Culverts Research Articles

Determination of Support Pressure for the Design of Square Box Culverts

Determination of Support Pressure for the Design of Square Box Culverts

Közúti műtárgyak szerepe az autópályák átjárhatóságában szőrmés ragadozófajok esetében

Habitat fragmentation is one of the factors that have a negative influence on the ecosystem and is caused primarily by human activities. In this process, natural habitats (biotopes) may disappear or break up. Isolation is mainly caused by linear transportation networks. Motorways and expressways have the highest isolation effect due to the existence of fences, the wide carriageway and the intensive traffic. In our research, we investigated medium-sized concrete box culverts using sand benches. The recorded traces were used to determine the species that used the culverts. Based on our results, we could not describe a linear increase in culvert use. However, we observed seasonal variation. We distinguished a summer-autumn season with high use and a winter-spring season with low use. The most frequent species was the red fox, followed by small carnivores and, last, the badger. Among these, the results for badger suggest that the opening rate of the passages was not optimal, since this species had the highest rate of return. Our results suggest that the road structures we studied are suitable for reducing habitat fragmentation effects.

Value Engineering For Drainage System Planning On Soekarno Hatta Road Malang City

The development of residential areas is very rapid, both in hilly areas and in "water parking" areas. So that puddles occur in several places, where in the past it did not occur. Floods/puddles during the rainy season that occur in the channel area of Jalan Soekarno - Hatta are caused by the capacity of the existing drainage system being no longer able to accommodate rainwater runoff. The aim of this research is Determining alternative drainage structure designs that are more efficient and effective is carried out on Jalan Soekarno - Hatta Malang City using the Value Engineering method and determining cost and time savings after carrying out Value Engineering in the drainage system planning work on Jalan Soekarno - Hatta Malang City. The results of this study is After doing Value Engineering by following the work plan (Job Plan) alternative 2 has been obtained which is efficient because the cost is cheaper (Rp. 15,881,356.00) than other alternatives, and alternative 2 is more effective because time (23 days) is faster than other alternatives . Whereas the initial cost of the U Gutter pair (existing) work on the Drainage System Planning project to Overcome Floods on Jalan Soekarno - Hatta Malang City is Rp. 17,139,144,126.35. While the cost after being in VE, namely alternative 2 Box Culvert Structure, is Rp. 17,014,195,372.72 so that there is a cost savings of Rp. 124,948,753.62 or 0.46%

Reinforcement on existing concrete that has been reinforced with CFRP

Implementing a box culvert system on bridges is an economical choice due to the reduced material use. This system has a joint that blends between the slab and the abutment walls and pillars. With a stiffer joint, the moment that occurs is smaller than a simple beam system. Box culvert foundations are commonly shallow foundations. Consequently, it is vulnerable to settlement, particularly the abutments that receive soil loads from the bridge embankment. Therefore, making the displacement in the abutments greater than in the pillars.
 The existing box culvert structure at the study site in Semarang, Indonesia has a span of 2 x 15 meters. Reinforcement has been previously carried out using Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) to treat cracks. Though, as time passed, the treated cracks reopened and new cracks developed. Structural cracks occur at a negative moment, so that the reinforcement yielded.
 A reinforcement using CFRP does not increase stiffness—thus, a reinforcement with adding external reinforcement system is used. This reinforcement is done by adding 400 x 200 WF profile—connected mechanically by attaching anchors to the slab. Reinforcement with a WF profile is safer due to its mechanical system, which makes it easier to implement and monitor.

Study on the Variation of Vertical Attitude Deviation for Long-Distance Jacking with an Initial Slope of Super-Large Frame Box Culvert

Study on the Variation of Vertical Attitude Deviation for Long-Distance Jacking with an Initial Slope of Super-Large Frame Box Culvert

Customized Design of a Proposed Alignment at MAU Yola Campus in Civil 3D Using Nigerian Federal Ministry of Works Highway (FMWH) Manual

