Aqueous Extract Of Thyme Research Articles

Hepatoprotective effect of Thyme aqueous extract in Acetaminophen induces hepatotoxicity in male rats.

Thyme vulgaris is effective in treating acetaminophen toxicity in clinical trials. The present study investigates Thyme aqueous extract's effect on rats poisoned with Acetaminophen. In this study, the data were obtained from male Wister rats. Animals were divided into three groups: distilled water, acetaminophen (1mg/ kg), and aqueous thyme extract (400 mg/kg). All animals were orally treated for seven days respectively. The animal was sacrificed on the eighth day. ALT, AST, GSH, TAC, and Caspase3 were all measured in plasma obtained from heart-derived blood samples centrifuged to determine plasma levels of these enzymes and other antioxidants, malondialdehyde precursors (MDA). Liver enzyme levels were reduced, total antioxidant levels were increased, and an aqueous extract of thyme compensated for glutathione levels. Caspase3 levels were also reduced. Acetaminophen-induced liver tissue damage and inflammatory cell damage were considerably lessened by Aqueous Thyme extract treatment. To protect the liver from Acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity, aqueous Thyme extract was found to be beneficial. Keywords: Acetaminophen, Hepatotoxicity, Thyme aqueous extract, Histopathology

Effects of combined use of thyme powder and aqueous extract on growth performance, carcass and organ characteristics, blood parameters, enzymes, immune system and jejunum morphology in broilers

This experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of Thyme Extract (TE) and Thyme Powder (TP) on growth performance, carcass and organ characteristics, blood parameters, enzymes, immune system, and intestinal morphology in broilers. The experiment was performed based on a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replications and 10 Ross 308 male broilers in each replication for 42 days. Experimental treatments included aqueous extract of thyme (50 and 100 mg/kg feed) and thyme powder (150 and 250 mg/kg feed) which were used in combination with the basal diet (control). The effect of treatments was analyzed by SAS statistical software and the means were compared at 5% probability level with Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that in the final period of the experiment, different levels of TE and TP had a significant effect on daily weight gain, feed intake and conversion ratio improvement (P<0.05) so that the highest mean was related to treatment TE (100) + TP (250). The effects of different levels of TE and TP were significantly different on European index, economic value and total weight of the period (P<0.05), meaning that the highest means were related to TE (100) + TP (250), and the lowest means were related to TE (0) and TP (0). Different levels of TE and TP had significant effects on the relative weight of thymus, live weight, wing weight, ventricular fat and pancreas (P<0.05). The effect of different levels of TE and TP on the immunity was significant throughout the period (P<0.05). The higher levels of TE and TP increased the villi length, villi width, crypt depth, layer thickness and the ratio of villi length to crypt depth to the control treatment. Based on the results of the present study, the use of TE (100 mg/kg) + TP (250 mg/kg) in the diet is recommended to supplement the diet of Ross 308 broilers.

The effect of edible coating with combined Thymus Vulgaris extract and glycerol monoestearate on oyster mushroom ҆s shelf life

Shelf-life of mushrooms is very low, because of several characteristics, such as their thin epidermal structure and high respiration rates. They tend to lose their quality after harvest. Hence, mushrooms need supportive care to keep freshness. Several protective methods have been recommended. In the current study, the effect of lipid-edible coating with different doses of glycerol monoestearate and thyme extract, for the extending of edible mushroom’s shelf life was evaluated. After, preparation of aqueous thyme extract (TE) by the Clevenger method, the mushroom treatments were prepared with different concentrations of the glycerol monoestearate (GMS) and thyme extract. The chemical composition of the extract was performed using GC-MS method. The texture tightness, color and weight loss were respectively, measured using the texture analyzer, HunterLab and digital balance. The Sensory and antimicrobial evaluations were also performed during the 15 days. Analysis of the extract has detected the 23 chemical compositions with the different structures and functional groups. The high texture tightness and the low weight loss determined for the mixture of GMS and 150 mg/kg TE, and the color indices (a*b*L*) have less significant change by adding the GMS with doses of 100 and 150 mg/kg of TE. Furthermore, the high antimicrobial activities resolute for the GMS+TE150 mg/kg. In conclusion, the GMS+EO150 mg/kg coating could be used significantly for preserving the quality of oyster mushrooms throughout long-term storage

Impact of ultrasound-assisted extraction and solvent composition on bioactive compounds and in vitro biological activities of thyme and rosemary

