Aqueous Extract Of Ginger Research Articles

Antimicrobial resistance profile and antibacterial activity of ginger and garlic extract on diary isolated E. coli And Salmonella typhii

This study investigated the in vitro comparative assessment of antibacterial activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and garlic (Allium sativum). Four different extracts were prepared (ethanol, n-hexane, ethanol + waters, aqueous extracts) of ginger and garlic to determine the antibacterial action against rising spates of resistance to Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. which were isolates from raw milk of cattle using disc diffusion method. The bacterial strains used was identified and characterized by standard bacteriological method (colonial morphology, biochemistry), PCR and Sanger Sequencing Techniques (molecular). Both garlic and ginger were identified at FRIN in Ibadan and then concentrated at Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Ibadan. The extracts of both ginger and garlic showed remarkable resistance against both organisms with no inhibitory zone while the synthetic antibiotic used as control (Chloramphenicol) was sensitive against the two test microorganisms. The result obtained was subjected to statistical ANOVA at P≥ 0.05 level of significance. Although both plants have been reported to have anti-bacterial properties but this study contrasted this assertions making its recommendation as plants of choice in ameliorating bacterial infection as a cause for re-examination.

Natural Antibrowning Agents against Polyphenol Oxidase Activity in Annona muricata and Musa acuminata

Fresh-cut fruits and vegetables emerge as popular food for consumers in retail markets. However, a loss of millions of dollars yearly to the food industry has been due to discoloration of fruits and vegetables caused by a pronounced reaction called enzymatic browning, which is caused by the activity of the polyphenol oxidase enzyme present in most of the fruits and vegetables. The main objective of this study was to investigate the natural antibrowning effects of the aqueous extract of ginger and essential oil of cinnamon bark on PPO enzymatic activity in Annona muricata (katu anoda) and Musa acuminata (ash plantains), which are considered to be widely consumable by Sri Lankans due to its respective health benefits. The antibrowning activity analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 525 nm showed that cinnamon bark oil of 0.0035 g/mL had a % inhibitory activity of 51.97 percent on PPO activity in Annona muricata and 49.51 percent on PPO activity in Musa acuminata, while the aqueous extract of ginger of 0.091 g/mL had a % inhibitory activity of 60.90 percent on PPO activity in Annona muricata and 48.10 percent on PPO activity in Musa acuminata, respectively. This study shows that cinnamon bark oil and ginger can be used as effective, natural, nontoxic antibrowning agents that can inhibit the activity of the PPO enzyme, thereby preventing the essence and nutritional benefits of fruits and vegetables.

Histological Assessment of ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract on tongue dorsal surface in diabetic rats

Objective: To investigate anti-diabetic effect of ginger extract in streptozotocin- induced diabetes mellitus in albino rats. Methodology: 30 adult male albino rats were divided into three groups, 10 rats each: group I: negative control took commercial diet, group II rats were administered a single injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin at a dose of 50mg/kg/b.w, which was dissolved in citrate buffer at PH 4.2 , group III rats were given a single dose of freshly prepared streptozotocin (50mg/kg/b.w), and after 3 days Ginger aqueous extract was given orally by gastric gavage in a daily dose of 400 mg/kg body weight of rat for 4 weeks. Tongue was carefully dissected and processed for Haematoxylin & Eosin, and ki- 67. Results: histological examination revealed that normal thread like keratinized filliform papillae with equal thickness of the lingual epithelium, the lamina propria and the muscular layer appear with normal architecture in group I. while in group II complete loss of the conical shape filliform papilla occurred, the lamina propria and the muscular layer were markedly accompanied with inflammatory cell infiltration. In group III the filliform papillae began to regain their normal appearance. Immunohistochemical results showed the intense nuclear reaction to ki-67 in group I and III, while in group II the reaction was mild. Conclusion: including ginger in diet can be effective in eliminating the effect of diabetes on tongue papillae.