This study testedthe capability of Civil3D to design acarriageway using FMWH Manual. Forthis purpose, the guidelines outlined in the manual were accommodated. The route under consideration is a proposed dual carriageway alignment at Modibbo Adama University (MAU) Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Methodology focused on field work, data acquisition, and roadway alignment design. Data for this project was obtained directly from the field using conventional ground survey method, Google Earth, GARMIN GPSMAP64 Hand Held GPS, and Kern-Swiss K1-M 292272 Theodolite. Reduce level was computed using Microsoft excel and the output was imported into the design software (Autodesk Civil 3D V.2023) as a dot csv (.csv) data file known as PENZD.csv.A simple horizontal circular curve with a radius of 200m was designed at chainage 0+268.55 to 0+290.41 between two tangents. Two Sag curves at chainages 0+160.95 and 0+655.33 were designed for the vertical alignment. A trapezoidal channel was provided to discharge storm water and also, a single cell box culvert to be sited at chainage 0+524 to 0+532.5. Equally, a pipe culvert was proposed at 0+722 to 0+723. QR Code for data used is also presented. The results indicate that the designed alignment was adequate and economical based on FMWH Manual.

Network Deterioration Prediction for Reinforced Concrete Pipe and Box Culverts Using Markov Model: Case Study

Reinforced concrete (RC) pipe and box culverts are widely used as an alternative to bridge structures in road transport networks around the world. The deterioration of the RC culverts is a complex problem caused by combined humanmade and natural processes with various influential factors. Visual inspection is often used to monitor the deterioration of culverts, and the inspection results are used to rate condition of culverts by using a discrete condition rating system. The objective of this case study was to investigate the deterioration of RC culverts at the network and cohort levels by using a Markov model and culverts’ influential factors and inspected condition data. The Markov deterioration model can forecast the future deterioration of a culvert network, which can be used for asset management planning of the culvert network. A real case study with a regional local government in Australia was used to demonstrate the application of this study. The results of network deterioration modeling showed that the deterioration rates of culverts varied with culvert type (pipe and box culvert), built year, demographic location, and pipe size. However, annual average daily traffic (AADT) affected only box culverts. Deterioration prediction was found to be sensitive to the time length of evidence data, which highlights the importance of keeping records of maintenance and rehabilitation activities for producing accurate modeling data.

KAJIAN PENURUNAN TANAH TIMBUNAN PENYEBAB KERETAKAN STRUKTUR RIGID PAVEMENT DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE ASAOKA (Studi Kasus Proyek Pembangunan Jalan XYZ)

<p>Rigid pavement work on the XYZ Road Construction Project experienced a problem, <br />namely the occurrence of cracks in the rigid pavement structure above the box <br />culverts under which soil improvement was carried out using embankment soil. The <br />purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that cause settlement of the <br />embankment that causes the rift of the rigid pavement structure on box culverts built <br />on embankment soil so that the results can be used as a reference for handling or <br />repairing rigid pavement work on box culverts with a structure piled up soil in <br />subsequent segments. From the results of the analysis it can be seen that the process <br />of casting rigid pavement was carried out at two points, namely Point 1 and Point 2 <br />where after casting the rigid pavement, the subgrade beneath it still experienced a <br />decrease of 10 mm and 6 mm. This decline occurred for up to 3 months and caused <br />cracks in the rigid pavement structure above it. This is due to the difference in <br />settlement of the box culvert which was initially assumed not to have decreased <br />again with the surrounding embankment which was still experiencing settlement. In <br />addition, the results of the analysis show that the rigid pavement design uses a <br />single reinforcement so that the capacity of the concrete (Mu) is less than the weight <br />of the concrete itself which causes the concrete to crack.</p>

Experimental Study on the Application of Cementless Material with Industrial By-Products to Steam-Cured Precast Concrete Products.

The purpose of this study was to apply a cementless binder using industrial by-products (fly ash, ground-granulated blast furnace slag, and silica fume) to precast concrete products. In this binder, calcium hydroxide was included as an alkali stimulant but Portland cement was not included. Experiments on the compressive strength and durability of this type of material were conducted and its applicability to precast concrete products was investigated using full-scale specimens. The experiments proved that high-temperature steam curing is effective at obtaining strength development and that compressive strength can be expressed as a linear function of the binder-water ratio. Experimental results of chloride ion diffusion coefficient and sulfuric acid resistance suggested that the proposed material has higher resistances than conventional cement concrete against these deterioration factors. It was also demonstrated that full-scale specimens of a box culvert and a centrifugally compacted pipe using this type of material have almost the same load-bearing capacity and deformation performance as those using conventional cement concrete. It is believed that the proposed material could be used as a construction material instead of cement concrete, contribute to reducing CO2 emission, and increase the reuse of industrial by-products.

