Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Characterization, synthesis, and biological activities of silver nanoparticles produced via green synthesis method using Cordyceps militaris aqueous extract

Characterization, synthesis, and biological activities of silver nanoparticles produced via green synthesis method using <i>Cordyceps militaris</i> aqueous extract

Transcriptomic insights into the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae in IL-1β-driven chondrosarcoma cells.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex, degenerative, multi-factorial joint disease. Because of the difficulty in treating OA, developing new targeting strategies that can be used to understand its molecular mechanisms is critical. Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis larvae offer much therapeutic value; however, the presence of various active compounds and the multi-factorial risk factors for OA render the precise mechanisms of action unclear. A systematic transcriptome analysis was used to investigate the key mechanisms of action of P. brevitarsis seulensis larvae aqueous extract (PBSL) and its compounds on OA. Major mechanisms and transcription factors of PBSL were analyzed by profiling gene expression changes in interleukin (IL)-1β-induced human chondrosarcoma cell (SW1353) treated with PBSL. An in vitro assay was performed to validate the efficacy of the novel mechanism and targets of PBSL. PBSL exerted anti-inflammatory effects on SW1353 cells by regulating many molecular pathways. The IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway was significantly downregulated by PBSL, and STAT3 was identified as a major transcription factor regulating PBSL-induced target gene expression. Of the six PBSL compounds, the major compound was regulated by the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway. This study provided potential novel mechanisms and transcription factors for PBSL and its active compounds against OA and indicated that inhibiting the IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway is a therapeutic target for treating OA.

Exploring the potential of tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis) crude extracts as immunostimulants for Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei): effects on survival and immunological responses against Vibrio parahaemolyticus

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of tiger milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerotis) extract (LRE) on immune responses and resistance against the aquatic pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) to improve disease management in shrimp aquaculture. LREs were extracted using methanol and water to evaluate their cytotoxicity and antimicrobial efficacy. L. rhinocerotis methanol extract (LRME) exhibited higher antimicrobial activity and lower acute toxicity compared to the aqueous extract, and was selected for subsequent in vitro hemocyte assays and in vivo feeding trials. The in vivo trials were conducted in two batches, with each batch consisting of five diets: a basal diet without LRME inclusion (control), a commercial diet, and three treatment diets supplemented with LRME at 1 g (LRME1), 5 g (LRME5), and 10 g (LRME10) per kilogram of feed. Each diet had three replicates (n = 3). The first batch included 120 shrimp with an average weight of 13.38 ± 1.72 g, and was used to evaluate immune parameters, including total hemocyte count (THC), hemocyte type proportions, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, phagocytic activity, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, over a 12-day feeding trial. The second batch consisted of 225 post-larvae (PL10) with an average weight of 0.06 ± 0.01 g, and was used for bacterial challenge tests to assess survival rates following a 4-day feeding trial. In the 12-day feeding trial, shrimp fed with LRME showed significant increases in THC, ROS production, phagocytic, and PO activity, with LRME1 consistently demonstrating substantial improvements across multiple immune parameters. Days 4 and 8 were observed as specific time points when LRME exhibited significant effects on shrimp immunity, highlighting the temporal nature of shrimp immune responses to LRME supplementation. In a subsequent bacterial challenge test, a 4-day supplementation of LRME1 significantly enhanced shrimp survival rates. This study highlights the potential of LRME in enhancing shrimp immunity and resistance against V. parahaemolyticus, with significant effects observed at 1 g kg−1 dietary inclusion and a supplementation period of 4 days.

