Aqueous Extract Research Articles

In Vivo and In Vitro Investigation of the Antibacterial, Cytotoxic, and Immunological Effects of Aqueous Extract from Ziziphus spina-christi Leaves

Background: The adoption of Ziziphus species medicines for the treatment of inflammatory illnesses is extensive and increasing, nevertheless, the impact of the Ziziphus genus on inflammatory illnesses has not been well studied. Aim of study:- study the Antibacterial, Cytotoxicity of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves extract of in vitro and Immunological effect in vivo , Methods and material : Enterobacter cloacae was obtained from patients from patient with Orthodontics , The Ziziphus spina-christi leaves were obtained from Iraqi market then dried for extraction and 100, 150, 200 mg/ml concentrations were prepared, the experimental design included two parts , in vitro and in vivo, In virto study which estimation the antibacterial activity by agar diffusion methods and Cytotoxicity using WRL-68 cell line with neutral red uptake method, in vivo study was included four groups Group I (Control): daily intraperitoneal injections of normal saline, Group II: injected Intraperitoneal with 100 µl of 1.5 x 108 CFU / ml of E. cloacae, Group III administrated orally with 200 mg/ml of extract , Group IV injected Intraperitoneal with 100 µl of 1.5x108 CFU/ ml of E.cloacae then for 14 day administrated orally with 200 mg/ml with extract then notice the clinical signs of each group evaluation the innate immunity (neutrophil activity) by Nitro-blue tetrazollum (NBT) method , Toll Like receptors-2(TLR-2) and Adaptive immunity (Arthus reaction Delayed hypersensitivity,IL-4,IL-17,IL-10). The results: The results showed that the extract revealed a good antibacterial activity against the studied isolates (E. cloacae ) which that highest activity recorded in 200 mg/ml concentration , The cytotoxicity findings reported the IC50 value of Ziziphus Rugosa extract, which indicates the concentration at which 50% proliferation inhibition of WRL-68 cells occurs, was found to be 280 mg/ml. At the greatest concentration of the extract (200 mg/ml), the cell viability was measured to be 80.08%. On the other hand, the lowest dosage tested (6.25 mg/ml) had no effect on the cells. Furthermore, the mice group that received E.cloacae presented clinical symptoms of illness with clear weight loss and diarrhea, reduction in movement activity through the cage space for 7 days while the mice groups that followed by extract administration presented clinical symptoms of illness for 3 days. On the other side the innate immunity findings that represented with the neutrophilsindex were showed the group that had a combination injection by E.cloacae and extract recorded high values(47.15 %) with valuable difference at (p ≤ 0.05 ) comparison with other studied groups and findings of TLR-2 reported the mice that received only E.cloacae showed highest value (98.12±0.087) with a valuable difference at (p≤ 0.05). In additional the adaptive immunity that represented with the Arthus test and DHT were revealed the group that had a combination administration of extract and E.cloacae showed a higher value than the other group, after 48 hr but the value started decreasing after 72 hr but the highest value recorded ( 4.24± 0.00) after 24 hr with valuable difference at p ≤ 0.05 with other groups. On the other side IL-17,IL-4 and IL-10 showed the groups that received extract with E.cloacae given a high value (424.95±0.46, 100±0.00, 72.18±0.12) respectively which higher than other groups with a significant difference at p≤ 0.05. Conclusion: the current study showed Ziziphus spina-christi leaves aqueous extract have positive effect to regulate the immune response by rising the IL-10 and IL-4 that played anti-inflammatory role also increase IL-17 which contributed to mobilization of neutrophil.