Mediterranean herbs, specially thyme and rosemary, are important ingredients in food preparation and more recently have been studied as natural sources of bioactive compounds. This study aimed to study the effect of matrix (thyme vs. rosemary), and extraction protocol (conventional extraction vs. ultrasound assisted extraction) solvent composition (water vs. 50:50 ethanol:water solution) on the extraction of high value compounds (phenolic compounds, flavonoids and carotenoids) and also explore the antioxidant, antimicrobial (Listeria innocua, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella enterica), probiotic (Lactobacillus casei and Bifidobacterium lactis), and anti-inflammatory activities. The phenolic, flavonoid and carotenoid content of extracts was greatly influenced by extraction conditions wherein the ultrasound pre-treatment improved the extraction of carotenoids but induced the opposite effect for polyphenols and flavonoids in both herbs. Only the aqueous extract of thyme obtained from ultrasound pre-treatment was the only extract that inhibited the growth of potentially pathogenic bacteria, stimulated the probiotic bacteria and achieved high anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Moreover, this extract also was rich on phenolic compounds (such as p-coumaric acid 4-O-glucoside, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, feruloyl glucose, and 4-vinylguaiacol) and carotenoids. Therefore, ultrasound extraction of bioactive compounds with water as solvent could be explored in food and pharmaceutical applications.

Effect of Thymus vulgaris Aqueous Extract on Chemical, Microbiological and Organoleptic Properties of Kariesh Cheese.

An aqueous extract of thyme was added to the Kareish cheese made of skimmed buffaloʼs milk at 0.5, 2.0 and 3.0 %. Cheese was chemically and microbiologically analyzed during storage.The obtained results indicated that the titratable acidity, ash and total solid and soluble nitrogen increased by increasing the added theme extract, and by the prolonging of the storage. Addition of different concentration of thyme, On the other hand, didn’t affect significantly the total nitrogen, total protein and Protein/DM.The amino nitrogen content significantly increased by increasing the added thyme and with the increasing the storage period. Fat and Fat/DM and Salt and Salt/DM of cheese contents significantly increased by proceeding the storage period.Cheese made with supplementing of with 1% thyme gained the highest total scores (99.4 ), while the lowest of 81.83 was attained for the control. after 15 days. Concerning the microbiological quality, the results indicated thahe Increasing the concentration of added thyme extract resulted in significant decrease in the overall bacterial count. while the increase in cheese storage period resulted in lower increase in the microbiological load, but the increase was lower than the control

Comparative Effects of Span 20 and Span 40 on Liposomes Release Properties

Abstract Liposomes are known as convenient carriers for a broad range of actives. The release rate of actives can be adjusted/controlled by the addition of different surfactants. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two surfactants, Span 20 and Span 40, on liposomes release properties. In particular, the study shows how the membrane modification affects the mass transfer resistances and liposome size compared with the common liposomes. The aqueous extract of thyme was used as a model substance. It is a valuable source of natural antioxidants – polyphenols. The diffusion of polyphenols from native thyme extract (un-encapsulated) and from different types of liposomes was conducted using Franz diffusion cell. The results were approximated with Fick’s second law and they implied that liposomes modified with Span 20 provided the slowest release of polyphenolic compounds due to the highest value of mass transfer resistance (2.523 × 106 s/m).

Structural, electrical and optical properties of green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles using aqueous extract of thyme (Thymus vulgaris)

Production of nanoparticles (NPs) is an interesting research area due to the potential applications in the development of novel technologies. Especially, biologically produced nanomaterials have become an important branch of nanotechnology. In this study, two different zinc oxide (ZnO) samples were synthesised for comparison. The first one was produced using aqueous extract of thyme (Thymus vulgaris). The second sample was produced using Zn(Ac)2·2H2O solution in deionised water (dH2O). The solutions which prepared in aqueous thyme extract and dH2O were named as ZnO-1, and ZnO-2, respectively. The ZnO-NPs samples were characterised by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. The XRD patterns of the both samples were indexed on basis of a hexagonal (wurtzite). Average crystallite sizes were calculated to be 42 and 85 nm for ZnO-1 and ZnO-2 samples, respectively. Morphological properties of the ZnO-NPs samples were determined with field emission-scanning electron microscopy and the grain sizes were measured to be 50 and 100 nm for ZnO-1 and ZnO-2 samples, respectively. Electrical conductivity measurements, carried out by the four point probe technique, showed that the ZnO-1 sample had higher electrical conductivity than the ZnO-2 sample. This suggests that the ZnO-1 sample has better crystal quality with lower defects along their length. In agreement, the ZnO-1 sample showed a higher transmittance (82–93%) in the UV–Vis range than the ZnO-2 sample.