Antimicrobial activity of ginger on cariogenic bacteria: molecular networking and molecular docking analyses

Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus have been implicated as the primary causative agents of dental caries in humans. This study aimed to screen the antibacterial activity of the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extracts of Ginger against mentioned bacteria and investigate chemical constituents of the extracts, and their activity against some drug targets in S. mutans. Antimicrobial tests including biofilm inhibition, time-kill kinetics, and adherence inhibition alongside cytotoxicity of extracts, were assessed. A molecular networking technique was used to find chemical constituents of the extracts. Molecular docking analysis on the Schrodinger package was applied to identify the binding interactions of the compounds to targeted enzymes. Methanol and ethyl acetate extracts showed the highest antibacterial activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. Different compounds including polyphenols, alkaloids, anthraquinones, flavonoids, terpenoids, glycosides, steroids, and reducing sugars dereplicated from Ginger extracts. The binding affinity of ligands with free hydroxyl groups was better than other ligands against all tested enzymes. This study introduces a wide range of Z. officinal extracts compounds to be used in different drug discovery studies. Some Ginger compounds with high affinity to investigated enzymes can be considered as candidate compounds for anti-caries drug development studies. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

SYNERGISM BETWEEN PROBIOTICS AND HERBS TO MANAGE TYPE 2 DIABETES IN RATS

Objective: This study aims to explore the adjuvant effect of multi-strain probiotics with either saffron, cardamom, ginger, or cinnamon herbs to achieve synergistic management for controlling type 2 diabetes (T2D).
 Methods: Eighty-eight adult male, Wistar rats were used. Eight rats were kept as healthy control. Eighty rats were used to induce type 2 diabetic rats (T2DR) and were randomly assigned to ten groups. One group was an offer to 0.2 ml multi-strain probiotics orally. The rest of T2DR were gavage with 100 mg/kg aqueous extract of saffron, cardamom, ginger, or cinnamon without or with 0.2 ml multi-strain probiotics orally. Bodyweight gain (BWG), and feed efficiency ratio (FER) were recorded. Determination of oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), serum insulin, C-peptide, HDL, LDL, HDL/total cholesterol ratio were performed. Serum antioxidant activity, Th1and Th2 cytokines and histopathology of the pancreas were done.
 Results: Comparable with T2DR, solely multi-strain probiotics or with herbs caused a significant reduction in BWG (P<0.05). Groups fed saffron, cardamom, and ginger and enriched with multi-strain probiotic showed significant improvement in OGTT, serum insulin, C-peptide and lipid abnormalities (P<0.05) compared to T2DR. Besides, they had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The group received ginger alone exerted anti-hyperglycemia and anti-inflammatory effects. However, cinnamon had a moderate anti-diabetic effect and solely probiotics did not show a significant benefit for all parameters except BWG.
 Conclusion: Cardamom, saffron, and ginger enriched with multi-strain probiotics achieve a synergistic relationship for managing T2D. This finding exhibits a possible new hypothesis to manage diabetes that needs further study.

Potential Protection Effect of Using Honey, Ginger, and Turmeric as a Natural Treatment against Chemotherapy of Intestinal Toxicity

This study evaluated the potential of a treatment of honey, ginger and, turmeric against methotrexate-(MTX) induced intestinal toxicity. Rats were randomly split into five groups (n = 7) as follows: the control group was administrated placebo (physiologic saline) for seven days; the MTX groups were injected with vehicle intraperitoneally for one day followed by a single dose of MTX (20 mg/kg body weight). Animals in the treated groups were treated orally with honey solution, an aqueous extract of ginger, or turmeric. Body weight gain was significantly reduced at (p<0.05) after the injection of MTX for all treated groups. However, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly (p<0.05) higher for groups treated with honey, ginger and turmeric (1.70 ± 0.24; 1.4 ± 0.2; 1.70 ± 0.6 mM/L, respectively) compared with rats treated with MTX alone (0.97 ± 0.2 mM/L). Also, those who received honey and MTX had liver and kidney enzymes closer to normal levels, with better hematology parameters and morphological structure of the intestines. Treatment with aqueous extract of ginger and/or turmeric appeared to significantly ameliorate the toxic effects of MTX via an increase in total antioxidant capacity and decreased formation of malondialdehyde. There were also significant improvements in hematology results for rats treated with aqueous extract of ginger and/or turmeric. Finally, combined treatment with honey, ginger, and turmeric led to lower toxicity than treatment with MTX alone.