Evaluation of the Antioxidant Power and Secondary Metabolites Contents of the Crude Compounds of Talinum triangulare (Talinaceae)

Talinum triangulare is a food plant recognized for its nutritional properties and therapeutic virtues. This plant is used in particular in Daloa (Central-West Ivory Coast) by naturotherapists, for the treatment of malaria. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions of Talinum triangulare leaves and to determine their content of secondary metabolites. Two methods in vitro were used for this evaluation: reduction of the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and reduction of the ABTS+ cation radical (2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid). The results show that the IC50 could not be determined for the 70 % aqueous and hydro-ethanolic extracts with the DPPH test, while it was respectively 0.9 and 2.3 mg/mL for the fractions dichloromethane and aqueous. Regarding the ABTS+ radical-cation reduction test, the dichloromethane fraction showed a higher percentage of inhibition (41.59 %) compared to the aqueous fraction (40.59 %), while the aqueous fraction was a little more important than the hydro-ethanolic extract at 70 % (38.29 %). Among the four compounds tested, only the aqueous extract presented a relatively low percentage of inhibition (25.51 %). Spectrophotometric analysis revealed the presence of various phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, polyphenols and total tannins, at varying concentrations. These results could support the traditional use of Talinum triangulare in the treatment of malaria.

Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity of Metabolites from Basidiomycetes: A Review

Background/Objectives: The search for new antimicrobial molecules is important to expand the range of available drugs, as well as to overcome the drug resistance of pathogens. One of the promising sources of antibacterial and antifungal metabolites is basidial fungi, which have wide biosynthetic capabilities. Methods: The review summarized the results of studying the antimicrobial activity of extracts and metabolites from basidiomycetes published from 2018–2023. Results: In all studies, testing for antibacterial and antifungal activity was carried out in in vitro experiments. To obtain the extracts, mainly the fruiting bodies of basidiomycetes, as well as their mycelia and culture liquid were used. Antimicrobial activity was found in aqueous, methanol, and ethanol extracts. Antimicrobial metabolites of basidiomycetes were isolated mainly from the submerged culture of basidiomycetes. Metabolites active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and mycelial and yeast-like fungi were identified. Conclusions: Basidiomycete extracts and metabolites have shown activity against collectible strains of bacteria and fungi and multi-resistant and clinical strains of pathogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the most active metabolites ranged from 1 to 16.7 µg/mL.

Evaluation of Antioxidant and Breast Cancer Cytotoxicity of Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota Methanol Extracts

Breast cancer is the world's most frequent malignancy among women. Many dietary antioxidants have been shown to help prevent oxidative stress, which has been linked to a variety of diseases, including cancer. Many chronic diseases, such as cancer, can be avoided by eating fruits and vegetables on a regular and balanced basis. The current study's goal is to assess the antioxidant and cytotoxic capabilities of methanolic extracts of Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota against MCF-7 human breast cancer cell lines. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the phytochemical components, antioxidant capacity, total phenolic & flavonoid contents in the methanolic extracts of Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota. Further, MTT assay against breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) was performed for the evaluation of cytotoxic activity. The majority of secondary metabolites were found in both the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota. Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota have different total phenolic and flavonoid contents. TLC results showed many spots having different Rf values. Moreover, we observe comparable cytotoxic activity in both the extracts against MCF-7 cell lines. Our results reveal that the methanolic extracts of Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota has effective phytochemical constituents, antioxidant and anticancer activity. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents vary between Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota. Further studies are needed to evaluate the chemopreventive potentials of the Beta vulgaris and Daucus carota extract when used alone or in combination with doxorubicin to mitigate the toxic side-effects of the latter.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles with Roasted Green Tea: Applications in Alginate–Gelatin Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration

The incorporation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into alginate–gelatin (Alg-Gel) hydrogels can enhance the properties of these materials for bone regeneration applications, due to the antimicrobial properties of AgNPs and non-cytotoxic concentrations, osteoinductive properties, and regulation of stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Here, the hydrogel formulation included 2% (w/v) sodium alginate, 4 µg/mL AgNPs, and 2.5% (w/v) gelatin. AgNPs were synthesized using a 2% (w/v) aqueous extract of roasted green tea with silver nitrate. The aqueous extract of roasted green tea for AgNP synthesis was characterized using HPLC and UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS, and antioxidant capacity was measured in Trolox equivalents (TE) from 4 to 20 nmol/well concentrations. Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous tooth cells were used for differentiation assays including positive (SHEDs/hydrogel with AgNPs) and negative controls (hydrogel without AgNPs). FTIR was used for hydrogel chemical characterization. Statistical analysis (p < 0.05, ANOVA) confirmed significant findings. Roasted green tea extract contained caffeine (most abundant), (−)-Gallocatechin, gallic acid, and various catechins. XRD analysis revealed FCC structure, TEM showed quasispheroidal AgNPs (19.85 ± 3 nm), and UV–Vis indicated a plasmon surface of 418 nm. This integration of nanotechnology and biomaterials shows promise for addressing bone tissue loss in clinical and surgical settings.

