Aquarium Pump Research Articles

MICROBIAL CONTENT OF ACTIVELY AERATED COMPOST TEA AFTER VARIATIONS OF INGREDIENTS OR PROCEDURES

Compost tea describes a procedure where compost is mixed with water. The mixture may be left to stand with minimal disturbance (also called “compost extract” or “steepage”) or actively supplied with oxygen by an aquarium pump to stimulate population growth of aerobic microbes. This project examined actively aerated compost tea. Over a three-year period, 25 experiments were conducted where a standard recipe was compared to variations of ingredients or procedures. Identification and count of microbial content was done by direct microscopy. The “standard recipe” was 15 L of tap water (pH 7.0), 485 g of composted yard waste, 285 g of commercial worm castings, 30 ml of humic extract, 30 ml of commercial kelp Ascophyllus nodosum and 30 ml of fish fertilizer. The procedure was to aerate water for 60 min in a commercial brewer, add ingredients which are removed after five hours, then maintain brewing for another 17 hours at room temperature of 20°C. Results indicate that longer brewing time increased protozoa activity; addition of humic acid stimulated fungi activity; addition of kelp stimulated protozoa activity; addition of fish fertiliser stimulated fungi activity and increased nutrient content; use of worm castings resulted in increased fungi content; and mixing protein food with compost ahead of brewing resulted in higher protozoa activity. However, replicated experiments were difficult as the microbial content changes continuously over time and it was not possible to accurately measure a large number of samples in a short period.

Optimization and evaluation of a bottom substrate denitrification tank for nitrate removal from a recirculating aquaculture system

A bottom substrate denitrification tank for a recirculating aquaculture system was developed. The laboratory scale denitrification tank was an 8 L tank (0.04 m2 tank surface area), packed to a depth of 5 cm with a bottom substrate for natural denitrifying bacteria. An aquarium pump was used for gentle water mixing in the tank; the dissolved oxygen in the water was maintained in aerobic conditions (e.g. > 2 mg/L) while anoxic conditions predominated only at the bottom substrate layer. The results showed that, among the four substrates tested (soil, sand, pumice stone and vermiculite), pumice was the most preferable material. Comparing carbon supplementation using methanol and molasses, methanol was chosen as the carbon source because it provided a higher denitrification rate than molasses. When methanol was applied at the optimal COD:N ratio of 5:1, a nitrate removal rate of 4591 ± 133 mg-N/m2 tank bottom area/day was achieved. Finally, nitrate removal using an 80 L denitrification tank was evaluated with a 610 L recirculating tilapia culture system. Nitrate treatment was performed by batch transferring high nitrate water from the nitrification tank into the denitrification tank and mixing with methanol at a COD:N ratio of 5:1. The results from five batches of nitrate treatment revealed that nitrate was successfully removed from water without the accumulation of nitrite and ammonia. The average nitrate removal efficiency was 85.17% and the average denitrification rate of the denitrification tank was 6311 ± 945 mg-N/m2 tank bottom area/day or 126 ± 18 mg-N/L of pumice packing volume/day.

Improvised Suction Apparatus for Closure of Large Soft Tissue Deficit

Vacuum Assisted Closure (VAC) is an established method that can be used in order to cover for soft tissue defects. This study focuses on the use of a modified suction machine in the form of an aquarium pump as an economical substitute for the VAC dressing. The improvised suction apparatus was a regular aquarium pump, which was altered in order to draw air in instead of expelling it. The patients were followed-up for a period of three weeks in the wards. VAC was applied over the soft tissue defects. Sterilized foam was used and attached to a French 16 suction tube. A tight seal was ensured using a sterile adhesive covering. The tube was then attached to the modified vacuum machine, which maintained the negative pressure. Case Studies : Three cases are presented in this study. The first and second cases involved pediatric patients who sustained degloving injuries of the foot. The third case involved a 23 year-old male who sustained an open patellar fracture due to a motorcycle accident. The dressing was changed every five days and the progress was documented using photographs. The patients were placed on VAC dressing for a period of two weeks. On the 14th day, good granulation was evident on the soft tissue defects hence; the patients were scheduled and subsequently underwent splitthickness skin grafting. Discussion : The modified suction pump is an effective and economical alternative to the VAC machine for the purpose of providing constant negative pressure to promote tissue granulation and healing for large tissue defects. However, in order to establish the efficacy of the proposed intervention, the modified suction pump should be tested on more cases. Vacuum-assisted Closure (VAC) System, modified VAC, aquarium pump, soft tissue defect coverage, alternative negative pressure source.