Investigation of effect of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents on the quality of frozen crab gonads by E‐nose, GC‐MS, and sensory evaluation

The aim of present study was to estimate the synergistic effect of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents on the quality of frozen crab gonads in terms of parameters including lipid oxidation analysis, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) content, total viable counts (TVC), volatile odor (by E-nose and SPME-GC-MS), and sensory evaluation. Aqueous ginger extract (GE), nisin (N), and tea polyphenols (TP) were applied alone and in combination (GE+N) to cooled crab gonad, and stored at −19°C under vacuum packaging for 60 days. Results showed that, lipid oxidation and formation of total volatile based nitrogen and total microbial viable counts were effectively suppressed by the application of combination of N and GE compared to controls (air and vacuum packed without additives). The E-nose was used to analyze the effectiveness of the treatments and compared with HS-SPME-GC-MS volatile profile and microbial analysis. The odor activity value (OAV) (summations of aroma active compounds) in the combined treatment decreased significantly, especially trimethylamine and ethylamine with ammonia odor, hexanal, (Z)-4-heptenal, 1-octen-3-ol, and (E, E)-2, 4-heptadienal with fishy odor, octanal, and (E, Z)-2, 6-nonadienal with grassy odor, (E)-2-decenal with earth odor. A 73 volatile components and 20 aroma-active compounds (AACs) were identified by HS-SPME-GC-MS in the sample aroma profiles. The results of GC-MS presented a good accordance with those of sensory assessment using e-nose in differentiating odor profiles. Practical applications GE showed best antioxidant activity against lipid oxidation compared with N and TP during frozen storage of crab gonad, while N inhibited the formation of TVBN and TVC most effectively. On the contrary, the combined use of GE and N in frozen storage could show a synergistic effect in promoting quality parameters and odor profiles of crab gonad. The information obtained from this work can be as the basis for further mass production of frozen crab gonads with excellent quality.

The Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) on Diet Induced Hyperlipidemia and Tissue Histology in Adult Female Wistar Rats: A Biochemical and Histopathological Study

The study is aimed at determining the atheroprotective property of ginger (Zingiber officinale) aqueous extract to rats fed with a high-fat diet. Each group consisted of 5 rats. Group 1 represent the control group and received normal rat pellets; groups 2-5 were maintained on high-fat diet for 6 weeks to establish hyperlipidemia. Groups 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 received distilled water, distilled water, 400, 500 and 600 mg/kg (body weight) Zingiber officinale respectively for 4 weeks. Serum concentrations of triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) were determined using standard biochemical methods. Histologic examination of tissues was by Hematoxylin-Eosin staining technique. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test and P&lt;0.05 was considered significant. A decrease in the mean concentrations of TG, TC, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C) and increase in HDL-C concentration of each of the treatment groups (3, 4, 5) were observed when compared with that of group 2. In rats fed high-fat diet, histologic abnormalities were observed for the heart, liver, and kidney which were not adequately corrected by ginger treatment. Results suggest that at dosage levels studied, aqueous ginger extract ameliorated biochemical but not histologic consequences of the high-fat diet.

Effect of ginger extract as a natural tenderizer in spent hen meat

Aqueous extract of ginger (Zingiber ofcinale) was investigated for its effect as a natural tenderizing agent in thigh meat obtained from spent hens of commercial layer stock. Te thigh portion obtained after slaughter and dressing of spent hens were treated with five treatment solutions viz. 0.2% papain as positive control (T1), naive control without any treatment (T2); 2% Ginger Extract (T3); 4% Ginger Extract (T4); and 6% Ginger Extract (T5). The samples were kept for 24 hours at 4oC and then divided into two groups. One group of samples was analyzed for various physico-chemical, tenderizing and sensory parameters to ascertain the effect of the Ginger Extract. The results revealed that with increasing Ginger Extract level, there was an increase in pH, moisture content and water holding capacity while as decrease in hydroxyproline content and collagen content, thereby decreasing the toughness and thus desirably improving the tenderness of spent hen meat. Ginger Extract also improved sensory parameters like appearance, favor, tenderness, juiciness and overall acceptability scores. The other group of samples was cooked for 35 minutes in 1.5% salt solution. Ginger Extract increased the product yield, pH and moisture content and decreased the shear force value in cooked samples. Ginger Extract also imparted better appearance, color and tenderness scores in cooked samples. Although all levels of Ginger Extract improved the quality of meat, however, the best results were found for 6% Ginger Extract. It was concluded that ginger is a potential natural tenderizer and can thus be explored for its role in the meat processing industry to improve the overall quality of otherwise less valued tougher spent hen meat.

