in biofilm formation of A. baumannii revealed the interaction of zirconium with target proteins. These findings suggested the in vitro efficacy of phytosynthesized ZrO2 NPs as antibiofilm and QQ agents that can be exploited in the development of alternative therapeutic options against MDR A. baumannii.

Phytochemical screening, Gas chromatography: Mass spectrometry and antidiabetic properties of aqueous extract of ginger (Zingiber officinale) in Alloxan induced diabetic Wistar rats

The study investigates the phytochemistry, Gas-Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), atomic Absorbtion spectroscopy (AAS) and antidiabetic activities of aqueous ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in diabetic alloxan-induced Wistar rats. Qualitative phytochemical analysis, GC-MS, AAS and antidiabetic properties of the aqueous ginger extract were determined using standard procedures. Phytochemical analysis of the aqueous ginger extract shows that the extract contains tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, simple phenolic, glycosides, carbohydrates, reducing sugar and steroids. The GC-MS study of the aqueous Zingiber officinale extract revealed the presence of eleven different compounds with 1,3-Cyclohexadiene, 5-(1,5-dimethy 4-hexenyl)-2-methyl-, [S-(R*,S*)]- been the most abundant with peak area of 33.98%. The AAS analysis shows that ginger contain: Ca, Na, Fe, K, P and Zn minerals. Twenty five (25) Wistar rats were grouped into 5 groups and investigated for antidiabetic study for a period of 15 days. Group A and B animals were normal and negative control respectively. Group B rats were induced with alloxan and not treated with drugs or extract. Animals in other groups (C, D and E rats) were diabetic and treated with standard drug (glibenclamide with concentration of 10 mg/kg), 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous ginger extract respectively. The group of rats treated with 10, 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight of glibenclamide and aqueous ginger extract showed significant reduction (p

Aqueous Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract Ameliorates the Harmful Effects of High-Dose Lornoxicam in Albino Male Rats.

Lornoxicam is a potent oxicam-class nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic effects. Its impacts on many biological functions are not fully understood. We measured various biomarkers in male albino rats provided an oral aqueous ginger extract before IM administration of therapeutic and 2× the therapeutic doses of lornoxicam. The aqueous ginger plant extract was characterized by mass spectroscopy, and its effects were determined by examining free radical scavenging activity, blood parameters, renal and hepatic function, semen quality, proinflammatory cytokines, antioxidant markers, and histopathology. Rats administered lornoxicam had significantly higher liver and kidney function biomarker values, TNF-α, interleukin-6, and sperm abnormalities than the control rats. The overall erythrocyte count, packed cell volume, prostaglandin, and sperm counts were all considerably lower in the experimental animals. Histological changes were found in the liver, spleen, and testes of rats administered lornoxicam alone. In rats, pretreatment with ginger extract reduced the majority of the negative effects of conventional and high dosages of lornoxicam.