Fluorescent Microscopy Investigation of Cytotoxic Impact on MCF-7 Cell Line Treated With Zinc Nanoparticles Synthesized From Jania rubens.

Zinc nanoparticles (ZnNPs) are a viable option in a number of disciplines, including cancer treatment, due to their special features. Among the several techniques for synthesizing ZnNP, biosynthesis with natural extracts is a highly effective and environmentally benign method, especially for uses in biomedicine. Using an aqueous extract of the marine red seaweed Jania rubens, we created a unique biosynthetic technique in this study to manufacture ZnNPs. The produced ZnNPs have a characteristic flower-like form, as seen by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The effective production of ZnNPs and the involvement of biomolecules in the synthesis process were validated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Using the MTT assay, the cytotoxic effects of the biosynthesized ZnNPs were evaluated, indicating their ability to inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Furthermore, ZnNPs' cytotoxicity against MCF-7 cells was validated by live/dead imaging experiments, which supported the MTT results.

In-vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of Murraya koenigii, Aegle marmelos and Laurus nobilis

This study investigates the antioxidant properties of aqueous extracts of Murraya koenigii (curry leaf), Aegle marmelos (bael) and Laurus nobilis (bay leaf) using in vitro assays. The plants have been traditionally used in Indian medicinal systems for the treatment of various metabolic disorders. Aqueous extracts from the leaves of Murraya koenigii, fruit pulp of Aegle marmelos and leaves of Laurus nobilis were prepared. The total phenolic content and total flavanoid content was also determined in these aqueous extracts. They were tested for their ability to scavange free radicals by DPPH assay, ABTS assay and FRAP assay which are elevated during various metabolic disorders. The results suggest that all the three plants exhibited significant antioxidant activities. But strongest antioxidant properties were exhibited by Murraya koenigii leaf extract followed by the pulp of Aegle marmelos and lowest antioxidant activity was exhibited by Laurus nobilis extract, supporting their use in traditional medicine and potential development into therapeutic agents. So, this research suggested that these medicinal plants possess a significant antioxidant potential and are important source of natural antioxidants and can be effectively used in treating oxidative stress disorders. As a result, the study's significant findings demonstrate that it is a step towards evidence-based phytomedicine.

Evaluation of nematicidal potential of leaves extract of Afrohybanthus enneaspermus for management of Meliodogyne incognita in Tomato

The resistance of nematode pests to synthetic nematicides and its attendant hazards both to the crops and the ecosystem have caused growing interest. This study is aimed at investigating the nematicidal potential of the leaves extract of Afrohybanthus enneaspermus. Afrohybanthus enneaspermus is an evegreen shrub found in the tropical regions. The herbs have been used in ethonomedicine in the treatment of various ailments such as fever, diabetes, cough, skin infections and so on. According to standard methods in this study, in-vivo and In-vitro nematicidal screening of leaves extract was carried out against juvenile nematode pest (Meliodogyne incognita) while the pot experiment was carried out on tomato plants infected with root knot nematode. At the growth rate of the Tomato (Tropimech +), plant height was significantly lowered at 4 WAP (four weeks after planting) in tomato plants inoculated with 2,000 root-knot nematodes (RKN) applied with 20 g powered of Afrohybanthus enneaspermus compared with the rest of the treatments. With the application of 15% aqueous plant extracts and the inoculation of 2,000 RKN, plant height was significantly higher (32.8), followed by Plant alone and 20% aqueous plant extract. However, plant height was significantly lowered in plants applied with 20g powered of Afrohybanthus enneaspermus and nematode compared to the other treatments. At 6 weeks plant height is significantly higher in tomato plants inoculated with 5% aqueous plant extract with 2000RKN followed by others that are at the same range except 20g powered extract with 2000RKN that is significantly lowered . At 7 weeks plant height is significantly higher in tomato plants inoculated with 5% aqueous plant extract with 2000 RKN followed by others that are at the same range except 20g powdered extract with 2000 RKN that is significantly lowered. The research concluded that leaves extract of Afrohybanthus enneaspermus is effective in management of root Knot nematodes, however, in- vitro experiments, it is established that the powder form of the leave has higher effectiveness in management of nematode than its organic extract.