Modulatory Effect of Ginger Aqueous Extract against Imidacloprid-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats

The current study was aimed to investigate neurotoxic impact of imidacloprid in rats and the potential modulatory role of Zingiber officinale Roscoe aqueous extract against such effects. Sixty male albino rats were randomly assigned into six groups (n = 10) as following: G1 is (-ve) control group (0.1 ml of distilled water for 90 days). G2 is (+ve) control group (1ml of aqueous extract of ginger (GAE) for 90 days). G3 group was administered with 0.1 ml of Imidacloprid (IMI) for 90 days. G4 group was administered with 1 ml of GAE for 2 weeks followed by administration of 0.1 ml of IMI/rat for 90 days. G5 group was administered with 0.1 ml of IMI for 90 days then 1ml of GAE for 2 weeks and the last group administered 0.1 ml of IMI and 1ml of GAE simultaneously for 90 days (G6) oral dosing of IMI and ginger aqueous extract was triple weekly. IMI exposure caused significant decrease in gamma amino butyric acid (GABA) level, significant increase in sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), significant depletion in glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) was not affected by IMI exposure. IMI exposure upregulates toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) gene in the brain, intense immuno positive reactivity of TLR2 in the brain of IMI-treated group. Histopathologically, significant alterations in the brain were observed, such as neuronal degeneration, hemorrhages, necrosis, demyelination and gliosis. In conclusion, IMI neurotoxic effect could be modulated by the use of ginger aqueous extract.

HYPOGLYCEMIC AND HYPOLIPIDEMIC EFFECTS OF GINGER IMPROVE KIDNEY FUNCTION IN OBESE MALE RATS

Aside from being a social stigma, obesity is frequently associated with insulin resistance, in turn linked to development of type II diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis – the so-called metabolic syndrome.This study investigated the biochemical changes in serum urea and creatinine levels in obese male rats treated with aqueous ginger extract. Forty age-matched adult male wister rats (90-110) gm were divided into four groups of ten rats each: Group I, Control group; Group II: Obese group. Group III: Low ginger dose (200 mg/kg body weight) treated obese group; Group IV: High ginger dose (400 mg/kg body weight) treated obese group.The obese group exhibited hyperglycemia accompanied with increasing in serum levels of Triglycerides (TG), Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C), Total Cholesterol (TC) levels. On the other hand, there was a significant reduction in High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) level. Ginger was effective in lowering all previous mentioned biochemical parameters and HDL-C level was increased significantly. Serum urea and creatinine levels showed a significant increase in obese rats. Otherwise, obese rats treated with ginger at either dose revealed a significant decrease as compared to obese group. These results indicated that the hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of aqueous ginger extract (200, 400 mg/kg/day) could ameliorate obesity related kidney dysfunction.

Palliative Role of Aqueous Ginger Extract on N-Nitroso-N-Methylurea-Induced Gastric Cancer

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a spice and also an herbal medicine used worldwide for managing GI tract disturbances. However, its role in gastric cancer is sparingly known. This study ensures the standardization of gastric cancer by the induction of N-nitroso N-methyl Urea (MNU) and to determine the role of the aqueous extract of ginger (AGE) in MNU-induced gastric cancer in albino Wistar rats. Accordingly, the anticancer potential of AGE and its possible mode of action were assessed on rats exposed to MNU, by various biochemical and molecular assays. As evidenced by the extent of lipid peroxidation, gastrin levels and histopathological sections in MNU-induced cancerous lesions at 8 wk which was stabilized at 16 wk confirming the induction of gastric carcinoma by the chemical carcinogen. Further, results revealed that AGE alleviated the oxidative stress as evidenced by the stomach antioxidant enzymes (SOD, catalase, GPx, and GR), markers of oxidative stress (TRx, GRx) and Gastrin, a specific marker for gastric cancer and a decreased level of pro-inflammatory markers (NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2) which was further confirmed by histopathological analysis. AGE is responsible to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation related to gastric cancer and could be used as a potential dietary intervention in gastric cancer therapy.

The hepatoprotective role of the aqueous extract of ginger against the harmful effects of paracetamol in rats

The hepatoprotective role of the aqueous extract of ginger against the harmful effects of paracetamol in rats

Voltammetric and spectroscopic determination of polyphenols and antioxidants in ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe)

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is widely consumed as an important spice or a common condiment in food and beverages. This study focuses on the determination of pungent and bioactive components in ginger and their antioxidant activity using voltammetric and spectroscopic methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy analysis revealed that the major components of the pungent compounds were zingerone, shogaols, gingerols, paradols, wikstromol, and carinol. Using spectroscopic methods, the antioxidant capacity of ginger aqueous extract was found to be 16.0 μmol gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per gram of ginger extract, and the total phenolic and flavonoid content was estimated to be 7.8 mg GAE/g ginger extract and 15.4 mg Quercetin equivalent (QE) per gram of ginger extract, respectively. Electroanalytical quantification estimated the antioxidant capacity of the ginger infusion to be 23.5 μmol GAE/g ginger extract, which is slightly higher than that estimated using chemical assay. The results may provide useful information for the development of ginger processing and utilization as a flavoring agent, and for our understanding of ginger as a source of natural antioxidants.

Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Zingiber officinale

Oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of many diseases. The use of natural antioxidant as a therapeutic option is desirable and increasingly being practiced. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the in-vitro antioxidant property of Zingiber officinale, a known food additive. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of Zingiber officinale were evaluated for antioxidant activities using DPPH, ABTS and SOD scavenging assay; and lipid peroxidation assay. The results obtained indicated that both extracts possess potent antioxidant property as shown by significant scavenging of ABTS and SOD radicals. Similarly, MDA level (lipid peroxidation) was significantly reduced by the both extracts. However, there was no significant scavenging activity using the DPPH assay. The present study indicates that both aqueous and ethanol extracts of ginger are significant sources of natural antioxidant. Therefore, consumption of the plant material might be helpful in combating the progression of various diseases with oxidative stress components.

THE VITRO STUDY EFFECT OF GINGER EXTRACTS ON FUNGAL ISOLATED FROM A SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA AND EXTERNA

Background: Otitis media is a group of complex inflammatory disorders affecting the middle ear, which can be acute or chronic. Otitis externa is an inflammation on the skin of the external auditory canal usually associated with secondary bacterial and/or fungal infection of macerated skin and subcutaneous cellular tissue. Objective: To investigate the effect of ginger extracts on fungal isolates from patients suffering from otitis. Methods: Two hundred patients suffering from suppurative otitis media and externa who attended to ENT Department, Al-Imamein Al-Kadhimein Medical City enrolled in this study from November 2016 to the end of April 2017, included patients all age groups with discharging ear. All specimens were transported to the laboratory for processing and investigations at the same day. The powder of ginger rhizomes soaked with the solvent and left in a shaking water bath at 40 °C for 24 hours, and then filtered using Whatmann's filter paper No.1 for clear extract. Each extract was concentrated using a rotary evaporator with vacuum to get the final crude extract\; after the procedure of ginger extract was done, this extract was taken and tested for bacterial and fungal isolates from patients with otitis. Results: Results revealed that acute otitis media consisted of about 96 (48%), while chronic suppurative otitis media about 75 (37.5%). Otitis externa was less common infection among the other types of otitis 29(14.50%). The most fungal isolates were Candida parapsilosis. In addition, there is a significant effect of (chloroform, methanol, and aqueous) extract of ginger on pathogenic fungi. Conclusion: Ginger extracts have been showed evident zones of inhibition effect on pathogenic fungi by chloroform more than ethanol, with less effect by aqueous extract. Keywords: Otitis externa, otitis media, ginger extract Citation: Al-Attraqchi AAF, Sahib HB, Al-Hasseni JMK, Mohammed MM. The vitro study effect of ginger extracts on fungal isolated from a suppurative otitis media and externa. Iraqi JMS. 2019; 17(1): 4-11. doi: 10.22578/IJMS.17.1.2

Possible intrusive food interaction with oral dabigatran’s anticoagulant activity in a rat models

Purpose : To evaluate the synergistic or antagonistic interaction between oral dabigitran etexilate (Pradaxa) and some foods. Methods : Aqueous extracts of sweet orange, cabbage, ginger, green tea, garlic and pineapple were prepared and lyophilized, and total phenolic acids and flavonoid contents evaluated. The residues of the aqueous extracts were given daily to the rats (500 mg/kg dose, oral) 1 h after administration of dabigatran (1.83 mg/kg dose) for 14 days. Bleeding time, International Normalized Ratio (INR), prothrombin time (PT) as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in blood were measured. Results : Oral administration of Pradaxa with all the test food (except cabbage) significantly increased bleeding time, INR and PT. Pradaxa interaction with cabbage significantly decreased bleeding tendencies but the drug did not produce any major elevation of liver enzyme levels (ALT, AST and ALP). Conversely, significant elevation in ALP level was observed only after aqueous extract of ginger was administered with Pradaxa. Green tea and garlic significantly increased ALT and AST levels. Conclusion : Synergistic interaction occurrs between dabigatran etexilate with the selected foods, but interaction with cabbage antagonistic. Keywords: Dabigatran etexilate, Anticoagulant, Foods, Liver enzymes, International Normalized Ratio, Prothrombin time

