Aqueous Ethanol Extract Research Articles

Chemical fingerprinting, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer potential of greenly synthesized silver nanoparticles from pistachio (Pistacia vera) nuts and senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) leaves.

There is a growing interest in standardizing the biocompatible, cost-effective, and eco-friendly manufacturing techniques for metallic nanostructures due to their widespread applications in the industrial and medical sectors. In recent decades, green synthesis has been proven as the most suitable technique for synthesizing metal nanoparticles. The present research study investigates the use of Cassia angustifolia (senna) leaves and Pistacia vera (Pistachio) nuts to prepare crude aqueous extracts, ethanolic extracts, and biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The prepared aqueous extracts were used as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents for the production of silver nanoparticles. These AgNPs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. The outcomes validated the formation of stable AgNPs with bioactive functional components. Invitro antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant potentials were assessed by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test, MIC test, MBC test, MTT assay, BSA denaturation inhibition assay, and DPPH antioxidant assay, respectively. Results confirmed that the tested plant extract possesses a variety of bioactive compounds with various biological activities and is therapeutically effective. These findings verified that C. angustifolia and P. vera are promising bioresources for the synthesis of therapeutic extracts and nanostructures with commendable therapeutic potency.

Toxicity Test of Red-Shoot Leaves (Syzygium myrtifolium Walp.) Extract as Biolarvicide on Filariasis Vector Mortality

The Control of Culex sp. using synthetic larvicides is harmful to the environment and human health. Biolarvicide from red shoot leaves (Syzygium myrtifolium) is a safe alternative for the environment and human health. This study aims to determine the effect of Syzygium myrtifolium leaves extract with ethanol solvent and water solvent on larval mortality and the LC50 values of these extracts. ANOVA test results (α = 0.05) on the mortality of Culex sp. larvae exposed to the ethanol extract and aqueous extract of S. myrtifolium leaves consecutively showed F-calculated (287)>F-tabulated (3,11) and F-calculated (153)>F-tabulated (3, 11). The treatment of S. myrtifolium leaves extract with ethanol and water solvents had a significant effect on the mortality of Culex sp. larvae. The LC50 value of the ethanol extract and the aqueous extract of S. myrtifolium leaves are 1659 ppm and was 2053.7 ppm. It can be concluded that S. myrtifolium leaves extracts with ethanol solvent and water solvent have an effect on the mortality of Culex sp. larvae, but are not yet effective as biolarvicide

Onosma bracteatum Wall Aqueous-Ethanolic Extract Suppresses Complete Freund's Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats via Regulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and C-Reactive Protein.

Onosma bracteatum Wall (O. bracteatum) has been used traditionally for the management of arthritis; however, its therapeutic potential warrants further investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-arthritic effects of the aqueous-ethanolic extract of O. bracteatum leaves (AeOB) in a rat model of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis. Rats were treated with AeOB (250, 500, and 750 mg/kg), indomethacin (10 mg/kg), or a vehicle control from days 8 to 28 post-CFA injection. Arthritic score, paw diameter, and body weight were monitored at regular intervals. X-ray radiographs and histopathological analysis were performed to assess arthritic severity. Inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were quantified by qPCR and icromatography. Phytochemical analysis of AeOB revealed alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, Saponins, and glycosides. AeOB also exhibited antioxidant potential with an IC50 of 73.22 µg/mL in a DPPH assay. AeOB and diclofenac exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic activities. Rats treated with AeOB at 750 mg/kg and indomethacin showed significantly reduced arthritic symptoms and joint inflammation versus the CFA control. The AeOB treatment downregulated TNF-α and IL-6 and decreased CRP levels compared with arthritic rats. Radiography and histopathology also showed improved prognosis. These findings demonstrate the anti-arthritic potential of AeOB leaves.

Antiseizure Activity of Mitragyna inermis in the Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Seizure Model in Mice: Involvement of Flavonoids and Alkaloids.

