Aqueous Extract Solution Research Articles

Ameliorative effect of licorice extract against the detrimental effect of glyphosate-based pesticide: Toxicity and health

This study sheds the light on the potential of licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) root aqueous extract as a cornerstone for mitigating and detoxifying the residues of the widely used agricultural Glyphosate-based pesticides (GBPs). This study examined the GBPs toxic effects on kidney, liver, thyroid functions, and apoptosis using 50 adult male albino rats. All rats were divided into 5 groups, with 10 each. Control: served as untreated rats. GBP: rats were treated with 1 mL glyphosate solution 24 % orally for three weeks. The glyphosate-treated rats were gavaged with licorice root aqueous extractsolution (100, 200, and 300 mg/mLdistilled water, respectively) daily for three weeks. Licorice root aqueous extract solution (300 mg/mL distilled water) yielded notable reductions in liver, kidney enzymes, albumin, and AFP levels within the serum. Immunological tests, including immunohistochemical evaluations of caspase-3 and TNF-α expressions revealed a dose-dependent attenuation of apoptosis and inflammation with licorice intervention. This will provide a valuable perspective for agricultural practices future and paving the way for a more sustainable approach for using GBPs in animal agriculture industries.

INSIGHT INTO ANTI-CORROSION EFFECT OF MAMMILLARIA PROLIFERA FRUIT EXTRACT AS A GREEN INHBITOR FOR MILD STEEL IN HCl SOLUTION

In this study, it was aimed to examine the adsorption and corrosion behaviours of the aqueous extract of Mammillaria prolifera, a cactus fruit, in 1.0 M HCl solution using experimental methods such as potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Mammillaria prolifera is a cactus species from the Cactaceae family, commonly known as Texas nipple cactus. Experiments were realized for aqueous extracts of four different Mammillaria prolifera fruits. The results indicate that the aqueous extract solution of cactus fruit has outstanding anti-corrosive performance of over 90% at the optimum concentration of 0.120% (w/v). In addition to electrochemical experiments, FE-SEM surface images were taken as another indicator of high inhibition. The results showed that the mild steel surface immersed in the inhibited electrolyte solution at 298 K after one-hour exposure did not contain cracks, pits or deformations compared to the inhibitor-free surface. As a result, experimental measurements and FE-SEMsurface images support each other.

Nucleation Kinetics of Freeze Crystallization with Various Aqueous Solutions

AbstractThe nucleation kinetics of ice were investigated with four different types of aqueous solutions. The studied aqueous solutions, i.e., sucrose solution, ionic liquid (IL) solution, pyrolysis oil extract (PO) solution, and acetone‐1‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) solution, were concentrated by batch suspension freeze crystallization. The nucleation kinetics were investigated using a temperature response method which results in data on nucleation rate per crystal. The obtained nucleation rate per crystal value can be used when dimensioning continuous crystallization processes: the nucleation rate per crystal is inversely proportional to the residence time in continuous crystallization. The subcooling degrees for different solutions were in the range of 0.33 °C to 1.89 °C. Aqueous sucrose solutions had the fastest nucleation kinetics. Ice crystallization from non‐ideal aqueous [DBNH][OAc] ionic liquid solutions required higher subcooling degrees and the nucleation rates per crystal were higher as well. Nucleation of ice formed from aqueous pyrolysis oil extract and aqueous ABE solutions occurred at a lower subcooling degree and the obtained nucleation rate per crystal values were lower.

Antioxidant Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared from Capsicum Annuum (Bell Pepper) Extract

Vegetables have reported to contain high content of wide verity of important phytochemicals that can be used in medical approach. Bell pepper are one of the most important vegetables that can be used as spice in foods, as well as it has a diversity of the phytochemical compounds. Carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, polyphenolic compounds and other metabolites were found in bell peppers of all colors. Red pepper is characterized by its high content of β-carotene. Our goal was to prepare an aqueous red pepper extract solution and use it to synthesize Ag NPs, then examine the antioxidant activity of the extract and the nanoparticle solutions. Ag NPs were prepared at room temperature by utilizing the aqueous red pepper extract solution as well as characterized by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and field emission scanning electron microscope. The characterization result has shown the presence of Ag NPs in particle average of approximately 58 nm. The antioxidant activity was determined by using a DPPH assay, where ascorbic acid has shown IC50 of 23.71 μg/mL which was lower than Ag NPs (IC50 = 43.72 μg/mL). The best antioxidant behavior was obtained from the red pepper extract solution (IC50 = 17.26 μg/mL). This may attributed to the high content of phytochemicals in the extract solution. Importantly, the use of red pepper extract solution in preparing AgNPs have shown to improve their antioxidant activity, which is considered as good additive to the medical features of Ag NPs.