Design and bearing capacity test of prefabricated high-strength thin concrete segments for reinforcing underground box culverts

The application of prefabrication technology in underground engineering has been mostly concentrated in subway tunnels and subway stations. Research on the prefabrication technology of underground box culverts is relatively recent. There is almost no research on the improvement in structural performance of aging box culverts using prefabricated assembly technology. Traditional trenchless rehabilitation technology was developed from the rehabilitation of round pipes and was applied to underground square pipes, such as box culverts, after certain improvements. These methods produce a limited increase in the structural bearing capacity of aging underground box culverts and are time-consuming to construct. In this regard, this paper puts forward the idea of reinforcement with and a design method using prefabricated assembly technology to reinforce the interior of a box culvert with high-strength thin-walled concrete segments. A case study was analyzed and a construction simulation was verified. A full-scale prefabricated high-strength concrete segment was subsequently subjected to horizontal and vertical equal-proportion loading static bearing capacity tests. The results showed that the designed and manufactured prefabricated high-strength concrete segment can be independent of the original structural bearing capacity and without its beneficial constraints to meet the design requirements of bearing capacity. It should be noted that in this experiment, the prefabricated segments eventually suffered shear failure at the splice joints, and attention should be given to strengthening the local structure of the splice joints. The reinforcement method proposed in this paper is also applicable to other similar structures with box-shaped internal space sections.

Theoretical Analysis of Rock Blasting Damage in Construction of Tunnels Closely Under-Passing Sewage Box Culverts

With the large-scale construction of urban traffic tunnels in China, it has become common to underpass existing buildings and structures such as sewage box culverts and pipelines using the drilling-blasting method. How to analyze accurately the blasting damage of surrounding rock and reasonably determine the safe distance between tunnel and box culvert or pipelines is an urgent issue to be solved. In this paper, the Cowper-Symonds plastic kinetic hardening model was improved using both rock initial damage degree and damage modification coefficient considering rock residual strength. The proposed model was implemented into LS-DYNA. The proposed damage model was used to evaluate the blasting construction of rock tunnels closely under-passing sewage box culverts. The results of numerical simulation using the proposed damage model shows that the blasting damage range of rock with a damage degree of more than 0.5 very significantly reduces from 1.0 m to 0.3 m as the spacing between the box culvert and the tunnel increases from 1.0 m to 4.0 m, and the evolution process of rock blasting damage can be well-presented. Moreover, the safe distance between tunnel and box culvert in blasting construction can be reasonably determined to be no less than 4.0 m. The findings in this paper could be significant for guiding the blasting construction of rock tunnels closely under-passing sewage box culverts.

Rehabilitation Method of Culvert Foundation Failure using Polygeo Foam

A concrete box culvert with a dimension of 2.1 x 2.1 m and a concrete pipe culvert of 0.9 m diameter founded on soft soil were experiencing soil settlement causing undulation and discomfort to the traffic users. Voids that appeared beneath the culvert foundations triggering the road surface to sag. Objectives of the study are to assess the settlement of culverts underlain by soft soil using PLAXIS simulations on the initial subsoil conditions, after rehabilitation works with Polygeo foam injection and to evaluate the performance of Polygeo foam as a rehabilitation method. The settlement of the culverts underlain by the soft soil will be determined using finite element model based on the data and information obtained from geoforensic assessments including 12 nos. of deep borehole as well as soil laboratory tests. There were six culverts area undergone settlement problem, with two boreholes were executed at the side of each culvert. Throughout the five-year period of Post Construction stage with Polygeo rehabilitation works, the pipe culvert was shown to settle around 22 mm whilst the box culvert with pile settled around 14 mm. The study concluded that the rehabilitation works using Polygeo foam has been successfully reduced the rate of settlement and complied to JKR settlement criteria.

A case study on performances of overlying pipelines due to shallow tunnels excavation in water-rich gravel ground

Twin rectangular-shaped tunnels were constructed vertically beneath the adjacent pipelines in water-rich gravel ground. An analysis was carried out using measured datum to reveal the response of the overlying pipelines to the construction of shallow tunnels. The method of superposition was applied for describing the displacement profile of the overlying pipelines. The transverse profile shapes for the pipelines remain different. The profile of the gas pipeline and box culvert firstly displays a single-trough “n” shape and “U” shape, respectively, whereas the final profile of the pipelines displays an unsymmetrical double-trough “W” shape. It is also found that the safety of the existing pipelines was generally ensured, except for one monitoring point of the box culvert on the right side of the shallow tunnel. It implies that the larger grouting thickness beyond the excavated outline of the shallow tunnel should be conducted in similar cases.