This study aimed to investigate whether Mitragyna inermis (Willd.) Otto Kuntze organic and aqueous extracts are able to control seizures induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) in mice based on flavonoid fingerprints and alkaloidal contents. Ethanolic extract and decoction-derived fractions from roots, leaves, and stems were subjected to chromatographic fingerprinting using AlCl3 and screening for their antiseizure effects using PTZ-induced acute seizure model. From the fractions that showed potent bioactivities, plausible antiseizure alkaloids were isolated using thin layer chromatography, and their structures were elucidated using 1H NMR, 2D NMR, 13C NMR, and FAB-HR (+ve or -ve). All fractions, with the exception of the dichloromethane and hexane fractions, revealed remarkable flavonoid fingerprints. An acute PTZ-induced seizure test revealed that ethanolic extract of stem bark [500 mg/kg body weight (bw)], ethyl acetate extract of stem bark (500 mg/kg bw), and aqueous extract of leaves (300 mg/kg bw) significantly delayed the occurrence of hind limb tonic extension (HLTE); however, a non-significant delay was observed in the onset of first myoclonic jerk compared with control animals. Isolation yielded four main alkaloids: that are, pteropodine (1), isopteropodine (2), mitraphylline (3) and corynoxeine (4). Corynoxeine is a new compound derived from M. inermis. This study suggests that flavonoid fingerprints are tracers of M. inermis anticonvulsant ingredients. The stem bark ethanolic and ethyl acetate extracts and leaf aqueous extracts contain anticonvulsant bioactive principles that delay notifying the HLTE occurring in male naval medical research institute mice. Furthermore, alkaloidal contents also remain plausible bioactive anticonvulsant principles. All observations support the traditional use of M. inermis to manage epilepsy. However, further studies are needed to understand the effects of alkaloid fractions, flavonoids, and the isolated compounds as promising antiseizure agents derived from M. inermis in experimental animals.

Protective Effect of Que Zui Tea on d-Galactose-Induced Oxidative Stress Damage in Mice via Regulating SIRT1/Nrf2 Signaling Pathway.

Que Zui tea (QT) is an important herbal tea in the diet of the 'Yi' people, an ethnic group in China, and it has shown significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects in vitro. This study aims to explore the protective effects of the aqueous-ethanol extract (QE) taken from QT against ᴅ-galactose (ᴅ-gal)-induced oxidative stress damage in mice and its potential mechanisms. QE was identified as UHPLC-HRMS/MS for its chemical composition and possible bioactive substances. Thus, QE is rich in phenolic and flavonoid compounds. Twelve compounds were identified, the main components of which were chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, and 6'-O-caffeoylarbutin. Histopathological and biochemical analysis revealed that QE significantly alleviated brain, liver, and kidney damage in ᴅ-gal-treated mice. Moreover, QE remarkably attenuated oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to increase the expression of antioxidant indexes, including GSH, GSH-Px, CAT, SOD, and T-AOC. In addition, QE administration could inhibit the IL-1β and IL-6 levels, which suppress the inflammatory response. QE could noticeably alleviate apoptosis by inhibiting the expressions of Caspase-3 and Bax proteins in the brains, livers, and kidneys of mice. The anti-apoptosis mechanism may be related to the upregulation of the SIRT1 protein and the downregulation of the p53 protein induced by QE in the brain, liver, and kidney tissues of mice. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that the main components of QE, 6'-O-caffeoylarbutin, chlorogenic acid, quinic acid, and robustaside A, had good binding ability with Nrf2 and SIRT1 proteins. The present study indicated that QE could alleviate ᴅ-gal-induced brain, liver and kidney damage in mice by inhibiting the oxidative stress and cell apoptosis; additionally, the potential mechanism may be associated with the SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Antiviral activity of <i>Deschampsia antarctica</i> plant extracts <i>in vitro</i>

Main objective of research to study the D. antarctica extracts antiviral activity which was grown in vitro and propagated by cloning. The D. antarctica aqueous ethanolic extracts was tested on in vitro models of MDСK – Madin-Darby Canine Kidney cells and PEK – Porcine Embryonic Kidney cells and influenza virus, А/FM/1/47(H1N1) strain and transmissible gastroenteritis virus – porcine coronavirus (TGEV). The antiviral activity of D. antarctica plant extracts (G/D9-1 genotype) on experimental models of influenza viruses and Coronavirus TGEV in vitro was conducted. D. antarctica plant extracts high antiviral activity on influenza viruses and Coronavirus TGEV in vitro was shown.