The Diversity of Chironomidae Associated with Hydrilla in Florida, with Special Reference toCricotopus lebetis(Diptera: Chironomidae)

Hydrilla verticillata (L.f. Royle) (Hydrochari tales: Hydrocharitaceae) hereafter hydrilla is an aquatic plant that is widely distributed in the Old World. A dioecious form of hydrilla was in troduced into Florida in the 1950s, and has since spread across the southern USA (Schmitz et al. 1991; Langeland 1996). Hydrilla is a highly ag gressive weed which is known to displace native vegetation (Haller & Sutton 1975; Hofstra et al. 1999; Van et al. 1999), impede boat traffic and dis rupt water movement (Schmitz et al. 1991). In 1992, the chironomid Cricotopus lebetis Sublette (Diptera: Chironomidae) was discovered in Crystal River, Florida attacking the apical meristems of hydrilla, and may have potential as an augmentative biological control agent (Cuda et al. 2002, 2011). The origin of the midge is un known (Epier et al. 2000), and its distribution in Florida has not been determined. The midge dam ages hydrilla by mining in the apical meristem, which causes tip abscission (Cuda et al., 2002). The objectives of the current study were to exam ine the distribution and abundance of C. lebetis, and more generally of chironomid midges, associ ated with hydrilla in Florida. Six water bodies in Florida were surveyed to examine the distribution and abundance of chi ronomids associated with hydrilla; Lake Rowell (Bradford Co.) and Wacissa Springs (Jefferson Co.) in North Florida, Lake Tohopekaliga (Osecola Co.) and Bulldozer Canal (Brevard Co.) in central Florida and Lake Istokpoga (Highlands Co.) and Lake Okeechobee (Okeechobee Co.) in south-cen tral Florida. Each location was sampled quarterly from Jan, 2011 to Jun, 2012 for a total of 6 sam ples from all locations except Wacissa Springs, which was sampled 5 times. On each sampling oc casion, a 4-pronged steel hook attached to a rope was thrown into the water and dragged along the hydrosoil to collect hydrilla. Hydrilla plants were removed from the hook and placed in plastic bags (46 x 61 cm, -16 liter capacity) partially filled with water from the corresponding sample site. Sufficient hydrilla was collected on each sampling occasion to fill two bags approximately two-thirds full. A separate plastic container was filled with water from the corresponding site. Bags were placed in a cooler and transported to the labo ratory. Apical portions (5-8 cm) of 300 intact hy drilla tips were haphazardly selected from each sample and placed in open plastic containers (34 x 28 x 15 cm, L x W x H) in water collected from the corresponding site. Containers were placed individually in fine mesh emergence cages (50 x 50 x 50 cm) and aerated with an aquarium pump. Cages were monitored daily for 14 days for midge emergence. Adults were collected daily by aspira tor and placed in vials containing 95% ethanol. Specimens were initially sent to J. H. Epler for authoritative identification, but once a reference collection was assembled, most midges were lo cally identified. Species richness at each location was deter mined as the total number of midge species recov ered. Diversity was calculated using the Shannon Index, which combines aspects of species rich ness and evenness (how equally individuals are distributed among species) (Shannon 1948). The Shannon index measures the predictability that an individual selected in a sample will be a given species. Higher values of the Shannon index indi cate that individuals are more evenly distributed among species, whereas low values indicate that some species are much more common than others. The Shannon Index was calculated for each sampling location as follows:

Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) in open wound management: A study of 16 Cases in Orthopaedic Department of Faridpur Medical College Hospital