Silver nanoparticles prepared from Schinus therebinthifolius extract as new colorimetric sensor for Hg2+ determination

ABSTRACT A colorimetric sensor based on silver nanoparticles for mercury (Hg2+) determination in environmental samples, including stream water, treated water, and drilling fluid has been developed. The silver nanoparticles were synthesised via a biological method using aqueous extract of S. terebinthifolius leaves and characterised by visible spectrophotometry, transition electronic microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Zeta potential analyses. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the obtained silver nanoparticles and the extract of S. terebinthifolius were also evaluated. The green synthetised silver nanoparticles showed a spherical morphology, high stability, and sensitivity to the presence of Hg2+ and Fe2+, being useful for quantification of both analytes. The obtained calibration curves for Hg2+ showed a R2 of 0.9982 and LOD of 0.10 mg L−1 and for Fe2+, with R2 of 0.9938 and LOD of 0.20 mg L−1. However, reflecting the high environmental concern of Hg2+, it was selected for the sensor´s application. This way, a simple masking alternative using H2 O2 and 1,10- phenanthroline was proposed to minimise potential interferences of Fe2+ on Hg2+ determination. The accuracy and the precision of the proposed sensor, evaluated by recovery tests (80–118%) and relative standard deviation (2–23%), were suitable for Hg2+ determination. The silver nanoparticles also showed promising antibacterial activity, especially against the gram- negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Thus, the colorimetric sensor based on silver nanoparticles presents a viable alternative for determination of Hg2+ with a suitable LOD for environmental samples.

In vitro antischistosomal activity of Artemisia species.

Praziquantel is currently the only effective treatment for schistosomiasis, but several limitations underscore the need for new therapeutic agents. Recent promising in vitro results with Artemisia species and the success of A. annua and its active compound artemisinin in treating parasitic infections warrant the need for further studies. Here we evaluate the in vitro activity of nine Artemisia species, including previously untested species, against newly transformed schistosomula (NTS) and adult Schistosoma mansoni. Three extracts were prepared: an aqueous infusion, a dichloromethane (DCM) fraction of the aqueous infusion, and a DCM extract. All samples were tested for activity at concentrations ranging from 1-25 µg/ml against NTS and the most promising against the adult S. mansoni. All aqueous infusions showed inferior activity against NTS as opposed to the DCM fractions of the infusions and DCM extracts of A. abrotanum, A. arborescens, A. afra, and A. scoparia which displayed superior activity as compared to the positive control praziquantel. The DCM fraction infusions of A. afra (BB) were the most active with IC50 values of 0.35 µg/ml against NTS and 4.5 µg/ml against adult worms. Chemical fingerprinting using High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the samples revealed some phytochemical similarities and significant differences between the species tested. This study provides supporting evidence of the antischistosomal potential of Artemisia spp. and warrants more in-depth research to identify potential novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of schistosomiasis.

Ameliorative effect of aqueous leaf extract of Pistacia lentiscus L. against oxaliplatin-induced hepatic injury, oxidative stress, and DNA damage in vitro and in vivo.

The current study aimed to assess the preventive effects of aqueous leaf extract of Pistacia lentiscus (ALEPL) against Oxaliplatin (OXA)-induced DNA damage, hepatic injury, and oxidative stress. The in vitro cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of OXA and ALEPL on HCT116 colon cancer cells were evaluated using the MTT (Tetrazolium salt reduction) assay and comet assay. The in vivo study involved 24 female NMRI (Naval Medical Research Institute) mice that were equally divided into four groups as follows: Control group, ALEPL-treated group (100 mg/kg), OXA-treated group (7 mg/kg), and ALEPL-treated group (100mg/kg) + OXA (7mg/kg). All animals were sacrificed 48 h after OXA treatment. Samples of liver and blood were collected for histopathological, micronucleus, and biochemical analyses. Oxidative stress parameters were also evaluated through non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidant activities. Our findings demonstrated that ALEPL contains high phenolic compounds. In the MTT assay, OXA exerted the most potent cytotoxic effect, but ALEPL alone showed no toxic effect in HCT116 cells. Furthermore, OXA administration caused significant DNA fragmentation both in vitro and in vivo, elevated serum biochemical parameters, and confirmed acute liver damage through histopathological observations compared to the control group. OXA exposure also led to a decrease in hepatic glutathione (GSH) and an increase in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities. From the results of our study, ALEPL pretreatment significantly restored the hepatic toxicity and DNA damage as well as the oxidative stress profile induced by OXA.