The effect of different aqueous solutions ratios of Ocimum basilicum utilized in AgNPs synthesis on the inhibition of bacterial growth

This study examined the effect of varying concentrations of Ocimum basilicum aqueous extract, which was done via the green synthesis of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), on the identification of the most effective concentration for bacteria inhibitory activity. Different concentrations of the aqueous Ocimum basilicum extract (0.25, 0.50, 0.75 and 1.00 mM) were used as reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize AgNPs by means of the reduction method. The crystal structure and morphology of the NPs were characterized UV–Vis spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial efficacy of AgNPs was studied against E. coli ATCC 35218 using well diffusion, MIC, MBC, and time-kill curve. The dark yellow color of the Ocimum basilicum aqueous solution indicates the successful synthesis process of the AgNPs. UV-spectra of the AgNPs display a gradual increase of absorption in sequence with concentration increase of aqueous Ocimum basilicum extract solution from 0.25 to 1.00 mM. This, in turn, led to a shift in the wavelength from 488 to 497 nm, along with a change in the nanoparticle size from 52 to 8 nm. The tests also showed a high activity of the particles against bacteria (E. coli), ranging between 15.6 and 62.5 µg/ml. Based on AgNPs, it was confirmed that an aqueous Ocimum basilicum extract can be used as an effective, reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of different sizes of AgNPs based on the solvent concentration. The AgNPs also proved to be effective in inhibiting and killing bacteria.

Antioxidant Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Prepared from Capsicum Annuum (Bell Pepper) Extract

Vegetables have reported to contain high content of wide verity of important phytochemicals that can be used in medical approach. Bell pepper are one of the most important vegetables that can be used as spice in foods, as well as it has a diversity of the phytochemical compounds. Carotenoids, vitamin A, vitamin C, polyphenolic compounds and other metabolites were found in bell peppers of all colors. Red pepper is characterized by its high content of β-carotene. Our goal was to prepare an aqueous red pepper extract solution and use it to synthesize Ag NPs, then examine the antioxidant activity of the extract and the nanoparticle solutions. Ag NPs were prepared at room temperature by utilizing the aqueous red pepper extract solution as well as characterized by using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and field emission scanning electron microscope. The characterization result has shown the presence of Ag NPs in particle average of approximately 58 nm. The antioxidant activity was determined by using a DPPH assay, where ascorbic acid has shown IC50 of 23.71 μg/mL which was lower than Ag NPs (IC50 = 43.72 μg/mL). The best antioxidant behavior was obtained from the red pepper extract solution (IC50 = 17.26 μg/mL). This may attributed to the high content of phytochemicals in the extract solution. Importantly, the use of red pepper extract solution in preparing AgNPs have shown to improve their antioxidant activity, which is considered as good additive to the medical features of Ag NPs.

Silver nanoparticles synthesized by Brassica oleracea (Broccoli) acting as antifungal agent against Candida albicans

The development of environmentally friendly and cost-effective nanoparticle synthesis methods appears to play a crucial role in bringing phytomedicine and nanotechnology together for biological applications. var. Brassica oleracea var. italica silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were produced by extracting rutin from aqueous extract solution. Rutin is a bioactive substance found in broccoli. In this paper, the potential role of Brassica oleracea var. italica (broccoli) extract in the transformation of silver nitrate into silver nanoparticles is highlighted. These biosynthesized nanoparticles were reported using scanning electron microscopy, EDX, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was discovered that broccoli seed extract can convert silver ions into silver nanoparticles within 12 min of reaction time. The reduction of Ag + to Ag0 was evidenced by the transition from dark to light brown in colour. Images from scanning electron microscopy demonstrate the presence of silver nanoparticles between 1and 2 µm in size. In this study, a quick and environmentally friendly biosynthesis of stable silver nanoparticles was noted. Research using the Fourier transform infrared spectrometer showed that proteins and phenols may function as capping and reducing agents. On test microorganisms, these biologically generated silver nanoparticles showed potential antifungal (Candida albicans) capabilities.