Wound management is a major concern in open fracture cases. Negative Pressure Wound Therapy (NPWT) is an advanced method for managing open wounds. It is a topical treatment using sub-atmospheric pressure to increase blood flow, remove bacteria and increase growth of granulation tissue in the wound. The study was performed to evaluate the results of NPWT in patients with open fracture in lower extremity. Using Aquarium pump as an NPWT device, 16 patients were prospectly treated for open fractures in their inferior extremity. Mean patients' age range was 21 to 60 yrs. The patients under study either had suffered from trauma, fall or had post operative wound infection. Many of them had wounds with underlying tendon or bone exposure. Necrotic tissues were debrided before applying NPWT. Dressings were changed every 3rd or 4th day and treatments were continued for 07 to 28 days. Exposed tendons and bones were successfully covered with healthy granulation tissue in all cases, depth of the wounds reduced as well as surface areas. In 12 cases coverage of granulation tissue were achieved and further managed by skin grafting, 4 cases with wound infections were closed with secondary suture. No significant complications were noted regarding the treatment. NPWT was found to facilitate the rapid formation of healthy granulation tissue on open wounds in lower extremity and thus to shorten healing time and minimize secondary soft tissue defect coverage procedures. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/fmcj.v7i2.13500 Faridpur Med. Coll. J. 2012;7(2):63-66

Determination of cadmium and lead in cassava employing slurry sampling and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after multivariate optimization

A low cost and efficient method to determine Cd and Pb levels in cassava by graphite furnace atomization atomic absorption spectrometry (GF AAS) employing slurry sampling was developed. Slurries were prepared by cryogenic grinding of samples (40 mg), sieving for grain size at 50 mesh and addition of 2% v/v nitric acid and 1% v/v hydrogenous peroxide up to 2 mL of volume. The slurry was maintained homogeneous using air bubbling by an aquarium pump. Tungsten (500 μg) and titanium (500 μg) were the best permanent modifiers for Cd and Pb, respectively. The parameters of merit obtained under optimized conditions, AT (atomization temperature) = 1400 °C, PT (pyrolysis temperature) = 600 °C, pt (pyrolysis time) = 20 s and permanent W (500 μg) for Cd; AT = 1400 °C, PT = 450 °C, pt = 20 s, and Ti (500 μg) for Pb were: linear working range up to 6 and 50 μg L−1 for Cd and Pb, respectively; limit of detection (0.001 and 0.02) μg g−1 for Cd and Pb, respectively; and aqueous calibration, with r2 > 0.99. The accuracy was evaluated by recovery tests and by analysis of certified reference material (NIST – SRM 1568a, rice flour) and was in agreement with the certified values for the two analytes: 0.021 ± 0.002 (n = 5 replicates) for Cd (certified value 0.022 ± 0.002) and <LOQ (n = 5) for Pb (certified value <0.010). The average sample concentrations (n = 3) were between <LOQ to 5.8 ng g−1 and 0.08 to 3.18 μg g−1 for Cd and Pb, respectively.

A flow-batch analyzer using a low cost aquarium pump for classification of citrus juice with respect to brand

This paper proposes a novel flow-batch analyzer (FBA), which employs a compact, low-cost aquarium air pump as an alternative to a peristaltic pump. The feasibility of using this simple propulsion device is demonstrated in a case study involving the classification of citrus juice samples with respect to brand. For this purpose, UV–vis spectra and SIMCA (soft independent modelling of class analogies), PLS-DA (Partial Least Squares for Discriminant Analysis) and SPA-LDA (Linear Discriminant Analysis with variables selected by the Successive Projections Algorithm) are employed. Good classification results were obtained, thus indicating that the proposed FBA system is a viable alternative to the use of more costly peristaltic pumps. In addition, the smaller size and weight of the aquarium pump are useful features for the construction of portable FBAs to be deployed in field applications.

Cultivation of Chlorella sp. as Biofuel Sources in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

Renewable energy is essential and vital aspect for development in Indonesia especially less oil reserve for coming 15 years. Biodiesel has received much attention as renewable energy in recent years. One of potential biodiesel is produced from microalgae. Due to high content of nutrients in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), this waste is a potential for nutrient growth for microalgae. Chlorella is one of high potential for biodiesel since it has high lipid content (20-30%). The objective of the research is to determine growth rate and biomass productivity in Chlorella Sp cultured in POME. Chlorella Sp was cultured in 20%, 50%, 70% POME using urea concentration 0.1gr/L (low nitrogen source) and 1gr/l (high nitrogen source) at flask disk, pH 6.8-7.2; aerated using aquarium pump and fluorescence lamp 3000-6000 lux as light. Medium was measured using spectrophotometer Optima Sp-300 OD at 680 wave length in 15 days to calculate specific growth rate. At end of cultivation, Chlorella sp was filtered and measured as dry weight. Result indicated that Chlorella sp at 50% POME 1gr/L urea showed higher specific growth rate (0.066/day). Factor affecting growth rate of microalgae is CNP ratio, POME concentration, and urea concentration.