Investigating the in vitro Anticancer Potential and Phytochemical Constituents of Cheilanthes hirta Swartz Plant Extracts

Cancer, a complex group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth, remains a leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for approximately 10 million deaths in 2020. Despite advancements in chemotherapy and targeted therapies, survival rates have not significantly improved, necessitating the exploration of novel anticancer agents. This study investigates the in vitro anticancer potential and phytochemical constituents of Cheilanthes hirta Swartz, a fern known for its medicinal properties. The plant was collected from KwaZulu Natal, South Africa and extracts were prepared using water, ethanol and methanol. The phytochemical and FTIR screening were carried out using standard procedure and anticancer activities of the extracts were assessed against prostate (PC-3 and DU-145), human T-lymphocytes (SKU-T) and gastric (AGS) cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, terpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, phlobatannins, alkaloids and steroids. FTIR spectroscopy identified the functional groups such as hydroxyl, carboxylic acid, terminal alkynes, ketones, phenols and phosphate ions. The cytotoxicity results showed that the ethanol extract exhibited the most potent antiproliferative effects on prostate cancer cell lines, while the aqueous extract had the strongest effect on the gastric cancer cells. This study highlights the potential of C. hirta as a source of bioactive compounds for anticancer drug development, however, further investigation into its mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy is needed.

The effect of administering aqueous extract of fermented Moringa oleifera leaves via drinking water on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers

The need to adopt natural herbal plants as feed additives in poultry production has received attention among poultry nutrition and production experts in recent years. Herbal plants have few or no side effects, unlike synthetic additives. The aim of the research was to examine the effect of fermented Moringa oleifera leaf aqueous extract (FMLAE) on growth performance and broiler carcass characteristics. A total of 240 healthy day-old-chick broilers with homogeneous average body weight were randomly divided into 4 treatments and 6 replications with 10 heads per cage in a completely randomized design. Fermented Moringa leaf aqueous extract (FMLAE) treatment was given through drinking water at levels: 0% as control (A); 2% (B), 4% (C), and 6% (D), respectively. The results showed that FMLAE supplementation in drinking water had a significant increase (P<0.05) in body weight gain, carcass weight, carcass percentage, feed consumption and feed efficiency. It can be concluded that the addition of 2-6% fermented Moringa leaf aqueous extract (FMLAE) to the drinking water of broilers aged 0-4 weeks significantly increases growth, carcass and feed efficiency.

Antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-migratory, and pro-apoptotic effects of Bolanthus turcicus extracts on head and neck cancer cells.