Antioxidant activity and polyphenol content of Turkish thyme (Thymus vulgaris) monitored by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry

ABSTRACTLike tea, the leaves of Turkish thyme (Thymus vulgaris) can be boiled in water to produce an extract. This is widely used as syrup for the treatment of coughs and bronchitis at alternative medicine clinics in many parts of the world. In the current study, we assessed the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of thyme. The antioxidant activities of both ethanol and aqueous extracts of thyme were determined using various in vitro methods. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were determined to be a gallic acid equivalent and a quercetin equivalent, respectively. Finally, the quantities of the phenolic compounds were detected using high-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The total phenolic compounds in the aqueous extract and ethanol extracts of Turkish thyme were 256.0 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg dried extract and 158.0 μg gallic acid equivalent/mg dried extract, respectively. Conversely, the total flavonoid compounds in both extracts were 44.2 μg and 36.6 μg quercetin equivalent/mg dried extract, respectively. For the first time, we determined phenolic contents and investigated the antioxidant potential of thyme. The results indicate that Turkish thyme is a good dietary source with phenolic properties.

In Vitro efficacy of antimicrobial extracts against the atypical ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri

BackgroundMycoplasmosis is a common infection in human and veterinary medicine, and is associated with chronic inflammation and high morbidity. Mycoplasma species are often intrinsically resistant to many conventional antimicrobial therapies, and the resistance patterns of pathogenic mycoplasmas to commonly used medicinal (antimicrobial) plant extracts are currently unknown.MethodsAqueous extracts, ethanol extracts, or oils of the targeted plant species and colloidal silver were prepared or purchased. Activity against the wall-less bacterial pathogen Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri was determined and compared to activities measured against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution assays. The lethal or inhibitory nature of each extract was determined by subculture into neat growth medium.ResultsGrowth of M. mycoides capri, E. coli, and B. subtilis was inhibited by elderberry extract, oregano oil, ethanol extract of oregano leaves, and ethanol extract of goldenseal root. No inhibition was seen with aqueous extract of astragalus or calendula oil. Growth of M. mycoides capri and B. subtilis was inhibited by ethanol extract of astragalus, whereas growth of E. coli was not. Similarly, M. mycoides capri and E. coli were inhibited by aqueous extract of thyme, but B. subtilis was unaffected. Only B. subtilis was inhibited by colloidal silver. Measured MICs ranged from 0.0003 mg/mL to 3.8 mg/mL. Bacteriostatic and bactericidal effects differed by species and extract.ConclusionsThe atypical pathogen M. mycoides capri was sensitive to extracts from many medicinal plants commonly used as antimicrobials in states of preparation and concentrations currently available for purchase in the United States and Europe. Variation in bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities between species and extracts indicates that multiple effecter compounds are present in these plant species.

The effect of Thyme leaves extract on corrosion of mild steel in HCl

The aqueous extract of Thyme leaves was investigated for its efficacy as corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in 2M HCl using weight loss measurements and various electrochemical techniques. Experimental results show that corrosion inhibition efficiency increases with concentration of the Thyme leaves extract. A corrosion inhibition efficiency of 84% was achieved in 2M HCl. Polarization studies show that Thyme leaves extract acts as a mixed inhibitor. The adsorption of Thyme leaves extract on the steel surface is found to follow Langmuir adsorption isotherm.

Inhibition of Streptococcus mutans adhesion to buccal epithelial cells by an aqueous extract of Thymus vulgaris

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an extract of Thymus vulgaris (thyme) on the growth of Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) and the adhesion of this bacterium to human buccal epithelial cells. Different concentrations of an aqueous extract of thyme were prepared and the effects investigated on growth of S. mutans. Furthermore, the effect of these extracts on adhesion of S. mutans to buccal epithelial cells was also investigated and compared with the effects of chlorhexidine digluconate. The data revealed that exposure of S. mutans to thyme extract showed a time and concentration-dependent decrease in bacterial viability. The greatest effect was observed when S. mutans had been exposed to 20% thyme extract for a period of 48 h which resulted in 96% inhibition of bacterial growth. Furthermore, the adhesion of S. mutans to buccal epithelial cells was also reduced when either buccal epithelial cells or S. mutans had been pre-incubated with different concentrations of aqueous thyme extracts (83-98% and 75-89% inhibition respectively). There was also greater reduction in the adherence of bacterial cells to buccal epithelial cells after mouth rinsing with 20% aqueous thyme extract compared to rinsing with chlorhexidine digluconate (45% and 89% inhibition of bacterial adhesion respectively). The diminished adherence of S. mutans to buccal epithelial cells after exposure to various concentrations of aqueous thyme extract as well as the antimicrobial properties of this plant may have clinical relevance.

In vitro inhibition of Helicobacter pylori by extracts of thyme

Extracts of several plants were tested for inhibitory activity against Helicobacter pylori. Among these plants thyme (aqueous extract) and cinnamon (alcoholic extract) were the most effective. Since aqueous extract of thyme is easier to produce and consume, it was further investigated. Compared with several antibacterials, the thyme extract had a significant inhibitory effect on H. pylori, reducing both its growth and potent urease activity. From the results of this study, the aqueous extract of thyme possesses a therapeutic potential which merits validation by clinical studies.