Cultivation of Chlorella sp. as Biofuel Sources in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME)

Renewable energy is essential and vital aspect for development in Indonesia especially less oil reserve for coming 15 years. Biodiesel has received much attention as renewable energy in recent years. One of potential biodiesel is produced from microalgae. Due to high content of nutrients in Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME), this waste is a potential for nutrient growth for microalgae. Chlorella is one of high potential for biodiesel since it has high lipid content (20-30%). The objective of the research is to determine growth rate and biomass productivity in Chlorella Sp cultured in POME. Chlorella Sp was cultured in 20%, 50%, 70% POME using urea concentration 0.1gr/L (low nitrogen source) and 1gr/l (high nitrogen source) at flask disk, pH 6.8-7.2; aerated using aquarium pump and fluorescence lamp 3000-6000 lux as light. Medium was measured using spectrophotometer Optima Sp-300 OD at 680 wave length in 15 days to calculate specific growth rate. At end of cultivation, Chlorella sp was filtered and measured as dry weight. Result indicated that Chlorella sp at 50% POME 1gr/L urea showed higher specific growth rate (0.066/day). Factor affecting growth rate of microalgae is CNP ratio, POME concentration, and urea concentration.

Utilização de bomba de aquário em titulações espectrofotométricas. Um experimento didático no estudo da estabilidade de complexos

This work proposes an alternative didactic experiment in order to determine the stability of the complexes that are involved in a spectrophotometric titration of Fe(III) ions with EDTA and 5-sulfosalicylic acid as indicator using a hybrid system in batchwise and in continuous flux, in which a conventional aquarium pump as a propulsion system is employed. The obtained results using this system are according to the literature. However, the use of the aquarium pump in this hybrid system has shown to be really efficient, useful and easy to be used by undergraduate students, and it can be used in any laboratory.

Determination of manganese and nickel in slurry sampling by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

Methods for the determination of manganese and nickel in lake and marine sediment slurries by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry using permanent modifiers are proposed. The slurries were maintained homogeneous with air bubbling with an aquarium pump. For manganese, the best modifier was ruthenium permanent with mo of 0.9 pg and of 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 pg, for Rh, without modifier, Ir, and Zr, respectively. For nickel, the best modifier was rhodium permanent with mo of 33 pg, followed by 85, 120, 132, and 240 pg, without modifier, Zr, Ir, and Ru, respectively. After determining manganese and nickel in two certified marine sediment samples (n = 10) from NRCC, PACS-2, and MESS-2, and in the San Joaquin 2079 soil, the results agreed at the confidence level of 95% with the certified value for all analytes studied using aqueous calibration. Calibration curves of all analytes had correlation coefficients R2 higher than 0.99. Recovery studies made in four levels for each analyte in sediments from Lake Pampulha showed acceptable values. The limits of detection (LODs) were 4.0 and 0.9 µg L-1 for manganese and nickel, respectively.Key words: manganse, nickel, sediments, GF AAS.

English

Using a modification of the Bangladesh 3 medium, dose response analysis was carried out to evaluate the effect of certain parameters on biomass production and protein biosynthesis in a&nbsp;Spirulina&nbsp;sp. isolated from an oil-polluted flame pit. A set of conditions described as optimized was compared with another set of conditions described as normal. The optimized parameters include pH 9.0, temperature 30oC, 0.30 mg/L SO4-2, 0.008 mg/L P043-, 2.0 g/L HC03-, 25 mg/L N032-, 1.0% Cl-&nbsp;and light intensity 15 &micro;Em-2s-1. Agitation was achieved through aeration using an aquarium pump to supply air at&nbsp;ca&nbsp;150 bubbles min-1. Biomass and protein produced were significantly (P = 0.05) higher in the optimized than in the normal condition; that is, biomass and protein produced in optimized condition were 22.7 and 25.8%, respectively, higher than those produced in normal growth condition. The total amino acid concentration in optimized condition was 58.7% higher than in normal conditions. These results show that cultivating the&nbsp;Spirulina&nbsp;species at these optimized environmental conditions could significantly improve biomass yield and protein synthesis in the organism. &nbsp; Key words:&nbsp;Optimal parameters, optimized condition, normal condition, biomass, protein biosynthesis, environmental factors,&nbsp;Spirulina.