Investigation of various plant extracts using in-vitro/in-vivo assays has emerged as a promising avenue for identifying potential pharmacophores that can be developed into therapeutic drugs. This study aims to assess the bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of the Bolanthus turcicus (B. turcicus) and to investigate the effects on head and neck cancer (HNC) cell lines. Methanol (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EA) and aqueous (Aq) extracts were prepared from B. turcicus, and the amount of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) in the extracts were analyzed by the Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride method, respectively. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity and iron reducing potential of B. turcicus extracts were determined by the Phosphomolybdenum and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method. The effect of B. turcicus on HEp-2, SCC-90, SCC-9, FaDu HNC cell viability, motility, and cell-nuclear morphology was evaluated by MTT, scratch-wound healing assay, and Pllalloidin-DAPI staining, respectively. The effect of B. turcicus on the expression of CASP-3, BAX, and BCL-2 genes at the mRNA, protein, and intracellular level was evaluated by quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. Moreover, Annexin V-FITC/PI, was used in flow cytometry to investigate the effect of B. turcicus on apoptosis. The MeOH extract exhibited the highest phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity (p < 0.05 for all). HNC cells treated with extracts indicated delayed wound healing and decreased motility (p < 0.05 for all). Analysis of annexin V-PI staining indicated that the B. turcicus extracts induced apoptosis but not viability and necrosis in the HNC cell (p < 0.05 for all). Moreover, qPCR data regarding the apoptotic mechanism showed that the extracts could induce apoptosis by upregulation of pro-apoptotic CASP-3 and BAX genes and downregulation of anti-apoptotic BCL-2 gene (p < 0.05 for all). The expression of protein and intracellular levels of CASP-3 and BAX were increased, while the BCL-2 was decreased in cells treated with the extracts (p < 0.05 for all). In addition, diffuse pycnosis and DNA condensation in HNC cell nuclei, confirming apoptotic cell death (p < 0.05 for all). This study data indicated that B. turcicus extracts have antioxidant, cytotoxic, anti-migratory and pro-apoptotic activity. In conclusion, it has been shown that B. turcicus can be used as a potential therapeutic agent against HNC.

Studying of the Antioxidant Capacity of Sweet Wormwood (Artemisia annua L.)

Abstract In the last years, the research on the sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua L.) has increasingly become the focus of oncology science. The bioactive ingredient of the plant is artemisinin, which has been proven to be effective in the treatment of malaria. At the same time, Hungarian and international research groups are also investigating the plant, with the research aimed at the treatment of malignant cancer. In Europe, the therapeutic use of medicinal plants against tumours is realized in relatively few countries, in contrast, phytotherapy research in Asia reports results with a significant therapeutic effect. The aim of our work was to investigate the antioxidant effect of Artemisia annua. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) laboratory assays proved that the parts of the herb show a significant antioxidant effect, while the seed and the extracted bioactive ingredient artemisinin have no antioxidant capacity at all. On the other hand, aqueous extracts made from leafy shoots showed promising antioxidant capacity values DPPH 10.48 ±0.46. Due to its bitter taste index 1548, it can be used in premixed feed e.g. for piglets.

Unlocking the potential of green synthesis: biogenic silver nanoparticles enhance biomass and bioactive chemicals in Ricinus communis Callus

Harnessing the power of nature, this study delves into the remarkable influence of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on biomass production and bioactive chemical synthesis in Ricinus communis callus. Leveraging the eco-friendly properties of Calligonum comosum leaf aqueous extract as both reducing and capping agents, the synthesis of AgNPs was meticulously characterized through an array of analytical techniques, including FTIR, UV-vis spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, TEM, and EDS, confirming the triumphant creation of biogenic AgNPs. Unveiling a landscape of possibilities, the assessment of R. communis biomass and phytochemical substances unraveled intriguing insights. Results unveiled a resounding enhancement in biomass production upon the introduction of biosynthesized AgNPs to the plant media. Noteworthy is the revelation that increasing concentrations of silver NPs acted as catalysts for heightened plant growth and enriched physiological parameters. Moreover, the application of silver nitride elicited a profound amplification in both biomass and antioxidant enzyme activities within plant cells. However, amidst these triumphs, a curious observation emerged: the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) exhibited a notable decline with escalating doses of AgNPs. In essence, this groundbreaking study not only underscores the potential of biosynthesized AgNPs to orchestrate a symphony of growth and biochemical synthesis within R. communis callus but also beckons forth an era of exploration. By charting a course for future research, it beckons scientists to delve deeper into the intricate pathways of phytochemical production and bioactive molecule synthesis under the influence of AgNPs.