Green magnetically separable molluscicide Ba–Ce–Cu ferrite/TiO2 nanocomposite for controlling terrestrial gastropods Monacha Cartusiana

The increasing economic damage caused by terrestrial gastropods, especially the Monacha cartusiana (M. cartusiana) land snail, to the agricultural sector requires a diligent and continuous search for new materials and alternatives for the control operations. In this piece of work, a magnetically separable molluscicide with high effectiveness green Barium–Cerium–Copper ferrite/TiO2 (Ba–Ce–CuFO/TiO2) nanocomposite was greenly prepared using Eichhornia plant aqueous extract and characterized using different techniques. The green Ba–Ce–CuFO/TiO2 nanocomposite was applied as an aspect of the attempts to search for new active substances that would have a potential toxic effect against M. cartusiana. Laboratory toxicity evaluations by leaf dipping and contact methods showed LC50 values of 1218.79 and 289.19 ppm, respectively. Analysis of biochemical variables as a bio response indicator showed a noticeable increase in the values of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) relative to the control, while the decrease was characteristic for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total protein (TP) other variables when the animals were treated with LC50 value. The histopathological examination was performed on both the muscular foot and the digestive gland, or what is known as the hepatopancreas, which showed enlarged lumens and damaged digestive cells, in addition to destructed digestive tubes, the existence of pyknotic nuclei, and hematocyte infiltration. Foot histopathology showed ruptured epithelial cells, deep folds, and empty spaces when animals were treated with our target nanocomposite LC50 value. Application under natural field conditions through the bait technique showed a significant satisfactory population diminution after 14 days of exposure, as the mean percentage of diminution was 72.2% compared to the recommended pesticide Neomyl SL 20%, which poses a 74.27% reduction. Built on the above, we recommend further studies of the usage of green Ba–Ce–CuFO/TiO2 nanocomposite, and the introduction of such nanocomposite in gastropod control operations to reduce losses in the agricultural sector in general.

Fresh and Aged Chromite Ore Processing Residues (COPR): Weathering-Induced Alteration of Chemical Properties, Cr(VI) Mobility and Mineralogy At Open Dumpsites in Kanpur, India

Chromite ore processing residue (COPR) is a hazardous waste retaining relic Cr(VI). Large amounts are generated during the high-lime production of leather tanning salts in the region of Kanpur, India. Here, COPR is often deposited on open and uncontrolled landfills, leading to severe groundwater contamination. This study aimed at elucidating how ageing under these ambient conditions alters COPR properties and Cr(VI) mobility. For this, aged COPR obtained from surface and subsurface horizons of a visibly weathered open dumpsite was systematically compared to fresh high-lime COPR collected at two tanning salt factories. Elemental composition of the samples was characterized using X-ray fluorescence analysis while Cr(VI) mobility was assessed photometrically in alkaline and aqueous batch extracts. Mineralogical composition of the COPR was studied using X-ray powder diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetry–mass spectrometry. The fresh COPR were highly alkaline and contained characteristic Cr(VI) host phases like calcium aluminum chromate hydroxide (CAC) and katoite. These were absent in the aged samples due to their lower pH of ~ 9. The pH drop was likely caused by uptake of atmospheric CO2, which was corroborated by elevated carbon and calcite levels. This carbonation coincided with vertical translocation of Cr(VI) to the subsurface of the landfill, where leachate concentrations in excess of 1.6 g · L−1 and chromatite (CaCrO4) precipitations were found. The results highlight the importance of carbonation as a key ageing process which will likely exacerbate Cr(VI) groundwater contamination at open COPR dumpsites.Graphical

Use of laser-ablation inductively-coupled mass spectroscopy for analysis of selenosugars bound to proteins.