A comparative study to determine seismic response of the box culvert wing wall under influence of soil-structure interaction considering different ground motions

The present study deals with evaluation of the effects of different ground motions, backfill-structure interaction (BSI) and soil-structure interaction (SSI) on dynamic response of a box culvert wing wall. In obtaining numerical results, five different earthquake records with different frequency contents, five different backfill types and four different subsoil types are taken into account. Firstly, a finite element model (FEM) and three analytical models are proposed for analysis of the wing wall-backfill system under fixed-base case, and these fixed-base models are compared with each other through both modal analysis and displacement time-history analysis under the assumption of linear-elasticity. After validating the ability of the FEM approach, by extending the fixed-base FEM to take account of elastoplastic behavior of soil and SSI, a three dimensional (3-D) model has been described, and 3-D nonlinear analyses have been carried out in time domain. The numerical results show that the seismic response of the wing walls are affected remarkably by the SSI, BSI and frequency content of the earthquake.

PERENCANAAN SISTEM DRAINASE PERUMAHAN GRAND KENJERAN DENGAN PRINSIP ZERO DELTA Q

Grand Kenjeran Residence is a mega project which has a lot of access and facilities at East Surabaya district. Related to the development’s location, East Surabaya District had peat and swamp like soil which has high land subsidence and prone to be flooded. Based on that condition, a drainage system is required to draining the rainwater towards existing drainage system. Zero Delta Q Policy is a “flood caution” concept by applying flood’s runoff restrictions as a result of the development, which the difference between before and after runoff debit has to be zero. Based on the analyzing report, there are some chsnnel precast available to use for Drainage System 1 : Box Culvert size 200x150x100 cm ; Box Culvert size 120x120x100 cm ; Uditch + Cover size 50x50x120 cm and Drainage System 2 : Box Culvert size 120x150x100 cm; Box Culvert size 100x100x100 cm ; Uditch + Cover size 40x50x120 cm. Fulfilling the “Zero Delta Q” concept, the design of boezem had volume of 7.182,47 m3 which is larger than the requirements at 7.181,925 m3 and floodgates on drainage system.

LRFD Approach for Load Rating U.S. Army-Owned Bridges That Require Engineering Judgment

As part of their 2020 Biennial Inspection Program, the U.S. Army is conducting a load rating effort for its bridges located at military installations throughout the United States. To date, 201 structures at 26 army bases are being evaluated for both civilian and military vehicles. Seventy-two of these structures are reinforced concrete bridges with unknown reinforcement which must therefore be rated using engineering judgment. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials’ (AASHTO) Manual for Bridge Evaluation provides guidance for these structures when the live loads are civilian vehicles. For army-owned bridges, however, an allowable military load classification must also be determined. A procedure called “correlation classification” is currently used to determine the proper military load classification for a particular bridge. The current procedure, however, is based on the allowable stress method. To allow the use of load resistance factor design (LRFD), a new correlation equation and methodology using LRFD principles was developed. The methodology, however, requires the load rater to incorporate knowledge about the bridge into the load rating process. For older bridges with lighter design vehicles, and low the average daily traffic bridges, the correlation concept was also used to determine if a posting was required for state legal and emergency vehicles. This exercise demonstrated that the current correlation equation can be successfully modified to incorporate LRFD principles and applied to determine the military load classification for reinforced concrete structures that require engineering judgment. The application of the new correlation equation is illustrated with two examples: a reinforced concrete beam bridge and a box culvert.

Determination of Finite Element Modelling Errors for Box Culverts Using Field Load Tests

Buried culverts have been in service more than half a century and their age raises questions about their reliable serviceability for the new standard vehicles. The gross weight and axle spacing of these trucks play an important role on the performance of the buried culverts where the culvert is covered with shallow fill heights. Field live load tests were conducted by driving a loaded truck over some culverts at slow speed while recording data at the critical locations of these culvert. Finite element (FE) models were developed and calibrated using field load test results. Live load distribution formulations were adopted from AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications for different fill heights. Two- and three-dimensional FE models were modelled and loaded separately to compare the critical section forces. The results showed that the error using two different FE modelling approach yields more than 100% error for the maximum section forces when fill heights is between 60 cm and 120 cm. This study is aimed to highlighting the inherent error in numerical modelling of buried reinforced box culverts for design or rating purposes.