Antidiabetic potential of Lavandula stoechas aqueous extract: insights into pancreatic lipase inhibition, antioxidant activity, antiglycation at multiple stages and anti-inflammatory effects

BackgroundWith the increasing global prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity, there is a pressing need for novel therapeutic interventions. Lavandula stoechas, a medicinal plant traditionally used for various ailments, holds promise as a potential agent for T2D management, particularly in Morocco, where it is commonly used to treat diabetes. This study aims to evaluate the pharmacological potential of L. stoechas aqueous extract (AqLs) by assessing its lipase inhibition antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, identifying phenolic compounds, and examining its efficacy in reducing diabetic complications.MethodsThe pharmacological potential of L. stoechas aqueous extract was investigated using in vitro assays. The inhibitory effect on pancreatic lipase, antioxidant power (FRAP), and anti-inflammatory activity (albumin denaturation method) was assessed. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified phenolic compounds. Additionally, albumin glycation was evaluated by estimating fructosamine, carbonyl groups, and amyloid β-structures to assess efficacy in mitigating diabetic complications.ResultsThe extract demonstrated concentration-dependent inhibition of pancreatic lipase (IC50 = 0.132 ± 0.006 mg/mL), potent antioxidant activity (IC50 = 604.99 ± 1.01 μg/mL), and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effects (IC50 = 207.01 ± 34.94 mg/mL). HPLC analysis revealed phenolic compounds: naringin (38.28%), syringic acid (25.72%), and cinnamic acid (15.88%) were the most abundant, with 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, hydrated catechin, and catechin ranging from 9.60% to 5.24%, and p-coumaric acid (1.73%). Furthermore, the extract inhibited albumin glycation and fructosamine production, suggesting efficacy in mitigating diabetic complications.ConclusionThese findings highlight the multifaceted pharmacological potential of L. stoechas aqueous extract in T2D management, suggesting that this plant can be highly beneficial for diabetic individuals.

Anticonvulsant, Anticholinesterase and Cytoprotective Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Lippia sidoides Cham

(1) Background: Lippia sidoides Cham is a Brazilian aromatic plant rich in phenolic compounds. In traditional medicine, its leaves are used to treat diseases of the Central Nervous System such as stress and anxiety. This study evaluates the capacity of the aqueous extract of L. sidoides as an anticonvulsant, anticholinesterase and antihemolytic agent. (2) Methods: The extract was obtained from the leaves using water as a solvent, then dried in a spray dryer. The anticonvulsant effect was evaluated in zebrafish models using the pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) method. The anticholinesterase effect was determined using the acetylcholinesterase enzyme and physostigmine as a positive control. The antihemolytic action was evaluated by exposing erythrocytes to different concentrations of NaCl in the presence and absence of the extract. (3) Results: The anticonvulsant effect was observed at a concentration of 400 mg/kg, delaying convulsive crises. In the anticholinesterase assay, a dose-dependent action and variation in the effect over time were observed, demonstrating a reversible effect of the extract. For the osmotic fragility test, the extract showed satisfactory results, providing cellular protection across all variations of NaCl concentration. (4) Conclusions: These results demonstrate the promising potential of L. sidoides extract for the development of drugs that act in the treatment of diseases that affect the Central Nervous System.

The effect of aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera seeds on the eyes of diabetic rabbits

The study aimed to induce, diabetes with Alloxan in local. white rabbits, study its effect on eye tissue, and treat it with aqueous extract of Moringa nibbar seeds at a concentration of 200 mg/kg, and observe ,the tissue changes.. After the end of the injection and dosing period after 30 days, the animals were killed and the eye was removed to perform histological techniques on it. 20 white rabbits were taken and divided into three groups: The first group: control group. This group ,was dosed with distilled water, The second group: The group, treated with Alloxan. This group was. injected, with Alloxan intraperitoneally at a dose of 175 mg/kg and, The third group: The group treated, with aqueous extract of moringa seeds at a concentration of 200 mg/kg for 30 days.

Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Mediated Aqueous extract of Euphorbia Tirucalliand its Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities

Green Synthesis of Selenium Nanoparticles Mediated Aqueous extract of Euphorbia Tirucalliand its Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities

Catalytic reduction, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities of green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Coccinea grandies (L) Voigt leaf extract

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the aqueous extract of Coccinia grandis (L) Voigt leaf (CGL) extract using microwave irradiation method and the structure was elucidated by various techniques such as UV–Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The UV–visible spectroscopy confirmed the formation of AgNPs and SPR band appear at 420 nm. FT-IR analysis indicated the presence of –OH and –NH functional groups from secondary molecules of CGL capping the AgNPs surface. HR-TEM revealed spherical aggregates with an average size of 29.4 nm. EDX confirmed the presence of elemental silver. XRD analysis showed that the AgNPs had a face-cantered cubic (FCC) crystal structure. The CGL-AgNPs were used as a heterogeneous catalyst to reduce RhB and CR dyes from aqueous solutions in the presence of sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The results showed that greater than 95 % of catalytic reduction can be accomplished within 9 min. The biosynthesized AgNPs demonstrated notable antioxidant activity (82.89 % in the DPPH assay) and antibacterial activity with a Zone of inhibition ranging from 9 to 11 mm. These findings suggest that CGL can be used to synthesize new, cost-effective AgNPs using an environmentally friendly approach.

Inhibitory effects of wild Origanum elongatum extracts on Fusarium oxysporum mycelium growth and spores germination: Evidence from in-vitro, in-planta, and in-silico experiments

Fusarium wilt, caused by Fusarium oxysporum, is one of the most devastating diseases to crops including potatoes. This fungus is widespread and dispersed via resistant spores. In this study, organic (methanol, hexane, and chloroform) and aqueous extracts of the aerial parts of wild Origanum elongatum were tested against mycelium and spores of F. oxysporum in both in-vitro (using the poisoned food technique) and in-planta assays. Further, the chemical composition of the extract was identified via HPLC-PDA-MS/MS. Then, molecular modeling was used to clarify the antifungal activity of identified biomolecules. The obtained results showed that organic and aqueous extracts showed significant antifungal and anti-sporulation activities with different effectiveness depending on the extract, concentration, and application test. In in-vitro assays of the aqueous extract, the highest antifungal activity was recorded at concentrations of 10 mg mL−1, while the highest anti-sporulation activity (91.79 %) was observed at 50 mg mL−1. In the organic extracts, methanol was the most effective against fungus with 100 % inhibition of mycelium at 5 mg mL −1 and the highest anti-sporulation effect (73.58 %) at 20 mg mL−1. In in-planta assays, the methanolic extract at 20 mg mL−1 achieved 0 % disease severity, while the aqueous extract at 50 mg mL−1 reduced severity to 7 %, both significantly more effective than the untreated control. Therefore, methanol was the most effective and these biological properties are supported by a wide range of bioactive molecules, including 56 molecules compared to only 28 molecules in the aqueous extract. These include glycosides of apigenin and kaempferol and salvianolic acid b. However, more research is needed to clarify the inhibition action of the individual components and their synergetic actions in controlled and field conditions.

Anti-dengue viral activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots in Vero cells

Despite being a global public health problem, there are no antiviral agents for dengue. Plants are the sources of most approved drugs and many phytochemicals have exhibited in vitro antiviral activity. We explored the antiviral potential of the aqueous extract of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots (GGaq) on dengue viruses. Plaque reduction antiviral assay for half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) was done in Vero cells infected with dengue serotypes 1–4 and exposed to varying concentrations of GGaq. Half-maximal cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of the GGaq was 651.9 µg/mL. The IC50 of the four dengue serotypes (10–50 µg/mL) indicated moderate inhibition by GGaq. 98–100% inhibition of all dengue serotypes was seen with GGaq at the maximum nontoxic dose. Preparative thin layer chromatography of GGaq, isolated sub fractions E and F which had low to moderate antiviral activity (IC50 12.65–85.95 and IC50 13.14–69.27 respectively). They exhibited good therapeutic potential only for dengue serotype-4. Virus adsorption to cells was significantly inhibited by GG (50%) and sub fraction E (24.9%). Chloroquine diphosphate was used as the positive control in all assays. The aqueous extract of GG was non-toxic and had better antiviral activity than sub fractions E and F.