PHOTOSYNTHETIC INHIBITION OF 'SEYVAL BLANC' GRAPEVINES WITH TERBACIL

PHOTOSYNTHETIC INHIBITION OF 'SEYVAL BLANC' GRAPEVINES WITH TERBACIL

ACOUSTO-FLUIDIC DETECTION OF INSECT LARVAE IN GRAIN

DRT and USDA have entered into a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) to exploit the high sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio of acousto-fluidic sensors to detect and quantify insects in grain and stored products. ARS has developed a technique for acoustically quantifying insects (including internal feeding larvae) in grain samples. ALFID (Acoustic Location Fingerprinting Insect Detector) detects individual insect sounds (chewing, moving) and cross-correlates them to determine relative time delays between sixteen sensors. This data, arranged in vectors (fingerprints) which indicate sound source locations, is compared and grouped thereby identifying the number of insects. ALFID effectiveness has been limited due to the poor SNR of conventional microphones. Initial experiments with acousto-fluidic sensors, that physically increase the sounds so that they can be detected by low cost electret microphones, have been very promising. SNR improved by 2x and insect detection probability improved by almost 3x. In three separate experiments, more than half the rice weevil larvae (Sitophilus oryzae) detected acousto-fluidically were not discerned conventionally. A 3-stage acousto-fluidic sensor (acoustic gain - 56dB, bandwidth 1 - 7kHz) driving two Tibbetts 251-01 electrets, is able to process sound levels of less than OdB SPL (ref. 0.0002, mbar). Two-week old larvae in a 1 kg grain sample have been detected at distances of over 10cm. Production cost of one sensor will be about $100, including electronics and pneumatic supply (small aquarium pump). Inadvertent export of infested grain (grain visually passed as clean) accounts for multi-million dollar annual losses. It is anticipated that the use of an acousto-fluidic ALFID system should greatly reduce these losses. Monitoring of insect infestations in silos and packaged goods will also be possible. Also, this technology may help advance infestation quantification using large arrays of multiplexed sensors coupled with ARS-developed statistical insect population estimates.

An Inexpensive, Pressure-Regulated Air Pump for Fluid-Air Exchange During Pars Plana Vitrectomy

To the Editor. —We were surprised to read the article by Landers et al1from the University of California, (Sacramento) describing a new, inexpensive pump for vitreoretinal surgery in the January issue of theArchives. The instrument, which they termed the Davis Ocular Air Pump, is identical to the system we designed and published nearly two years earlier in a peer-reviewed journal along with two other useful adjuncts for vitreoretinal surgery.2We also had determined the need for a less costly alternative to the current state-of-the-art air pump. Our apparatus was described as a simple, inexpensive, pressure-regulated air pump for fluid-air exchange during pars plana vitrectomy. This unit was assembled using an aquarium-style air pump, a needle-pressure relief valve available for aquarium pumps, a mercury manometer borrowed from a sphygmomanometer, and a two-port aquarium valve connected to disposable tubing and a micropore filter (Figure). Our device has been

A CLASSROOM LABORATORY EXERCISE TO DEMONSTRATE SEED PRIMING

Plant propagation instructors are challenged to develop laboratory exercises that demonstrate the theoretical aspects of seed germination. Seed priming or osmoconditioning is a relatively new technigue that has been shown to improve seed performance in horticultural crops. An esaily constructed seed priming system was designed using a pair of 2-liter glass jars, 2 aquarium pumps and air tubing. Eight sets of 40 seeds were each wrapped in coffee filters and laced in aerated treatment solutions consisting of 50 mmole K H2P O4 or an untreated control of distilled water. All seeds were treated or 0, 1, 3 or 5 days. Upon completion, seeds were rinsed, dried and placed into petri dishes containing moist filter paper to observe germination. A good test species for this exercise is Vinca rosea which typically has a poor germination percentage and rate. Seeds primed for 3 and 5 days significantly enhanced both germination percentage and rate in Vinca.

