Aquatic Culture Research Articles

Improvement of waste water quality by application of mixed algal inocula

Present study aim to investigate application of microalgae for improvement of physiochemical parameters of waste water and improvement of treatment process through reducing the pollutant concentrations including coliform bacteria through their ability to uptake nutrients. Aquatic cultures were conducted in container with dimensions of 1.5×3sq ft. and wastewater samples 5 Litre samples were collected in plastic cans from Sukhnar drain and algal samples were collected from Bhaini Sigyain Village near Ravi Siphon, Lahore. The one experimental treatment lasted for 10 days to make 50% 5 liter water added concentration and 200g of inocula of algae were grown in wastewater container for experiments to optimize at room temperature as local outdoor cultures conditions for wastewater treatment. Total experiment repeated thrice and completed in 30 days. Results show that treatments improved the physiochemical parameter after week. Turbidity (NTU), total suspended solids (mg/L), total dissolved solids (mg/L), nitrate (mg/L), phosphate (mg/L) decrease (P < 0.05) after treatment. However, pH not significantly decreases (P≥ 0.05) pre-treatment values 6.56±0.05 (mg/L) and post-treatment 6.53± 0.057(mg/L). Maximum total coliform disinfection (P < 0.05) was indicated with 200 g of algae was pre-treatment 1602± 6.8 (MPN) and post treatment 1447±39.5 (MPN) observed.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.53(1), 77-82, 2018

Soy protein concentrate as a substitute for fish meal in diets for juvenile Acanthopagrus schlegelii: effects on growth, phosphorus discharge and digestive enzyme activity

The current high demand and cost of fish meal (FM) necessities the evaluation of alternative plant protein ingredients in diets of farmed marine fish. A 56-day feeding trial was performed to study the effects of replacement of FM with soy protein concentrate (SPC) in diets of Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Diets were prepared at levels of 0%, 30%, 47.5%, 65%, 82.5% and 100% SPC, respectively, replacing FM. The results indicated no significant differences (p > .05) in % weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed S30% to S82.5% diets compared with the control diet while, further inclusion at 100% significantly depressed growth performance. SPC inclusion and phytase supplementation significantly affected the phosphorous discharge (P-load) showing lowest value (3.83 ± 0.53 g/kg WG) in S100% compared to control (14.79 ± 0.37 g/kg WG) and in fish fed S30% diet (13.24 ± 0.89 g/kg WG) (p < .05). The results of this study showed that FM could be substituted up to 82.5% by SPC in the diet of Acanthopagrus schlegelii fingerlings (5.53 ± 0.12 g) without any adverse effects. Phytase supplementation SPC based diets could be effective in reducing the phosphorus load in the aquatic culture environment.

Dispersion and sedimentation of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in freshwater algae and daphnia aquatic culture media in the presence of arsenate

ABSTRACTLittle information is available on Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nTiO2) behavior in different culture media for aquatic organisms. This study aimed to accurately evaluate nTiO2 dispersion and sedimentation in common freshwater algae (BG-11) and daphnia aquatic (SM7) culture media. We additionally investigated potential mechanisms of nTiO2 stability under arsenate influence. Results showed that high ionic strength in culture media was probably a key reason for the acute nTiO2 agglomeration found. Additionally, the hydrodynamic size of nTiO2 suspension in the presence of arsenate was significantly larger, increasing with arsenate concentration in ultrapure water. Conversely, the hydrodynamic size in BG-11 and SM7 decreased with arsenate concentration. The nTiO2 sedimentation rate increased significantly with arsenate concentration in ultrapure water but significantly decreased in BG-11 and SM7 culture media. Many nTiO2 remained suspended after initial rapid sedimentation and the slight sedimentation that occurred in the subsequent 24 h, suggesting that algae and daphnia within the water column will be exposed to small nanoparticle aggregates for a long period of time. Such nTiO2 behavior, especially in the presence of arsenate, requires more consideration than the different toxicological results reported in literature.