The underlying reasons for the efficient extraction of peanut oil by aqueous ethanol combined with roasting conditioning pretreatment

To overcome the disadvantages of severe emulsification and difficulty in obtaining free oil during aqueous extraction of peanut oil, the effect of roasting assisted aqueous ethanol extraction on free oil recovery was investigated. When peanut kernels were roasted at 180 °C for 10 min, free oil recovery increased from 57% to 96%, and the acid and peroxide values of the peanut oil met the requirements of good quality. The degree of hydration swelling of proteins in the extract increased, and soluble solids were easier to aggregate, resulting in reduced emulsification and significantly higher free oil recovery. The roasting conditions selected were found to significantly promote protein hydrophilicity, aggregation and fusion of oil bodies, as well as cell rupture, which facilitated the release of free oil but with a lower degree of protein denaturation. This study may promote the practical application of aqueous extraction technology for peanut oil.

Comparative assessment of medicinal plant extract efficacy against plaque and gingivitis: A case-control study.

In the last quarter of the 20th century, dedicated efforts have been made to use phytochemicals in the prevention of periodontal diseases, but the darker side of the coin is that we have hardly encountered studies with a scientific basis to prove the specific role of phytochemicals against dental plaque. This study aimed to assess the antiplaque activity of Curcuma longa, Spilanthes acmella, and Quercus infectoria and to determine the antigingivitis activity of the extract, which shows high antiplaque potential. Sixteen volunteers were selected as subjects in this biphasic study. In the first phase, 10 volunteers were subjected to topical application of aqueous ethanolic extract (1%) of C. longa, Q. infectoria, and S. acmella on the labial/buccal and lingual/palatal surfaces of 28 teeth. In the second phase, the extract showing the highest efficacy was selected to assess its antigingivitis activity on all the surfaces of six mandibular anterior teeth of six gingivitis patients. The percentage plaque reduction was calculated by dividing the difference of the base and end scores by the baseline scores. C. longa demonstrated superior results as it showed the maximum reduction in plaque formation. Antigingivitis activity of long-term topical application of 1% C. longa was depicted in independent clusters in different volunteers selected for the study. Only after 2 weeks, the treatment score was found to be statistically significant to depict optimal results. C. longa can be considered the best at reducing plaque. The antigingivitis activity of C. longa ranked reasonably satisfactory and comparable to the existing data for commercially available drugs.

Effects of the Roasting-Assisted Aqueous Ethanol Extraction of Peanut Oil on the Structure and Functional Properties of Dreg Proteins.

The effects of the roasting-assisted aqueous ethanol extraction of peanut oil on the structure and functional properties of dreg proteins were investigated to interpret the high free oil yield and provide a basis for the full utilization of peanut protein resources. The roasting-assisted aqueous ethanol extraction of peanut oil obtained a free oil yield of 97.74% and a protein retention rate of 75.80% in the dreg. The water-holding capacity of dreg proteins increased significantly, and the oil-holding capacity and surface hydrophobicity decreased significantly, reducing the binding ability with oil and thus facilitating the release of oil. Although the relative crystallinity and denaturation enthalpy of the dreg proteins decreased slightly, the denaturation temperatures remained unchanged. Infrared and Raman spectra identified decreases in the C-H stretching vibration, Fermi resonance and α-helix, and increases in random coil, β-sheet and β-turn, showing a slight decrease in the overall ordering of proteins. After the roasting treatment, 62.57-135.33% of the protein functional properties were still preserved. Therefore, the roasting-assisted aqueous ethanol extraction of peanut oil is beneficial for fully utilizing the oil and protein resources in peanuts.

Effects of Different Solvents on the Extraction of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds, and Antioxidant Activities, in Scutellaria baicalensis Hairy Roots

The hairy roots (HRs) of Scutellaria baicalensis are widely used and consumed worldwide as a medicine, especially in Asian countries, due to their biological and pharmacological activities. The HRs of this plant are rich in secondary metabolites. However, the optimal method and solvents for the extraction of secondary metabolites from S. baicalensis HRs have not been well studied. Therefore, in this study, S. baicalensis HRs were extracted with different solvents, including water (WE), 99.9% pure methanol (PM), 70% aqueous methanol (AM), 99.9% pure ethanol (PE), and 70% aqueous ethanol (AE). The phenolic and flavonoid compounds and various antioxidant activities of each extract were measured. The AE extract (16.85 ± 0.15%) had a higher yield, which led to the highest accumulation of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity. The TPC and TFC were highest in AE (66.03 ± 0.44 mg GAE/g and 40.11 ± 1.31 mg QE/g, respectively), whereas WE, PM, and PE showed lower values in all assays. In addition, the highest antioxidant activities, such as DPPH, ABTS, and SOD-like scavenging activities and reducing power, were achieved in the AE extract compared to the other solvent extracts. Based on these results, the AE extract showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid accumulation and antioxidant activities, highlighting its potential use in the manufacture of useful materials from S. baicalensis HRs and its novel applications.

Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis L.) Extracts Inhibit the Growth of Fungal Isolates Associated with American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.).

American ginseng, a highly valuable crop in North America, is susceptible to various diseases caused by fungal pathogens, including Alternaria spp., Fusarium spp., and Pestalotiopsis spp. The development of alternative control strategies that use botanicals to control fungal pathogens in American ginseng is desired as it provides multiple benefits. In this study, we isolated and identified three fungal isolates, Alternaria panax, Fusarium sporotrichioides, and Pestalotiopsis nanjingensis, from diseased American ginseng plants. Ethanolic and aqueous extracts from the roots and leaves of goldenseal were prepared, and the major alkaloid constituents were assessed via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Next, the antifungal effects of goldenseal extracts were tested against these three fungal pathogens. Goldenseal root ethanolic extracts exhibited the most potent inhibition against fungal growth, while goldenseal root aqueous extracts and leaf ethanolic extracts showed only moderate inhibition. At 2% (m/v) concentration, goldenseal root ethanolic extracts showed an inhibition rate of 86.0%, 94.9%, and 39.1% against A. panax, F. sporotrichioides, and P. nanjingensis, respectively. The effect of goldenseal root ethanolic extracts on the mycelial morphology of fungal isolates was studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mycelia of the pathogens treated with the goldenseal root ethanolic extract displayed considerable morphological alterations. This study suggests that goldenseal extracts have the potential to be used as a botanical fungicide to control plant fungal diseases caused by A. panax, F. sporotrichioides, or P. nanjingensis.

Wound-healing potentiation in mice treated with phenolic extracts of Moringa oleifera leaves planted at different climatic areas

For years, Moringa oleifera has been known for possessing wound-healing properties. This study aimed to investigate the effect of two extracts: aqueous extract (AE) and ethanolic extract (EE) of Moringa oleifera leaves planted at two regions (Mssisi and Lamta) in Morocco for their anti-inflammatory and healing properties, for which mice were used as a biological model. Inflammation was monitored by assessing forepaw volume of mice, measured at 0 min, 1 h, 3 h, and 5 h, after its induction by carrageenan. Hind paw of mice were treated with extracts of M. oleifera, at a dose of 50 mg/kg, obtained from Mssisi region. This resulted in reduction of edema by 99.2% with EE and by 91.8% with AE, compared to controls and the phenolic extract of M. oleifera planted at Lamta region. Regarding healing of burns induced on rat’s dorsal region; results showed that application of Moringa-based ointment for 14 days, at a dose of 50 mg/kg on wounds, resulted in total healing, compared to controls (negative control: more than 22 days, and positive control: 22 days). M. oleifera extracts resulted in nearly complete tissue repair of 98.26% and 95.34% with EE and AE, respectively.

The Therapeutic Potential of Two Egyptian Plant Extracts for Mitigating Dexamethasone-Induced Osteoporosis in Rats: Nrf2/HO-1 and RANK/RANKL/OPG Signals.

The prolonged use of exogenous glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone (Dex), is the most prevalent secondary cause of osteoporosis, known as glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis (GIO). The current study examined the preventative and synergistic effect of aqueous chicory extract (ACE) and ethanolic purslane extract (EPE) on GIO compared with Alendronate (ALN). The phytochemical contents, elemental analysis, antioxidant scavenging activity, and ACE and EPE combination index were evaluated. Rats were randomly divided into control, ACE, EPE, and ACE/EPE MIX groups (100 mg/kg orally), Dex group (received 1.5 mg Dex/kg, Sc), and four treated groups received ACE, EPE, ACE/EPE MIX, and ALN with Dex. The bone mineral density and content, bone index, growth, turnover, and oxidative stress were measured. The molecular analysis of RANK/RANKL/OPG and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways were also evaluated. Dex causes osteoporosis by increasing oxidative stress, decreasing antioxidant markers, reducing bone growth markers (OPG and OCN), and increasing bone turnover and resorption markers (NFATc1, RANKL, ACP, ALP, IL-6, and TNF-α). In contrast, ACE, EPE, and ACE/EPE MIX showed a prophylactic effect against Dex-induced osteoporosis by modulating the measured parameters and the histopathological architecture. In conclusion, ACE/EPE MIX exerts a powerful synergistic effect against GIO by a mode of action different from ALN.