We previously used high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with Se-specific inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and molecule specific (ESI Orbitrap MS/MS) detection to study the increase in liver Se in turkeys and rats supplemented as selenite in high-Se (5 µg Se/g diet) and adequate-Se diets. We found that far more Se is present as selenosugar (seleno-N-acetyl galactosamine) than is present as selenocysteine (Sec) in true selenoproteins. In high-Se liver, the increase in liver Se was due to low molecular weight (LMW) selenometabolites as glutathione-, cysteine- and methyl-conjugates of the selenosugar, but also as high molecular weight (HMW) species as selenosugars decorating general proteins via mixed-disulfide bonds. To demonstrate selenosugar binding to proteins, aqueous liver extracts from animals fed Se-adequate and high-Se were subjected to SDS-PAGE and Native-PAGE with and without pretreatment with β-mercaptoethanol (βME). The separated proteins were then electrophoretically transferred to membranes, and the membranes subsequently were subjected to laser-ablation inductively-coupled mass spectroscopy (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of 78Se profiles. Without βME treatment, 78Se was widely distributed across the molecular weight profile for both SDS-PAGE and Native-PAGE, whereas βME pretreatment dramatically reduced 78Se binding, reducing the profile to true Sec-selenoproteins. This reduction was ∼50% for both high-Se rat and turkey extracts. The increased 78Se in non-βME treated samples was distributed across the full profile. The use of LA-ICP-MS indicates that selenosugar residues are bound to protein subunits of multiple sizes, and that targeted attachment of selenosugars to a single or limited number of protein subunits does not occur.

Phytochemical analysis of dried ginger extract and its inhibitory effect and mechanism on Helicobacter pylori and associated ureases.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), one of the most common infectious pathogens in the world, can cause gastritis, digestive ulcers, and even gastric cancer. H. pylori urease (HPU) is a distinctive virulence factor of H. pylori that allows it to be distinguished from other pathogens. Dried ginger is a famous edible and medicinal herb that is commonly used to prevent and treat gastrointestinal tract-related diseases. In this study, phytochemical analysis of the aqueous extract of dried ginger (DGE) and the inhibition of DGE on H. pylori was investigated. Subsequently, we evaluated the inhibitory activity of DGE against enzymes including HPU and jack bean urease (JBU) and determined its potential mechanism of action. UPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis indicated that a total of 63 compounds including seven glycosides, nine terpenoids, two esters, seven phenols, eight lignans, five phenylpropanoids, and four phenolic acids were identified in DGE. DGE was observed to inhibit the growth of four H. pylori strains (ATCC 43504, NCTC 26695, SS1, and ICDC 111001) with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values spanning the range of 0.05 to 1.50 mg mL-1. Moreover, DGE has higher enzyme inhibitory activity on HPU (IC50 = 0.49 ± 0.01 mg mL-1) than on JBU (IC50 = 0.54 ± 0.01 mg mL-1). Enzyme inhibitory kinetic analysis revealed that the inhibition type of DGE against HPU was slow-binding and anti-competitive, whereas it was slow-binding and mixed type on JBU. A further mechanism study indicated that the protective effect of sulfhydryl-containing compounds on enzyme activity was significantly better than that of inorganic compounds, indicating that the action site of DGE inhibition of enzyme was the sulfhydryl residue. The results of DTT reactivation experiments showed that the DGE-urease complex was reversible. Furthermore, molecular docking investigation showed that the main components of DGE interacted with sulfhydryl groups and Ni2+. In conclusion, DGE effectively inhibited the growth of H. pylori and the activity of its key virulence factor urease. And the in-depth study of the kinetic characteristics and the mechanism of action showed that the active site sulfhydryl group and Ni2+ might be the targets of urease inhibition by DGE. Our study may provide experimental evidence for the traditional application of dried ginger in the treatment of H. pylori-associated gastric diseases.