Effect of heat treatment on phenolic composition and radical scavenging activity of olive leaf extract at different pH conditions: a spectroscopic and kinetic study.

The present study focused on the effect of isothermal treatment (5-90 °C) and pH (2.0-6.0) of aqueous olive leaf phenolic extract solutions on the kinetics of degradation of single and total phenolic compounds and radical scavenging activity, with the objective of predicting and optimizing the thermal treatments in foods enriched with olive leaf extracts. The major compound, oleuropein, showed higher degradation at low pH2.0 and temperature-dependent reaction rates, which fitted well a first-order kinetic model, with an estimated activation energy of 98.03 ± 0.08 kJ mol-1 . Oleuropein hydrolysis resulted in a zero-order increase in hydroxytyrosol concentration at same pH (Ea = 71.59 ± 1.5kJ mol-1 ), whereas a 100-fold slower degradation rate was observed at higher pH. Verbascoside was only degraded at pH6.0, also following first-order kinetics. These changes in oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol concentrations led to significant changes in fluorescence maximum intensities centered around 315 and 360 nm and in the 425-500 nm spectral zone for samples at pH6.0, which could be associated with verbacoside degradation. Conversely, analysis of total phenolic content and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity showed little changes, indicating a rather constant overall reducing capacity of the resulting pool of compounds after thermal treatments. The present study can contribute to the knowledge related to oleuropein and phenolic fraction degradation as a result of matrix (pH) and processing. The kinetic parameters obtained could be applied for predicting and optimizing the thermal treatments in foods and drinks enriched with olive leaf extracts. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Magnetic solid-phase extraction method with modified magnetic ferroferric oxide nanoparticles in a deep eutectic solvent and high-performance liquid chromatography used for the analysis of pharmacologically active ingredients of Epimedium folium

A novel magnetic adsorption nanomaterial was synthesized by the copolymerization of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and chitosan (CS)-modified Fe3O4 particles. This material was proposed for the magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) of flavonoids from an aqueous extract solution of herbal Epimedium folium without pretreatment. Coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a rapid, environmentally friendly, and efficacious method was established and successfully applied for the enrichment, separation, and quantification of five quality marker flavonoids (viz. icariin, epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C, and baohuoside Ⅰ, respectively) in herbal E. folium collected from four species and 18 habitats. In addition, the physicochemical properties and morphology of Fe3O4-CS-DES were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry. Furthermore, key parameters, including adsorbent amount, elution solvent, and desorption factor, were optimized. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the five flavonoids were adsorbed rapidly on MSPE, which were released easily using methanol-acidified formic acid. A reversed-phase C18 column with gradient mobile phases comprising acetonitrile and formic acid water was used for analyte separation and elution. Limits of detection for the five analytes ranged from 0.5 to 2.1 ng mL−1. Coefficients of determination in analyses ranged from 0.99994 to 0.99999. Intra-day and inter-day precision ranged from 0.75 to 5.18% (n = 6) and from 2.88 to 7.52% (n = 3), respectively. Recoveries of the five analytes ranged from 80 to 110%, with relative standard deviation values of less than 10%. To the best of our knowledge, as a new adsorbent, Fe3O4-CS-DES nanoparticles were synthesized and used for the first time for the preconcentration and separation of flavonoids. This study provided a new approach for the enrichment and detection of Epimedium flavonoids in real samples.