Responsiveness to olfactory stimuli presented in sleep

Whether humans react to olfactory stimuli presented in sleep was assessed. Responses of ten participants (mean age = 22.8 years) were recorded to repeated three-minute periods of either air alone or to a peppermint odor (0.26 mg/liter) during stage 2 sleep. These responses included behavioral (awakening, microswitch closure), autonomic (heart rate, EMG, respiration), and central (EEG) components. An odor delivery system is described comprised of an aquarium pump, Teflon and TYGON tubing, oxygen mask, filtering, and air flow valves. The data indicate that humans react behaviorally, autonomically and centrally to olfactory stimuli presented while sleeping. Although the percentage of overall responsivity to olfactory stimuli was low, significant differences (ANOVA) in responsivity to odor periods vs. nonodor periods were found for microswitch closures, EEG, EMG, and heart rate. For these measures eight or more of the ten participants showed this pattern of differential responsivity during odor and nonodor periods (Sign test = p<0.05). A time-of-night effect was also observed in that responsivity tended to be greatest early in the night. The effect on responsivity of other durations, concentrations, and odors requires additional research.

* TOXICITY OF SOIL DISPERSING AGENTS DETERMINED IN A CIRCULATING AQUARIUM SYSTEM

ABSTRACT The toxicity of two non-ionic oil-dispersing agents was determined on a number of marine species: the edible mussel Mytilis edulis, winter flounder, soft shell clam, mummichog, Atlantic silversides and fourth stage lobster larvae. The bioassay system used consisted of a series of storage reservoirs and exposure tanks with a total volume of 112 liters. Water movement was provided by a series of marine aquarium pumps which circulated water at a rate of 4 liters/min. Additional aeration was not required for the mummichog, mussel or fourth stage lobster larvae. At 20°C, TL 50's calculated from 24 to 96 hours fell between 30 and 75 mg/1, with no significant difference in toxicity between the two dispersants. At 5°C, toxicity in the mummichog was significantly lower; this may be explained by the accompanying higher oxygen levels. The advantages of the circulating aquarium system in relation to the static and continuous-flow bioassay systems are discussed.

A simple method for measuring calorie expenditures during sleep.

A simple method for the continuous determination of O2 consumption and CO2 production in sleeping subjects is described. Face masks and moth pieces have been eliminated and the method has been successful with babies and adults. The apparatus consists of a ventilated hood connected to a vacuum cleaner. The subject sleeps with his head on a pillow inside the hood and fresh air is sucked over his face. Diluted expired air leaves the hood through an outlet in the rear wall and its volume is measured with a gas meter. A side-arm fitted to the outlet enables continuous samples of diluted expired air to be diverted by an aquarium pump into a sampling bag. Safety circuits are incorporated into the hood.

Collecting and rearing black flies.

This paper, based on a study carried out at the Seney National Wildlife Refuge, Seney, Michigan, and the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, Maryland, describes methods and techniques for collecting, storing, and rearing 8 species of Simuliidae. Included in the study were Cnephia dacotensis (Dyar & Shannon), C. mutata (Malloch), Prosimulium fuscum Syme & Davies, Simulium aureum Fries, S. decorum (Walker), S. venustum Say, S. verecundum Stone & Jamnback, and S. vittattum Zetterstedt. Simuliid eggs collected from a variety of habitats, packed with wet materials in plastic bags and held at 4°C, have remained viable, thus far, up to 424 days. Eggs held at 0° to −70°C failed to hatch when placed in rearing aquariums. Air-dried eggs held at 4°C for 339–535 days failed to hatch after being held in aquariums for 166 days. Immature stages of black flies were successfully reared in 1¼-gallon Pyrex jars and 15-gallon plexiglas aquariums in which the water was agitated by compressed air and aquarium pumps. Water velocities of 0.250–0.542 feet per second were obtained in streams of air bubbles created by use of air stones. Of 21 larval diets used, one consisting of Purina Dog Chow (60-mesh or finer), brain-heart infusion broth, and brewer's yeast powder, and a second consisting of Wayne's dog chow (60-mesh or finer) and brain-heart infusion broth without brewer's yeast powder, were most satisfactory. Larvae were fed 1 gram of diet per 1¼- gallon aquarium and 2 grams per 15-gallon aquarium biweekly. In most of the 225 cultures of S. aureum, S. decorum, S. verecundum, S. venustum, and S. Vittatum it took from 1 to 5 days for the development of eggs to larvae (165 cultures, 73%) and the same number of days for the development of pupae to adults (172 cultures, 76%). Development time for larvae to pupae was fairly closely divided between 11–15 days (63 cultures, 28%) and 16–20 days (53 cultures, 23.6%). The entire period for development from egg to adult after placement of eggs in rearing aquariums was from 21 to 25 days for 26.7% of the cultures.