Green3: A green extraction of green additives for green plastics

PLA/PBAT bioplastic is a commercial biodegradable plastic employed for packaging and several food and agriculture applications. In this regard, properties such as the antioxidant ability to extend food shelf life and light resistance, are of great interest in the production of packaging and mulching films, respectively. These features are obtained by developing blends with pure chemicals and/or natural products as additives. In the present work blend formulations of PLA/PBAT with a walnut shell extract rich in antioxidants were developed and evaluated for their properties in comparison with classic PLA/PBAT. Specifically, natural additives, and most importantly the production process were purposely selected to i) be green and cost-effective; ii) confer antioxidant properties; and iii) improve material performance.To this aim, a walnut shell extract (EWS) with high antioxidant activity was obtained thanks to a novel green and cost-effective microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) procedure. A response surface methodology was utilized to explore how the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity are influenced by varying aqueous ethanol concentration, extraction time, and microwave power. The highest predicted TPC and antioxidant activity were achieved when employing the ideal conditions for Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE): using a mixture of 30 % ethanol in water, an irradiation time of 120 s, and a microwave power of 670 W. The optimized EWS was characterized by HPLC-MS determining qualitative and quantitative data with the identification of flavonoids, fatty acids, and anacardic acids among the main components, responsible for antioxidant activity. The resulting EWS powder was melt-mixed at 140C° and 20 RPM with the bio-based PLA/PBAT bioplastic at two different concentrations (0.5 and 1.5 w/w) by forming film specimens. All EWS-based bioplastic films showed increased antioxidant features determined by the DPPH bleaching test, TEAC, and ORAC assays. The films keep the antioxidant capacity even after 7 days of UV-accelerated aging. Remarkably, adding 1.5 % EWS boosted the bioplastic UV light resistance, reducing the abatement of molecular masses by more than 60 % without affecting mechanical properties.

Content of biologically active substances and antioxidant activity of aqueous-ethanol extracts of cultivated rosehip fruit obtained by ultrasonic extraction

The aim of the current work is to determine the main biologically active substances and antioxidant activity of aqueous-ethanolic extracts of cultivated rosehip fruit obtained by ultrasonic treatment. The extraction was performed under the following technological parameters: ultrasound frequency 37 kHz, solvents 50 and 70% ethanol, raw material: solvent ratio = 1:20, temperature 20, 40 and 60°C, duration 15, 30 and 60 min. Tannins, ascorbic acid and total phenolic contents were determined in the extracts. The highest tannin content (1.90%) was obtained by extraction with 50% ethanol, temperature 60°C and process duration 60 min. The total phenolic content under the different process conditions is comparable. Higher values of total phenols (45.43 mg GAE g-1) were determined at 50% ethanol solvent, 40°C temperature and 60 min process duration. The highest values of antioxidant activity, by the DPPH method, were reported in extracts with 50% ethanol, temperature 40°C and duration 60 min (422.5 μmol TE/g), and by FRAP method under the same extraction conditions - the value was almost twice lower (231.9 μmol TE).

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of bio-pigment from Beta vulgaris