Allelopathic sorghum aqueous root extracts inhibit germination and seedling growth of crops and weeds

Allelopathic sorghum aqueous extracts can be used as sprays against weeds of arable lands. Water-soluble allelochemicals in the aqueous extracts may also negatively affect crops. Root aqueous extracts from the South African landrace sorghum IS9456 and the Botswanan commercial variety Mahube, with high (584.69 µg mg-1 root fresh weight) and low (17.38 µg mg-1 root fresh weight) sorgoleone contents respectively, were tested on germination, radicle length, plumule length and dry weight of goosegrass [Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn], blackjack [Bidens pilosa (L.)], maize [Zea mays (L.)], soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.)]. Factors in five glasshouse experiments were the two sorghum varieties and four root extract solutions (0%, 5%, 10% and 20%) (w/v) arranged in a randomised complete block design with six replications. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) of variety and root aqueous extract on germination, radicle length, plumule length and dry weight of maize and on germination of wheat and goosegrass. The sorghum accession IS9456 significantly (P<0.05) reduced plumule length and dry weight of wheat and goosegrass and germination, plumule length and dry weight of soya bean and blackjack compared to Mahube. Increasing strength of root aqueous extract solution significantly (P<0.001) reduced plumule length and dry weight of wheat and goosegrass as well as germination and dry weight of soya bean and blackjack. Extracts from IS9456 had greater inhibitory effects on crop and weed germination and growth compared to those from Mahube. Due to its low sorgoleone content and weak weed suppression from its root aqueous extracts, Mahube may have low potential for use in allelopathic weed control. The sorghum accession IS9456, which also produces very high sorgoleone content, may be used in integrated weed management exploiting allelopathy from both sorgoleone and water-soluble allelochemicals, although farmers will have to be careful in terms of crop rotations since the aqueous extracts also inhibit germination and growth of some crops. Field studies may be required to further confirm allelopathic effects of root aqueous extracts from IS9456. Key words: sorghum allelopathy, aqueous extracts, germination, growth, maize, soya bean, goose grass, blackjack

Influence of chlorhexidine, propolis, pulpal pressure simulation, and aging on dentin bond strength.

The present study evaluated the bond strength (μTBS) of dentin treated with chlorhexidine and propolis subjected to simulated pulpal pressure (SPP) and thermocycle aging. One hundred and twenty healthy human molars were sectioned to obtain 2 mm of dentin thickness and were divided into two groups (n=60): SPP (15 cm H2 O) and no SPP (Control group). Dentin surfaces were conditioned with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s and were divided according to the dentin treatment (n=20): Control; Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.2% for 30 s) and Propolis (aqueous propolis extract for 30 s). Half of the specimens were submitted to 15,000 thermocycle aging (5 ± 2°C and 55 ± 2°C). The samples were sectioned into beams and submitted to μTBS. Data were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (SPP × Dentin treatment × Thermocycle aging) and the Tukey's tests (p < .001). With regard to the SPP, ANOVA revealed that the Control group (32.98 MPa) had significantly higher values of μTBS when compared to the SPP (29.19 MPa). With regard to Thermocycle aging, no aging (34.05 MPa) had significantly higher values of μTBS when compared to the aging (28.12 MPa). With regard to the dentin treatment, Propolis and Chlorhexidine did not statistically influence the results (p > .05). The SPP and thermocycle aging negatively influenced the bond strength between the dentin and resin; the 0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate and aqueous propolis extract solutions did not interfere in the bond strength between the resin and dentin. The use of chlorhexidine and propolis as a dental treatment may not influence the dentin bond strength, but SPP and thermocycle aging may damage the longitudinal dentin bond strength. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: Chlorhexidine and propolis as a dental treatment may not influence the dentin bond strength. Simulated pulpal pressure and thermocycle aging may damage the longitudinal dentin bond strength.

PHYTOSYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM RUELLIA TUBEROSA (L.): EFFECT OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS

Objective: The current study focused on synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Ruellia tuberosa aqueous tuber extract (RTTE) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution. Methods: AgNPs were synthesized using an aqueous tuber extract of the medicinal herb R. tuberosa (L.). The existence of significant phytoconstituents involved in synthesizing the AgNPs was determined using the gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) study. We evaluated the physical and chemical parameters such as the effect of time, temperature, metal ion concentration, crude aqueous tuber extract concentration, and pH in the synthesis of nanoparticles. The AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet (UV)–Vis spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. Results: R. tuberosa tuber extract was rich in various phytochemical constituents which were identified by GC–MS. For biosynthesis, the optimal values were 1 mM AgNO3concentration, 0.1 mL of aqueous tuber extract, and a 40 min incubation temperature of 70°C. The existence of a characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak at 421 nm indicated the biosynthesis of AgNPs using UV–Vis spectroscopy. At higher temperatures and alkaline pH, the development of AgNPs increased overtime and remained stable up to 4 weeks. FESEM, EDX, HRTEM, SAED, and XRD analysis revealed that most AgNPs were spherical, with an average size distribution of 34.9 nm and a crystalline phase, face-centered cubic lattice. Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis revealed that hydroxyl and amino functional groups were involved in the biosynthesis and stabilization of AgNPs. Conclusion: The synthesis of AgNPs from R. tuberosa aqueous tuber extract was a cost-effective process and environmental friendly.

Effect of the Aqueous Extract of Neem Leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) on the Control of Costalimaita ferruginea (Fabricius, 1801)

Aims: Evaluate the insecticidal effect of the aqueous extract of neem leaves on the control of&#x0D; Costalimaita ferruginea in eucalyptus.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Entomology Laboratory of the Center for Agricultural Sciences (CCA) of the State University of the Tocantina Region of Maranhão (UEMASUL) between November 2016 and July 2017.&#x0D; Methodology: Neem aqueous extract solutions were tested at concentrations of 40, 60 and 80%, and the control group treated with mineral water. Leaves of eucalyptus seedlings were immersed in each concentration and individualized in Petri dishes together with the insects. The design was completely randomized with four treatments and ten repetitions, each repetition consisting of a Petri dish with an insect and a eucalyptus leaf. The evaluations were carried out daily, analyzing the mortality of adults, and the leaves were replaced by others submitted to the same treatment and procedure described above.&#x0D; Results: In the evaluations of 12, 60, 72 and 84 hours there was no significant difference. 36 hours after the implementation of the experiment, the 60% neem concentration resulted in 100% mortality of specimens.&#x0D; Conclusion: The 60% neem concentration is the most efficient due to its rapid effect on C. ferruginea mortality and economy of raw material for production.

Novel green synthesis, chemical characterization, toxicity, colorectal carcinoma, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, and anticholinergic properties of silver nanoparticles: A chemopharmacological study

In recent research, we compared the anti-colorectal carcinoma effects of silver nanoparticles containing AgNO3, Cannabis sativa L leaf aqueous extract and C. sativa against colorectal carcinoma in cellular models. In addition, antioxidant, anti-diabetic and anticholinergic properties of silver nanoparticles were measured. To synthesize silver nanoparticles, C. sativa leaf aqueous extract and AgNO3 solutions were combined. Chemical characterization of these nanoparticles was done with TEM, FT-IR, FE-SEM, and UV–Vis. In the FT-IR assay, more antioxidant molecules with related bonds resulted in the perfect condition for the silver reduction in silver nanoparticles. The clear peak at 425 nm wavelength in UV–Vis showed the formation of silver nanoparticles. Also, in TEM and FE-SEM images, the silver nanoparticles were spherical, with an average of 11.5 nm. MTT test was used on normal (HUVEC) and colorectal carcinoma (WiDr, SW1417 [SW-1417], DLD-1, LS123, ATRFLOX [Mutatect], and Caco-2) cell lines to determine the anti-colorectal carcinoma activities of AgNO3, C. sativa and silver nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles had very low cell viability against colorectal carcinoma cell lines. The IC50 of C. sativa and AgNPs were 603 and 379 µg/mL against the WiDr cell line, respectively; were 500 and 285 µg/mL against the SW1417 [SW-1417] cell line, respectively; were 649 and 377 µg/mL against the DLD-1 cell line, respectively; were 634 and 350 µg/mL against the LS123 cell line, respectively; were 596 and 241 µg/mL against the ATRFLOX [Mutatect] cell line, respectively; and were 539 and 296 µg/mL against the Caco-2 cell line, respectively. The best result of the cytotoxicity characteristic of AgNPs against the above cell lines was seen in the case of ATRFLOX [Mutatect] cell line.