Enhancement of intestinal tight junction assembly by Coffea arabica pulp aqueous extract: mechanism of action and role of SIRT-1

Enhancement of intestinal tight junction assembly by Coffea arabica pulp aqueous extract: mechanism of action and role of SIRT-1

Cucumis Sativus Aqueous Extract Exhibited Nephroprotective and Hepatoprotective potentials in Cadmium-Induced Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats

Cucumis Sativus Aqueous Extract Exhibited Nephroprotective and Hepatoprotective potentials in Cadmium-Induced Toxicity in Male Wistar Rats

Phytochemical Study and In vitro Antibacterial Activities of Extracts from Three Ivorian Medicinal Plants Traditionally Used to Treat Inflammatory Dermatoses in the Mé Area, South-East of Ivory Coast

Background : Many of the pharmaceutical drugs used to treat Bacterial dermatoses, are becoming less and less effective in the face of bacterial multi-resistance. The search for remedies based on medicinal plants is a necessity in the discovery of new antibiotics effective in the treatment of dermatoses, above all inflammatory dermatoses become very common. Objective : To evaluate the antibacterial power of aqueous and ethanolics extracts of three medicinal plants used in traditional medicine by the Akyé people to treat inflammatory dermatoses. Methods : Plant organs were harvested in the Mé area, dried to a constant weight and then ground to a fine powder. Extraction was then carried out using osmosed water and ethanol 96° The phytochemical screening of the extracts was carried out by colouring reactions. The aqueous and ethanolic plant extracts were tested In vitro against Staphyloccocus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Results : The phytochemistry screening revealed the presence of sterols and polyterpenes, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, quinones and saponosides. Antibacterial tests showed that the hydroethanol extracts were the most active, with Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations ranging from (0.048 to 06.25 mg/ml) and Minimal Bacterial Concentrations from (1.56 to 06.25 mg/ml). Of the two bacterial strains studied, Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most sensitive to all the extracts. The antibacterial potentials thus highlighted by the values of the ratio between Minimal Bacterial Concentrations and Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations obtained indicated that all the extracts showed a high bactericidal activity (100%) on Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared with Staphylococus aureus. Conclusion : The results provide a solid database for future pharmaceutical research and the development of dermatological treatments derived from natural sources. In addition, this work highlights the importance of traditional medicinal knowledge in modern healthcare and supports efforts to develop effective topical forms of dermatoses based on active plant extracts through galenic formulations.

Deep Eutectic Solvents based green approach for bioactive molecules recovery from Spirulina.

Spirulina is a unicellular microalga, characterized by blue/green color, that has received significant attention for its interesting nutritional composition. Phenolic compounds and phycocyanin (PC) are responsible for the many biological activities of Spirulina. Spirulina phenolic compounds are usually extracted using organic solvents, while PC is extracted with water or phosphate buffer solution, obtaining an extract characterized by low stability and low purity. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) are green solvents, widely applied for bioactive molecules extraction, composed by two or more molecules which act as hydrogen bond acceptor or hydrogen bond donor to create an eutectic mixture. A Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES), is a DES composed only by natural compounds. This work aimed to optimize a green extraction procedure based on NADES to obtain an extract rich in phenolic compounds and PC from Spirulina. The application of NADESs as extraction solvents is an important strategy for recovering phenolic compounds and to increase and stabilize the protein PC. The optimized extraction procedure involved to use a betaine-glucose NADES under the following conditions: matrix-to-solvent ratio of 1:20 (w/w), temperature of 50 °C and one hour as extraction time. The developed extraction procedure guaranteed to recover a phenolic compounds and PC quantity of 11.77 ± 1.23 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) and 27.56 ± 2.46 g per g of Spirulina powder respectively. PC in the NADES extract degraded more slowly than in an aqueous extract. The extract phenolic compounds profile was determined through high performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry analysis.

Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Different Rosa rugosa Parts

Antifungal and Antibacterial Activity of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Different Rosa rugosa Parts

Sustainable Skincare Innovation: Cork Powder Extracts as Active Ingredients for Skin Aging.