ABSTRACT: Plants are essential for sustaining life on our planet, providing a diverse range of species that possess therapeutic properties. With a growing awareness of health and well-being among consumers, there has been a rise in the popularity of natural colorants sourced from plant-based materials. In this context, the main objective of this research was to extract valuable natural pigments from Beta vulgaris (commonly known as beetroot), with the aim of increasing the availability of pigments from natural sources while simultaneously minimizing environmental and health risks. The crude extract of pigments was obtained using the maceration method during the extraction process. The crude extract was then purified using flash column chromatography with various solvents as the mobile phase. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of active compounds like phenols, carbohydrates, glycosides, phytosterols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, and saponins. High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) was performed to analyze the betalain profile, showing distinct bands at specific Rf values. The specific functional groups were identified in the Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrum based on the presence of characteristic bands. Antibacterial activity testing demonstrated varying degrees of inhibition against test organisms like Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The evaluated plant pigments exhibited positive results in terms of antioxidant activity, exhibiting free radical scavenging capabilities. The aqueous methanol extract showed the highest extraction yield at 36.71%. The aqueous methanol extract of Beta vulgaris showed the maximum antibacterial activity at 20 mm against Bacillus cereus. The methanol extract and aqueous ethanol extract displayed the lowest IC50 values (45.56 µg/ml and 43.23 µg/ml, respectively), indicating their high antioxidant potential. These findings highlight the promising potential of Beta vulgaris as a valuable source of natural pigments with both antibacterial and antioxidant properties.

The Systematic Assessment of the Membrane-Stabilizing and Antioxidant Activities of Several Kazakhstani Plants in the Asteraceae Family.

The objective of our research was to examine the antioxidant and membrane-protective characteristics of a few medicinal plant extracts belonging to the Asteracea family, along with their flavonoid and polyphenolic content, in order to identify strategies for enhancing beverage composition and boosting the antioxidant capacity of green and black tea. The activity of aqueous-ethanolic extracts from the dried parts of plants, such as Arictum tomentosum Mill., Ghnapilum kasachstanicum Kirp. & Kuprian. ex Kirp., Artemisia schrenkiana Ledeb., A. rutifolia Steph. ex Spreng., A. cina O.Berg, and A. vulgaris L., were examined using a model of Wistar rats. Thiobarbituric acid-reacting substances (TBARS), a marker of malondialdehyde concentration, were used to measure the amount of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in liver microsomes. Considering the outcomes, the extracts from A. tomentosum, G. kasachstanicum, and A. vulgaris exhibit the strongest membrane-stabilizing action among those examined. At a concentration of 5 g/mL, the extracts of these plants demonstrated a significant anti-hemolitic impact, whereas the remaining extracts displayed a similar effect at doses above 10 g/mL. Accordingly, among the extracts studied, the A. tomentosum, G. kasachstanicum, A. schrenkiana, A. rutifolia, A. cina, and A. vulgaris extracts have significant antioxidant properties. The integrated antioxidant and antihemolytic qualities of A. tomentosum and green tea extracts were comparable to those of the individual plant extracts. When the extracts of A. schrenkiana and green tea were combined, similar outcomes were seen, suggesting that there was no appreciable synergistic interaction.

Anticancer, Immunomodulatory, and Phytochemical Screening of Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb Growing in the North of Iraq.

Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb is a promising repository of active phytochemicals. These bioactive compounds work synergistically to promote the plant's antioxidant, anticancer, and immunomodulatory capabilities. The present study aimed to discover the potential immunomodulatory and cytotoxicity of different extracts of Carthamus oxycantha roots. Aqueous ethanol (70%), aqueous methanol (90%), ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts were tested against five cell lines (T47D, MDA-MB231, Caco-2, EMT6/P, and Vero). Among these extracts, ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts showed significant activity in inhibiting the proliferation of cancerous cells because of the presence of several phytochemical compounds, including flavonoids, phenolics, and alkaloids. The n-hexane extract was the most potent extract against T47D and Caco-2 cell lines and had IC50 values of 0.067 mg/mL and 0.067 mg/mL, respectively. In comparison, ethyl acetate extract was active against T47D and MDAMB231, and IC50 values were 0.0179 mg/mL and 0.03 mg/mL, respectively. Both n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts reduced tumor size (by 49.981% and 51.028%, respectively). Remarkably, Carthamus oxyacantha extracts decreased the average weight of the tumor cells in the in vivo model. The plant induced significant apoptotic activity by the activation of caspase-3, immunomodulation of macrophages, and triggering of pinocytosis. The implications of these intriguing findings demand additional research to broaden the scope of the understanding of this field, opening the doors to the possibilities of using Carthamus oxyacantha M.Bieb as an effective cancer treatment adjuvant in the future.