Computing Cost and Time Contingency for Box Culverts Construction Projects using Integrated Risk Management Technique

Construction and rehabilitation of water control structures in Egypt considered as an important project, as it influences the usage of water resources in Egypt which become limited resources due to water scarcity existed in the last decades. Also these projects helps in the optimization of water resources, Moreover it helps in the growth of agricultural and industrial sector. Project Risk Management (RMP) is considered as a vital and important tool in decision making, thus RMP used as a planning management system to detect risks affecting project deliverables; such as cost and time target. This research shows how to optimize the deliverables for construction of box culverts in Egypt, through a well-defined risk management framework and real case study for a certain project executed in the last decade. Finally, this study shows how to calculate cost and time contingency for these projects through an integrated risk management technique. Finally this study shows hazard risk identification and assessment for these type of projects. The conclusion of this study show that the cost contingency needed to resolve different risk factors arise in the shown case study is to increase the estimated budget with average value 11.50 percent on the total estimated budget, as well as the time contingency is found with average value 16.00 percent to be added over the total original baseline schedule of the construction project.

Analysis of The Impact of Sedimentation Dredging on Headloss Repair & Operating Patterns of CWP (Circulating Water Pump) PLTU Lontar

The PLTU Lontar Extension Project (1x315 MW) is a national strategic project being built by PT. PLN (Persero). The project stage is currently in the commissioning phase but is hampered by indications of sedimentation occurring at the intake mouth area of ??the Circulating Water System. There are indications of sedimentation at the intake mouth due to the high head loss between the intake mouth and the upstream box culvert which has an impact on inhibiting the flow of seawater entering the Lontar PLTU intake canal. The existence of obstacles to the flow of sea water has resulted in insufficient cooling water flow for the needs of 8 Circulating Water Pump (CWP) pumps, namely 6 CWP for 3 units of PLTU Existing and 2 CWP for 1 unit of PLTU Extension. The sea bed level on the side of the intake mouth according to the basic design is -4.5 m but after the survey (bathymetry, topography, floating sediment, currents, tides) the actual condition is currently at a depth of -0.9 m. As one solution, the dredging method is taken to restore conditions according to the basic design. To find out if there is an improvement in headloss, a simulation is carried out using the Hec-ras 2D application. After the simulation, it was found that the headloss/compression loss significantly improved in the hydraulic simulation with a flow rate of 42 m3/s at 6 pumps running, before dredging 30 cm and after dredging to 18 cm and also with a flowrate of 60 m3/s at 8 pumps running. , before dredging 55 cm and after dredging to 21 cm at the right position upstream of the box culvert. This headloss condition is predicted to propagate downstream to the forebay and CWP pump pits, so that dredging in this area is simulated to increase the performance of the Lontar PLTU circulating water intake so that 8 CWPs can operate together continuously.

Design and mechanical properties of U-section precast concrete box culverts

To study the joint design of U-section precast concrete box culverts (UPCBCs) and avoid the difficulty in obtaining the stiffness of joints, seven simplified two-dimensional models were proposed based on assumptions of joint constraints. Based on the comparison of internal forces, the cantilever model under axial compression was preliminarily selected to design a single-barrel UPCBC connected by unbonded prestressed bars. A full-scale static test was conducted and numerical model with seals was studied to verify the feasibility of the theoretical models. Furthermore, the effects of multiple factors (theoretical models and prestress) on the structural behaviors (failure modes, bearing capacity and deformation performance) were investigated based on a numerical model with distributed external loads. The evaluation index was analyzed to measure the comprehensive value of culverts, including the consideration of cost, the ability of theoretical models to predict the internal forces, the bearing capacity, and the deformation performance. Based on the results, the conditions of the sliding link model and unbonded prestressed bars (diameter of 12 mm and tensile controlling stress of 0.35 fpu) were recommended for the design of UPCBCs. Finally, the reliability of the design parameters were proved based on their application to a multi-barrel UPCBC. The results of this study provide a scientific reference for the structural design and applications of UPCBCs.