Средообразующая активность корневой системы регенерантов ячменя в условиях токсичности кислых почв

Regenerative lines of barley 917-01, 781-04, 441-05, 530-98 obtained by cell selection on acid selective media with aluminum, were evaluated with regard to the original sorts 999-93, Novichok and standard Bios 1 in the laboratory, vegetative and field experiments. The dynamics of changes in the medium acidity by the roots of barley seedlings and their biometric indicators against the control (pH 6.0) and stress (pH 4.0 and pH 4.0 + Al 3+ 20 mg/l) backgrounds were studied in the aquatic culture. Regenerated 917-01 and 781-04 were alkalinizing water actively (by 2.4-2.5 pH units) against the background of intensive root growth compared to the control (43%) and biomass accumulation (10%). The solution acidity of Novichok and its regenerantive genotype 441-05 was changing slightly. In vegetation experiments, the environment-forming activity of the regenerative line 530-98 in changing the acidity and content of free aluminum in the zone of the rhizosphere was studied. On soil background with pH 3.9 and A1 3+ 5.6 mg/100 g of soil the level of alkalization reached 0.7 units of pH at decrease in amount of free aluminum by 4.23 mg / 100 g of soil that 1.8 times exceeded the similar indicators of the standard Bios 1. With stress intensification, the increased productivity of the regenerant relative to the standard up to 2 times was revealed (by 0.66 t/ha on the soil background at pH 3.7 and Al 21 mg/100 g of soil). In favorable conditions of cultivation, the productivity of regenerants decreased relative to the standard. In the competitive tests the regenerative genotypes 917-01 and 530-98, possessing high medium forming activity of the root system, were among the best breeding numbers. Line 917-01 received the status of the sort (the Forward). Not all regenerants possessed breeding value. Selection in vitro of Al- resistant sort Novichok has not led to positive results. The conclusion about expediency of involvement in cellular selection of genotypes with low level of stress resistance and potentially high adaptive variability has been made.

ВЛИЯНИЕ ГУМАТА НА ФИТОРЕМЕДИАЦИОННЫЕ СВОЙСТВА ПШЕНИЦЫ ПРИ ВОЗРАСТАЮЩИХ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИЯХ НИТРАТА СВИНЦА

Phytoremediation is a promising technology for cleaning soil and water from toxic heavy metals. It is known that humic substances possess the capability of increasing the intensity of metal absorption by plants. In this connection, the effect of humic preparation from peat on the accumulation of lead by wheat plants was studied for lead nitrate concentrations increasing up to 500 μM / l in a model vegetation experiment in aquatic culture. A significant increase in the accumulation of lead in wheat shoots (above 1000 mg / kg) was established under the progressive action of lead nitrate in comparison with the pronounced effect, indicating the possibility of using wheat as a phytoremediant. Humic preparation strengthened the phytoremediation properties of wheat, estimated by the coefficient of biological absorption: up to 5.4 times with a pronounced effect and up to 2.6 times at a gradual level, which confirms the possibility of using humic substances as phytoextraction effector.

Effects of medium-wave ultraviolet radiation on levels and spectrum of polyamines in leaves and roots of wild-growing plants

The work continues serial studies on short-term effects of medium-wave ultraviolet radiation (UV-B) at 12.5 kJ/m2 on plants. Special attention is paid to the rapid response of the antioxidant system. Free and conjugated forms of putrescine polyamines (putrescine, spermine, and spermidine), as well as those of cadaverine, are recognized to be constituents of the antioxidant system. These compounds were analyzed in plants 24 h after UV-B irradiation. Thellungiella salsuginea (Pallas) O.E.Schulz, Salvia officinalis L, Plantago major L., and Geum urbanum L. grown in aquatic culture under phytotron conditions were examined. The results support the hypothesis that putrescine plays the chief role in the plant defense response against medium-wave ultraviolet irradiation. Three of four plants manifested an increase in the content of this polyamine in leaves. It is the change that determines the enhanced total level of free polyamines. We failed to reveal a general tendency in dynamics of levels of conjugated forms of spermine, spermidine, and cadaverine; only conjugates of putrescine demonstrated a distinct increase. This study allows a conclusion that contributions of particular polyamines to the protective response primarily depend on the species to which the investigated plant belongs. It is likely that conjugated polyamines can be reserved as a pool necessary for rapid recovery of free polyamine levels.

Plant expression systems for production of recombinant pharmaceutically important proteins

The market of pharmaceutically valuable proteins is the fastest growing segment of the economy. Most biopharmaceuticals have been obtained in mammalian and microorganism cells, but both systems have a number of disadvantages. Plant cells combine the advantages of the eukaryotic system of protein production and the simplicity and cheapness of the bacterial, and the use of plants for the production of recombinant proteins is an economically important and promising direction. The advantage of plant systems is the lower cost of cell cultivation. They are free from unwanted components, such as bacterial endotoxins, hyperglycosylated proteins produced by yeast, animal and human pathogens in cell cultures of transgenic animals. In addition, plants are higher eukaryotes, and therefore fullvalue folding and the formation of multimeric protein complexes occur in their cells, as well as a significant portion of post­translational modifications similar to those in mammalian cells. The currently developed plant expression systems for recombinant proteins are extremely diverse and number more than 100 different technologies based on different plant species, gene transfer methods, expression strategies, methods for the subsequent extraction of the target protein, etc. This is nuclear and plastid transformation, transient and stable expression during transformation using agrobacterial transport, bombardment or electroporation, cultivation of whole terrestrial or aquatic plants, plant tissues or suspension cell cultures as expression systems. The review examines the current state of research in the use of plant expression systems for the production of recombinant proteins for pharmaceuticals. The emphasis was placed on the advantages of plant cell cultures in comparison with other expression systems. Specific examples discuss promising plant systems for the production of recombinant proteins, such as transplastomic plants, moss and aquatic plant cultures, as well as suspension cultures of cells of higher plants. The current state of the market for recombinant proteins obtained using plant expression systems is considered. The prospects of creating plant (“edible”) vaccines based on genetically modified plants are discussed.