Antibacterial Activity of Copper Nanoparticles Synthesized by Bambusa arundinacea Leaves Extract

A novel bio-fabrication of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) using Bambusa arundinacea leaves aqueous extract solution, and their prospective biological activities are reported. Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy study of synthesized powder confirms the formation of Cu NPs with a size range 15-30 nm. The Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) study further confirms the average particle size as 24.4 nm, and the observed zeta potential value of -16.1 mV affirms the high stability of Cu NPs. The synthesized Cu NPs exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Proteus vulgaris. This method provides a safe, clean, eco-friendly, and economical way to produce Cu NPs.

Effect of Fe-N Codoping on the Optical Properties of TiO2 for Use in Photoelectrolysis of Water.

TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by green chemistry where organic solvents are replaced by an aqueous extract solution of lemongrass leaves that act as a reducer and growth-stopper agent. The nanoparticles were codoped with N–Fe to modify the absorption range in the electromagnetic spectrum and were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and UV–vis/diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). The modified samples with Fe and N resulted in smaller nanoparticle size values than pure TiO2. Similarly, the band-gap energy for doped nanoparticles decreased to 2.22 eV in relation to the value of 3.09 eV for pure TiO2, due to the introduction of new energy levels.

Assessment of phytochemical screening by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopic analysis of peach (Prunus persica) seed biomass from Uttarakhand region of India

Prunus persica (Peach) has several medicinal and nutritive properties such as antioxidant, antimalarial, anticoagulant, antifungal, ant-allergic, etc. The present study focuses on the exploratory for phytochemicals constituents screening of seed extracts of Prunus persica from Uttarakhand region of India by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The extraction of seed was carried out using soxhlet apparatus in different solvents such as petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, and water. The characteristics of physical parameters of dried seed of P. persica were reported as total ash (14.250±0.126 %), acid insoluble ash (6.800±0.036 %), water-soluble ash (11.714±0.123 %), and sulphated ash value (2.274±0.025 %); whereas, the extractive values were also recorded as alcohol soluble extractive (1.917±0.011 %), and water-soluble extractive (10.580±0.048 %). The highest values of nutritive components (366.778±0.257 %) were followed by, carbohydrate (45.500±0.336 %), crude protein (29.360±0.551 %), available carbohydrate content (28.002±0.439 %), moisture content (12.547±0.022 %), crude fibre (11.602±0.123 %), crude fat (7.482±0.068 %), and total nitrogen (4.695±0.032 %). The maximum extraction yield was recorded in the aqueous extract solution (11.15 %), followed by petroleum ether (2.8 %), ethyl acetate (2.1 %), ethanol (1.6 %), and chloroform (0.4 %). Besides, this the most effective chemical bonding groups of FTIR spectra analyzed in a sample of P. persica seed were N-H, O-H (3600-3400 1/cm), C-H (3000-2800 1/cm), N-H, C-C, C=O (1680-1550 1/cm), C-H (1470-1350 1/cm), CO-OR (1400-1000 1/cm), C-H (850-550 1/cm), and C-I (500-400 1/cm), respectively. Therefore, this study provides useful insights into the beneficial properties of P. persica seed biomass from the Uttarakhand region of India, which may be further used for the production of several pharmaceuticals and nutraceutical products.

Green Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Antibiotic Delivery System Using Linden Extract

Green chemistry enables iron oxide nanoparticle production with easy, cost-effective and environmentally friendly way. Amoxicillin is used in the treatment of various bacterial infections, however antibiotic resistance is a major problem for treatment. Iron oxide nanoparticles are promising alternatives for overcoming these problems and magnetically targeted antibiotic delivery. In this work, it was aimed to synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles with green chemistry method utilizing the linden plant, and loading of amoxicillin to these magnetic nanoparticles to be targeted antibiotic delivery system. Iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared using aqueous linden extract and FeCl3 solution. These nanostructures were characterized with FTIR, SEM, and zetasizer. Amoxicillin solutions at varying concentrations were incubated with magnetic nanoparticles for drug adsorption and in vitro drug release from nanoparticles at pH 7.4 was studied. It was found that nanoparticles had spherical morphology (70-88 nm), iron oxide structure and were capped with polyphenols. Optimum amoxicillin amount in magnetic nanoparticles was determined as 100.17 μg drug/ mg nanoparticle. Drug release was faster in the first hours and proceeded in controlled manner. It can be suggested that amoxicillin loaded iron oxide nanoparticles could have potential of magnetically targeted therapy of bacterial infectious disease with low cost and ecofriendly production.