Preparation and properties of herbal extract blended pineapple ready to serve

Aqueous extracts of ginger, cumin, lemongrass, mint and holy basil were blended to Pineapple Ready to Serve (RTS) beverages at 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% concentrations and quality parameters and sensory attributes of the products were analyzed. RTS blended with 5% extracts had the highest TSS, titratable acidity and preferable pH. T5 (5 % Cumin extract) recorded the highest TSS (13.2 º Brix) and acidity (0.20 %). The colour indices showed that, the normal light yellow colour of the pineapple RTS had changed to various grades of greenish yellow to brownish yellow by the addition of the herbal extracts at different concentration. In the sensory evaluation, T10 (10 % Lemon grass extract) recorded the highest overall acceptance followed by T9 (5 % Lemon grass extract) and T5 (5 % Cumin extract). Addition of cumin and lemon grass extracts at lower concentration to Pineapple RTS can form a novel beverage with improved physico-chemical properties and consumer acceptance.

Postnatal Effect Of Acrylamide On Rat Renal Cortex And The Protective Effect Of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe)

Background: Acrylamide is toxic both in experimental animals and in humans. It is proved to be carcinogenic in rodents and considered by The International Agency for Research on Cancer as a probable human carcinogen. Medicinal plants have significant antioxidant properties. Ginger had the highest antioxidant activity among these plants.Aim of the work: To detect the histopathological effects of acrylamide on the kidneys in postnatal rats and to determine the possible protective effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) as an antioxidant.Methods: The experimental pregnant rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:Group 1 (control group): these rats were preserved under normal condition of diet and water. Group 2 (acrylamide-treated group): acrylamide was orally administered to non-anesthetized rats by gastric intubation at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. Group 3 (ginger-protected group): animals of this group were given the same dose of acrylamide as in group 2 followed by 1 ml of final aqueous extract of ginger (24 mg/ml) three times weekly. All the doses were administered from the 7th day of gestation and continued up to 21 days after delivery. Postnatal rats at the 2nd and 21st days were selected from each group and were scarified. Their kidneys were carefully dissected, removed and fixed in 10% formalin for histopathological and immunohistochemical examinations.Results: Maternal acrylamide administration disturbed the development of the renal cortex of the offsprings. Histological examination of acrylamide-treated, 2-day-old rats revealed degenerated glomeruli with lack of capillary tufts, disarrangement of podocytes and thickening of the parietal layers of Bowman's capsules. Moreover, the damage was evident in the primitive tubules. Examination of acrylamide-treated, 21-day-old rats showed congested glomerular capillaries, mesangial hypercellularity, vacuolations and darkly stained nuclei of the renal tubular epithelium, and extensive interstitial cellular infiltration and hemorrhage. Statistically, acrylamide–treated groups at both ages showed a highly significant decrease in the mean glomerular count, and the mean thickness of the cortex and the medulla as compared to their control groups. Moreover, the area percentage of renal NF-kβ protein expression showed a significant increase with acrylamide treatment. Ginger administration effectively restored most of the acrylamide-induced renal cortical damage.Conclusion: ginger administration effectively restored most of the acrylamide-induced renal cortical damage, suggesting that ginger supplement can play a protective role against acrylamide deleterious effects.

Effect of Ginger Aqueous Extract on Some Reproductive and Antioxidant Parameters in Male Rabbits

The objective of the current study was to investigate the effect of ginger on the fertility of male rabbits, in order to get benefit of its useful effect on semen quality and the reproductive performances. Twenty adult male New Zealand white rabbits (5-6 months old) and weighing (3-3.5 Kg) were used. The bucks were divided into two groups; the control group (n= 10) and ginger treated group (n=10). The treated group received 200mg/Kg of ginger aqueous extract orally using stomach tube daily for 4 weeks. At the end of the experiment, semen was collected for analysis of; ejaculate volume, sperm motility, count and abnormalities. Sera were used for determination of testosterone level, Total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and malondialdehyde concentration (MDA). Histoological examination of testes and epididymis was performed. The obtained results revealed; no change in ejaculate volume, significant increase in the individual sperm motility, sperm count with a significant decrease in the percentage of abnormal spermatozoa in ginger treated group. A significant increase in testosterone level, TAC with a significant reduction in MDA concentration in ginger treated group . The histological examination of testes and epididymis showed accumulation of the spermatozoa in the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, increased epithelial cells height of the epididymis with overcrowded lumens with sperms in ginger treated group. . It could be concluded that ginger has a positive effect on the male fertility which could be attributed to the antioxidant and androgenic activity of ginger.