Design, construction and erection of seawater intake system to establish a biofouling test facility

Large amount of seawater is used in coastal industries, like power generating plants, desalination plants and aquatic culture farms. A similar requirement exists in Department of Atomic Energy campus at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu, India. Seawater in large quantities is required for its nuclear power stations and desalination plants erected on the east coast of Bay of Bengal situated in southern part of India. Such seawater systems have biofouling problems. Hence a seawater intake system has been designed, constructed and erected so that virgin seawater will be available for biofouling studies that was proposed to be carried in a once through flow test facility. A major criterion for the test facility was that continuous supply of seawater should be available at the rate of 160m3/h. To meet this requirement, centrifugal pumps were installed at about 150m away from the shoreline and connected to an intake structure using 600m long, 355mm OD, high density polyethylene pipeline laid on the seabed. Details of site selection, options of construction methods, materials selection, pressure drop calculations, sizing of pipes and anchor blocks, stability of intake pipeline, deployment criteria and project cost and planning have been discussed in this paper.

Multidrug-resistant Vibrio associated with an estuary affected by shrimp farming in Northeastern Brazil

Bacteria of genus Vibrio with multidrug resistance in shrimp farm environment were recurrent. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profile of 70 strains of Vibrio isolated from water and sediment of Acaraú estuary, Ceará, Brazil. In order to achieve this goal, disk diffusion technique was used with the following antimicrobial agents: ampicillin (Amp), aztreonam (Atm), cephalothin (Cef), cefotaxime (Ctx), ceftriaxone (Cro), ciprofloxacin (Cip), chloramphenicol (Clo), florfenicol (Flo), nitrofurantoin (Nit), gentamicin (Gen), oxytetracycline (Otc), tetracycline (Tet), streptomycin (Str), nalidixic acid (Nal), and sulfazotrim (Sut). All Vibrio strains were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, being verified as 17 multidrug-resistant profiles. All strains resistant to Otc and Tet were characterized to exhibit plasmidial resistance. Therefore, Vibrio strains from Acaraú estuary pose a risk to public health and aquatic culture.

Internal and External Influences on Water Resource Decision Making

As scarcity of water intensifies due to population growth and climatic changes, the public will become increasingly aware of the ramifications and need for solutions to water shortages. To sustain further human development, water resources will need to be conserved and traded through changes in public policy. Such policies will undoubtedly involve scientific experts but also laypersons who may have little understanding of water science. This article investigates the factors that influence the decision-making processes of nonscientists when making natural resource decisions. Public participants were given a water resource decision in which they had to choose between two possible solutions. The only variable that changed between participant groups was the visual style in which information was presented. Verbal protocols were analyzed to extract the cognitive factors that influenced their decision. In addition to differences based on visual style, personal values such as appreciation for aquatic culture, environment, and agriculture emerged.

Eco-Friendly Approach for Treating Dairy Effluent and Lipid Estimation Using Microalgae

Aim: In this study, an attempt has been made to examine the utility of these species in treating dairy wastewater. Bioreactor was studied using immobilized Chlorella vulgaris and Anabaena ambigua to treat dairy effluent. Study Design: The entire study including the treatment and filtration was conducted in Centre for biotechnology, Institute of Science and Technology, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad, between November 2014 to February 2015. Methodology: The treatment of dairy effluent consists of two stages; the first stage includes dairy effluent treatment using immobilised Chlorella vulgaris and Anabeana ambigua, while the second stage involves sand bed and coal bed filtration. Results: Chlorella vulgaris reported a high lipid content of 12% when compared with Anabaena ambigua 5% after the cultivation period. Whereas the protein content of Anabaena ambigua (40%) was higher than Chlorella vulgaris (28%) when compared with after harvesting. Whilst ammonium nitrate was completely removed by bead treatment it was 96% reduction when treated with Chlorella vulgaris. A 98% removal of phosphates was achieved on an average after algal bead Original Research Article Rani et al.; BBJ, 7(1): 33-39, 2015; Article no.BBJ.2015.043 34 treatment for both species in both modes of operation. Moreover, a significant decrease in BOD and COD was achieved by this method. Conclusion: It can be concluded that, the cultivation of algae in dairy effluent results the combined advantages of treating the dairy effluent and also producing algal biomass, which can further use of food additives for aquatic culture, animal and human feed, energies such as biogas and fuels and bio-fertiliser.