The effects of fermentation with lactic acid bacteria on the antioxidant and anti-glycation properties of edible cyanobacteria and microalgae

Cyanobacteria and microalgae-derived food supplements have gained attention in recent times, owing to their antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and anti-obesity effects. In the present study, we analysed the antioxidant and anti-glycation activities of 12 aqueous extract solutions (AESs) of 10 species of cyanobacteria and microalgae. The AESs of the microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and Pleurochrysis carterae showed strong ferric-reducing powers, superoxide anion (O2−) radical scavenging capacity, and anti-glycation activity in a bovine serum albumin (BSA)-fructose model. Wild Nostoc commune (cyanobacteria) and sake lees cultured Euglena sp. (microalga) could be fermented by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis Uruma-SU1, whereas normal cultured N. commune and Euglena could not. The O2− radical-scavenging capacity and anti-glycation activity in the BSA-methylglyoxal model of the fermented wild N. commune and sake lees cultured Euglena samples were higher than those of the other samples. As advanced glycation end products and reactive oxygen species induce age-related diseases, our study illustrates the health-promoting properties of D. tertiolecta and P. carterae and lactic acid bacteria-fermented wild N. commune and sake lees cultured Euglena sp.; moreover, it communicates their importance as nutritional food materials.

Potential of Silver Nano Particles Synthesized from &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Ficus sycomorus&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Linn&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Against Multidrug Resistant &amp;lt;i&amp;gt;Shigella species&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt; Isolated from Clinical Specimens

Ficus sycomorus Plant was known traditionally for its medicinal properties, Shigella species as a bacterial was also known for their resistance to orthodox medicine. Hence the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Ficus sycomorus. This study was carried out to investigate the anti-shigellosis potential of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Ficus sycomorus Linn stem bark aqueous extract against Multi-drug Resistant (MDR) Shigella species isolated from clinical specimen collected from patients attending Yobe State Specialist Hospital Damaturu, Nigeria. A total of 400 diarrhoeagenic stools were screened for isolation of Shigella species and determined their antibiotic susceptibility pattern using standard methods. Phytochemical constituents of Ficus sycomorus extract were used to synthesize silver nanoparticles using green synthesis approach. The nanoparticles was analyzed for transmittance, functional groups, sizes and shapes using Uv-vis, FTIR and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and was tested for antibacterial activities on MDR Shigella isolates. There is no significant difference in Shigella recovery relation to patients gender (P 30 years (21). Shigella were also found to be sensitive to Ciprofloxacin (92%), Augmentin (87%), Cefuroxime (85%), Streptomycin (83.5%) while the most frequent resistance was showcased against Nalidixic Acid (48%), and Tetracycline (27%). Phytochemicals detected include saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycoside and tannin. Uv-vis showed broad peaks around 460nm, the FTIR showed C-H stretch of hydroxyl group of alkanes and the SEM showed nanoparticles with wide range of shapes and sizes. Anti-Shigella activities of silver nanoparticles is higher at zones of inhibition between 10mm and 30mm higher compared to the activities of crude aqueous extract and AgNO3 solution against the MDR Shigella species which showed an enhanced activities. The high prevalence of shigellosis among children in this study, indicated that improved hygiene is needed for children in the area and detailed examination is required for the treatment of diarrhoea in adults. Ciprofloxacin and Amoxicillin Clavulanate, Nalidixic acid could be used only where culture and sensitivity results prevailed. Enhanced traditional medicine should be given priority because of its potentials. This study have demonstrated feasibility of the green synthesis of F. sycomorus as a potent anti-shigellosis to combat the global burden of the disease. This is the first study On Stem bark aqueous extracts of F. sycomorus against Shigella species in the area.