Background: An emerging practice within the concept of circular beauty involves the upcycling of agro-industrial by-products. Cork processing, for instance, yields by-products like cork powder, which presents an opportunity to create value-added cosmetic ingredients. Building upon our previous research, demonstrating the antioxidant potential of hydroalcoholic extracts derived from two distinct cork powders (P0 and P1), in this work, aqueous extracts were prepared and analyzed. The safety and bioactivities of the newly obtained aqueous extracts, as well as the 30% ethanol extracts, previously reported to be the most promising for skin application, were also evaluated. Methods: Aqueous extracts were obtained from cork powders (P0 and P1) and the identification and quantification of some polyphenols was achieved by liquid chromatography (LC). Antioxidant potential was screened by DPPH method and the bioactivity and safety of extracts were further explored using cell-based assays. Results: All extracts exhibited a reduction in age-related markers, including senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity. Additionally, they demonstrated a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the production of several pro-inflammatory mediators in macrophages upon lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Moreover, the extracts upregulated genes and proteins associated with antioxidant activity, such as heme oxygenase 1. The aqueous extract from P1 powder was especially active in reducing pro-inflammatory mediators, namely the Nos2 gene, inducible nitric oxide protein levels, and nitric oxide production. Moreover, it did not induce skin irritation, as assessed by the EpiSkin test, in compliance with the OECD Test Guidelines. Conclusions: Overall, our findings underscore the potential of aqueous extracts derived from cork waste streams to mitigate various hallmarks of skin aging, including senescence and inflammaging, and their suitability for incorporation into cosmetics formulations. These results warrant further exploration for their application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries and could foster a sustainable and circular bioeconomy.

Antiviral Activity and Underlying Mechanism of Moslae herba Aqueous Extract for Treating SARS-CoV-2.

Despite the widespread use of COVID-19 vaccines, there is still a global need to find effective therapeutics to deal with the variants of SARS-CoV-2. Moslae herba (MH) is a herbal medicine credited with antiviral effects. This study aims to investigate the antiviral effects and the underlying mechanism of aqueous extract of Moslae herba (AEMH) for treating SARS-CoV-2. The in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity of AEMH was evaluated using cell viability and viral load. Component analysis was performed by HPLC-ESI-Q-TOF/MS. The connection between COVID-19 and AEMH was constructed by integrating network pharmacology and transcriptome profiles to seek the core targets. The components with antiviral activities were analyzed by molecular docking and in vitro pharmacological verification. AEMH exerted anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects by inhibiting viral replication and reducing cell death caused by infection (IC50 is 170 μg/mL for omicron strain). A total of 27 components were identified from AEMH. Through matching 119 intersection targets of 'disease and drug' with 1082 differentially expressed genes of COVID-19 patients, nine genes were screened. Of the nine, the PNP and TPI1 were identified as core targets as AEMH treatment significantly regulated the mRNA expression level of the two genes on infected cells. Three components, caffeic acid, luteolin, and rosmarinic acid, displayed antiviral activities in verification. Molecular docking also demonstrated they could form stable bonds with the core targets. This study explored the antiviral activity and possible mechanism of AEMH for treating SARS-CoV-2, which could provide basic data and reference for the clinical application of MH.

Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax, a Traditional Folk Medicine, Ameliorates Colorectal Cancer by Remodeling the Tumor Immune Microenvironment.

Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax (PH) is a traditional folk medicine, which is widely used clinically for digestive system tumors such as esophageal, gastric, colorectal, and liver cancers. The anti-tumor effect and mechanism of PH in colorectal cancer (CRC) deserves further study. The objective of this study is to examine the effects and the underlying mechanisms of aqueous extract of Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.) Pax (AEPH) in the CRC. The components of AEPH were fully resolved using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q/Orbitrap HRMS). The effect of AEPH was evaluated in vivo using the MC38 mouse colon cancer model, and its impact on the tumor microenvironment was analyzed by flow cytometry. Bioinformatics analysis, combined with transcriptome sequencing, was utilized to further investigate the signaling pathways of AEPH in CRC cells. A mass spectrometry analysis identified 371 compounds in AEPH, each with a comprehensive score exceeding 60. In vivo experiments demonstrated that AEPH suppressed the growth of MC38 tumors without exhibiting obvious toxicity. Mechanistic studies revealed that AEPH inhibited the JNK signaling pathway, reduced Chemokine C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 5 (CCL5) secreted by CRC cells, hindered the recruitment of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), promoted the infiltration of IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells, and improved the immunosuppressive microenvironment of CRC. AEPH contributes to the remodeling of the tumor immune microenvironment primarily through the inhibition of CCL5-mediated recruitment of M2-like TAMs. The findings of this study offer a novel perspective on the potential development of AEPH as a therapeutic agent for CRC.

Inhibitory effect of magnetic aqueous extract of Syzygium aromaticum L on two types of oral pathogenic bacteria

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Aim&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Magnetic fields affect all living things, which is why they are the subject of extensive research around the world. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different levels of static magnetic field on chemical behaviours of aqueous extract of &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Syzygium aromaticum&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; L and their effect on selective oral pathogenic bacteria.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Methods&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; This study utilized locally manufactured dipolar static magnetic fields with strengths between 1200 and 3200 Gauss, measured by a Sylocimol Residence magnetizer. Gram positive G (+) &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Streptococcus viridans&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; and G negative (G-) &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;Porphyromonas gingivalis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; strains were used in studies on the antimicrobial properties of &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;S. aromaticum&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; extract. Tests were carried out using the clove essential component (eugenol) and its functionalized extract to evaluate various bacterial inhibitions and establish whether there is a synergistic effect between the extract and subjected to the magnetic field.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Results&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Polyphenol extraction increased with eugenol content. The analytical method&amp;#039;s reliability was confirmed by chromatograms of eugenol and eugenol acetate standards, demonstrating good separation of compounds. The selectivity of the method was guaranteed by the purity index of the eugenol and eugenol acetate peaks. The aqueous extract of &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;S. aromaticum&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; showed magnetic properties. The extract showed antimicrobial activity against two bacterial strains. Cell viability changed at different magnetic field intensities, and the inhibition zone for &amp;lt;em&amp;gt;P. gingivalis&amp;lt;/em&amp;gt; increased significantly due to prolonged exposure. &amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;br /&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Conclusion&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; The magnetized extract inhibits both G (+) and G (-) bacteria when combined with clove extract.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Identification of dissipation pathways for pharmaceuticals in soils - a modelling approach.

Concentrations of pollutants like pharmaceuticals in soils typically decrease over time, though it often remains unclear whether this dissipation is caused by the transformation of the pollutant or a decreasing extractability. We developed a mathematical model that (1) explores the plausibility of different dissipation pathways, and (2) allows the quantification of concentration differences between aqueous soil extracts and soil solution. The model considers soil particles as uniform spheres, kinetic sorption towards an equilibrium (Freundlich model), and two dissipation pathways, i.e. irreversible transformation and mineralization (following 1st order kinetics) as well as the formation of non-extractable residues via intraparticle diffusion. Applying the model to 19 published datasets (eight pharmaceuticals, three soils) showed that intraparticle diffusion accounts for approximately two thirds of all simulated mass fluxes. Reversible formation of non-extractable residues could play a major role for dissipation, while irreversible transformation and mineralization cannot be excluded either based on the available datasets. The difference between concentrations in aqueous extracts and soil solution quantified by the model is below typical model and measurement uncertainties for most of the investigated pharmaceuticals. Larger differences might be linked to a positive ionic charge of the pollutant. The model helps in disentangling different dissipation pathways in soils and optimizing experiments elucidating the long-term fate of pollutants in soils.