From artificial red blood cells, oxygen carriers, and oxygen therapeutics to artificial cells, nanomedicine, and beyond.

The first experimental artificial red blood cells have all three major functions of red blood cells (rbc). However, the first practical one is a simple polyhemoglobin (PolyHb) that only has an oxygen-carrying function. This is now in routine clinical use in South Africa and Russia. An oxygen carrier with antioxidant functions, PolyHb-catalase-superoxide dismutase, can fulfill two of the three functions of rbc. Even more complete is one with all three functions of rbc in the form of PolyHb-catalase-superoxide dismutase-carbonic anhydrase. The most advanced ones are nanodimension artificial rbc with either PEG-lipid membrane or PEG-PLA polymer membrane. Extensions into oxygen therapeutics include a PolyHb-tyrosinase that suppresses the growth of melanoma in a mice model. Another is a PolyHb-fibrinogen that is an oxygen carrier with platelet-like function. Research has now extended well beyond the original research on artificial rbc into many areas of artificial cells. These include nanoparticles, nanotubules, lipid vesicles, liposomes, polymer-tethered lipid vesicles, polymersomes, microcapsules, bioencapsulation, nanocapules, macroencapsulation, synthetic cells, and others. These are being used in nanotechnology, nanomedicine, regenerative medicine, enzyme/gene therapy, cell/stem cell therapy, biotechnology, drug delivery, hemoperfusion, nanosensers, and even by some groups in agriculture, industry, aquatic culture, nanocomputers, and nanorobotics.

Status of aquatic plant tissue culture in Turkey

Status of aquatic plant tissue culture in Turkey

A commercial rapid optical immunoassay detects Streptococcus agalactiae from aquatic cultures and clinical specimens

The BioStar STREP B Optical ImmunoAssay (STREP B OIA) (BioStar ® OIA ® Strep B Assay Kit; BioStar Incorporation, Louisville, CO, USA), commonly used for diagnosis of human maternal group B streptococcus (GBS) colonization, was evaluated for its diagnostic and analytical sensitivity and specificity to aquatic animal GBS isolates, cross-reactivity, and diagnosis and recovery of GBS directly from clinically- infected fish swabs. STREP B OIA identified 25 known fish and dolphin GBS isolates. Thirteen non-GBS negative control isolates from fish and other animals were negative, giving 100% analytical specificity and no cross-reactivity. Three groups of 6 Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus) (mean weight of 40.60 ± 1.70 g) each were inoculated intraperitoneally with either 10 6 colony-forming units (cfu) GBS/fish, 10 6 cfu Streptococcus iniae/fish or 100 μL of tryptic soy broth (TSB) and observed for mortality for 7 days. The nare and brain of all fish were swabbed and subjected to the STREP B OIA for detection of GBS antigen immediately after swabbing (0 h) or 24, 48 and 72 h post-swabbing and compared to conventional culture on trypticase soy agar with 5% sheep blood. The STREP B OIA method demonstrated a diagnostic sensitivity of 75.0% and a diagnostic specificity of 69.2% compared to direct TSA. The percent agreement between OIA and culture was 100%. GBS antigen could be retrieved by OIA following 72-h storage of swabs. These results demonstrate the utility of the STREP B OIA to identify GBS from culture and directly from swabs of clinically- infected fish.

Individual growth of Lymnaea stagnalis (Lymnaeidae, Gastropoda): II. Late postlarval ontogeny

Our investigation on the growth of 14 individuals of the great pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis was performed in an aquatic culture at 18 degrees C beginning from the 10th week after hatching until death. It has been demonstrated that the increase in the mollusk mass follows an S-like curve during the whole studied period. Linear growth (conch height) follows a parabolic (convex) curve until the age of 39 weeks. Both weight and linear growth during studied period significantly approximate to the Bertalanffy equation, while the interrelation between mass and conch height corresponds to the allometric equation. The meanings of the coefficients of these equations do not differ significantly in different individuals. At the age of 38 to 39 weeks, all mollusks demonstrate breakage in the curve of linear growth, then followed with abrupt slowing of growth until stopping or even decreasing in size in some cases. Neither the Bertalanffy equation nor the allometric relation describe the linear growth of individuals with ages exceeding 39 weeks.