Qualitative Phytochemical Screening and Larvicidal Efficacy of Physic Nut (Jatropha curcas) Leaves, Stem-bark and Root Extracts on Mosquito Larvae

The advance of battle by mosquito species to artificial chemicals has obliged the unrelenting pursuit of nontoxic ones from plants. This study screened the qualitative phytochemicals and evaluated the larvicidal efficacy of extracts of Jatropha curcas leaves, stem-bark and root extracts against third and fourth mosquito instar larvae. The J. curcas obtained were subjected to extraction by maceration. Qualitative phytochemical screening of ethanolic stem-bark, aqueous and ethanolic root extracts plants showed the presence of phenols, saponins, steroids flavonoids, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates and terpenoids. The aqueous extracts of the leaves and stem-bark showed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, phenols, saponins, and terpenoids whereas, ethanolic leaves extract had similar phytochemicals with the leaves and stem-bark aqueous extracts but did not have steroids. Twenty-four (24) hours exposure of different concentrations (2.0mg/ml, 4.0mg/ml, 6.0mg/ml, 8.0mg/ml, 10 mg/ml) of various extracts showed that larval mortality increased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in extracts concentration. Aqueous stem-bark extract showed highest mortality with 87% against third mosquito instar larvae followed by aqueous, ethanolic root extracts against third and fourth mosquito instar larvae respectively with 85% larval mortality. However, least mortality was observed in ethanolic leaf extract with 5% larval mortality against fourth mosquito instar larvae. Low LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were noticed in ethanolic root and aqueous stem-bark extracts with 2.19mg/ml and 11.51mg/ml respectively. Whereas the highest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were noticed in both ethanolic leaves extracts with 14.09mg/ml and 26.20mg/ml respectively against fourth mosquito instar larvae. Conclusively, aqueous stem-bark and ethanolic root extracts can be harnessed to control 50% and 90% mosquito instar larval mortality respectively. However, there is a need to ascertain the quantities of bioactive components of J. curcas and its toxicity to non-target organisms.

Exploring the possibility for neurobehavioural impairment of aqueous ethanolic extracts of leaf/seed of asparagus racemosus, Anogeissus latifolia Roxb, and Phyllanthus niruri growing on ipomoea carnea tree in mice

This study aimed to investigate the liability and extracts of some medicinal plants for some neurobehavioural toxicities in mice. The results indicate, compared to negative control (distilled water) treatment mean values of 4.69±0.95 % locomotory activity reduction, 430.71±16.80 sec. sleep onset and 168.43±10.56 min. duration, 5.00±0.00 balance/motor co-ordination performance, and 54.41±1.99 novel object recognition, treatments with high oral doses of Phyllanthus niruri and Asparagus racemosus (1500 mg/kg each) did not significantly negatively impact these behavioural indices but even enhanced novel object recognition. High oral doses of Anogeissus latifolia Roxb and Ipomoea carnea (750 mg/kg each), and tramadol (133 mg/kg) caused significant (p<0.05) 42.24±2.64, 27.73±2.17, and 36.74±4.44, mean % locomotory activity reductions, 196.86±10.12, 193.88±15.39, and 189.14±18.31 sec. mean sleep onsets and 319.71±18.85, 309.57±20.27, and 356.00±26.01 min. mean sleep durations, 1.67±0.42, 1.30±0.40, 1.833±0.48 mean balance/motor co-ordination performances, and 40.49±5.45, 31.33±5.23, 19.37±3.96 mean novel object recognitions, respectively. Diazepam (2 mg/kg) treatment caused 33.71±2.19 mean % locomotory activity reduction, 1.33±0.49 mean balance/motor co-ordination performance, and 29.91±2.81 mean novel object recognitions. Additionally, most mouse groups exposed to tramadol, Anogeissus latifolia Roxb leaf and Phyllanthus niruri displayed unusual (hallucination-like, predator-like) fearful trepidations when in proximity with the novel objects. The results of this study suggest that extracts of Ipomoea carnea and Asparagus racemosus may not possess sedative, hypnotic, myo-relaxant, or anti-cognitive properties. However, extracts of tramadol, diazepam, Anogeissus latifolia Roxb, and Phyllanthus niruri may exhibit notable sedative, hypnotic, myo-relaxant, and anti-cognitive effects. The results of this study provide support for the historical use of Asparagus racemosus seed and Anogeissus latifolia Roxb leaf extracts in the management of memory impairments and associated neurological conditions.