Against the Tide: New Work on Australasian Aquatic Cultures

Research on Australasian aquatic cultures has been driven by the widespread popularity of activities such as surfing, boating and swimming. However, the focus of academic scrutiny during the last two decades has largely been directed towards investigations of surfing and surf lifesaving in particular, and beach culture more generally. In this paper, the current research paradigm within which swimming research in Australia and New Zealand operates is described and discussed. It is concluded that aquatic cultures are much broader and more diverse than existing trends in literature would indicate.

Toxic effects of cadmium, acetochlor and bensulfuron-methyl on nitrogen metabolism and plant growth in rice seedlings

The adverse effects of cadmium (Cd), acetochlor (AC), bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) alone and their coexistence on nitrogen metabolism and plant growth in rice seedlings were studied with aquatic culture experiments. The results demonstrated that in all exposure groups there were marked decrease in the fresh weight of rice seedlings and the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS) in the roots and shoots, consequently leading to an increase in free amino acids content and decrease in soluble protein content and nitrate content in the roots and shoots. These results suggested that the toxicity of Cd, AC and BSM to the rice seedlings took place partly through the influence on nitrogen metabolism.

Preventative and Therapeutic Potential of Lipopolysaccharide Derived from Edible Gram-Negative Bacteria to Various Diseases

Gram-negative bacteria contain lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which are generally considered to be an endotoxin that has negative impacts on humans. There have been very few therapeutic drugs developed that contain LPS. Recently, it has been reported that hygienic improvements have decreased exposure to LPS, and this is correlated with an increase in allergenic diseases. Lack of exposure to LPS may adversely affect the immune balance in the body. LPS is the substance that has the greatest known effect in activating macrophages which play a central role in the innate immune system. We have hypothesized the existence of a network formed by tissue macrophages and have termed this putative communications network a macrophage network. We studied certain edible Gram-negative bacteria that have a long history of use in traditional food production, in order to discover ways to improve and/or maintain health. In 1991 we discovered that the LPS of Pantoea agglomerans (named IP-PA1 by us) was a macrophage-activating substance that could be obtained from water extracts of wheat flour. LPS is also part of the make-up of cells of other well known Gram-negative bacteria used in food processing such as Acetobacter (vinegar, yogurt) and Xanthomonas (xanthan gum). This demonstrates that humans have a long history of consuming Gram-negative bacteria and LPS. In this manuscript, we discuss the potential for utilizing IP-PA1 and other LPS from edible Gram-negative bacteria. Forms of LPS can be used in various fields, such as in health food, to prevent and improve metabolic syndromes and allergies. They can also be used in feedstuffs for stockbreeding and in aquatic culture as defenses against infection where they can replace antibiotics or chemical substances. Keywords: Innate immunity, LPS, macrophage network, TLR4, hygienic hypothesis, IP-PA1

Phytotoxic effects of copper on nitrogen metabolism and plant growth in Brassica pekinensis Rupr.

Copper (Cu) from various anthropogenic and natural sources is one of the major heavy metal contaminants in the environment. To study Cu-induced nitrogen (N) metabolism damage in the popular vegetable Chinese cabbage ( Brassica pekinensis Rupr.), aquatic culture experiments with this plant were performed. Two Cu levels (0.3 μmol/L (control) and 10.3 μmol/L) and two N levels (0.05- and 1-fold Hoagland's solution) were used for the aquatic culture experiments. The results demonstrated adverse effects of Cu on N metabolism and plant growth. Cu exposure elevated Cu concentration and decreased nitrate reductase (NR) activity in the roots and shoots and reduced total chlorophyll content. It also shortened root length and produced fewer leaves and lower plant biomass. However, Cu exposure increased total free amino acid content in the leaves. The results also demonstrated effects of N deficiency on N metabolism and plant growth. N deficiency increased the root/shoot ratio of biomass and the total free amino acid content and decreased the nitrate contents and NR activity in roots and leaves. In addition, there were interactive effects between Cu exposure and N level on plant biomass, root/shoot ratio, and chlorophyll and nitrate content in leaves. The results suggested that Cu toxicity to the plant was at least partly due to an influence on N metabolism.

水と地域をむすぶ「住民参加」 地域住民が調べる水文化の変遷 琵琶湖周辺でのコミュニティ水環境カルテの試み

水と地域をむすぶ「住民参加」 地域住民が調べる水文化の変遷 琵琶湖周辺でのコミュニティ水環境カルテの試み