Aquaculture Waste Research Articles

Pengenalan BISMETIK++ Bagi Keluarga Petani Nelayan di Gampong Langung Kabupaten Aceh Barat

FGD results with some fishermen/farmers obtained several problems including the fish seed price is quite expensive in Aceh Barat regency, the price of feed (pellets) quite expensive fish, the fish often escape from confinement containers because the tide or rip nets, the process of cultivation is done traditionally, fish consumption rates did not increase when compared to the price of feed has continued to increase as well as the management of the business which has not been neat. As for the purpose of this activity, namely the partners get IPTEKS about cultivation of fish (the production of fish feed is independent, the enlargement with the application bioflok in bismetik container, organic vegetable production from aquaculture wastes, processing crops for mother-housewife fishermen). The approach that was used against the subject's partner is a method of lecture and lab course. While the way or stages for the success of the programs include problem identification, needs analysis, preparation of programs, program implementation, monitoring and evaluation based on the indicators of success of the program, the workshop results by presenting program stakeholders and reporting. As for the activities that have been carried out, namely the enlargement the enlargement of this fish where fish is one of the many business segments performed the fish farmers. Next up is the making of fish feed activities, activities that have been undertaken, namely booking engine feed feed creation and outreach to the community of the village directly, and so on aquaponik activities, namely activities manage wastes the rest of metabolism the fish with the utilization of plants in outdoor aquaponik.

A review on waste absorption efficiency of different extractive integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) species: Implications in coastal and offshore aquaculture waste management

A review on waste absorption efficiency of different extractive integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) species: Implications in coastal and offshore aquaculture waste management

A review on waste absorption efficiency of different extractive integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) species: Implications in coastal and offshore aquaculture waste management

The integrated multi-trophic aquaculture also known as the “IMTA” system is one of a sustainable and eco-friendly approach among aquaculture activities. This aquaculture practice does not compromise the well-being of the natural ecosystem because of the synergistic functions of different extractive species where both inorganic and organic waste have been regulated into an optimum level. The recycling of waste within the system is the most vital strategy to alleviate the impact on the neighboring natural habitats. However, the selection and good combination of the extractive species should be considered for an efficient and effective IMTA system. Thus, this review paper investigated several extractive species used in the IMTA system. Overall studies suggest that viable extractive species of mussel, sea cucumber, sea urchins, and macroalgae carried out different strategies in converting waste from aquaculture fed-species. However, among suspension extractive species, sea cucumber showed exemplary performance in the reduction of feces of the cultured fed-species. Thus, a combination of sea-cucumber, macroalgae and finfish is highly recommended in the IMTA system.

Seasonal variations in downward particle fluxes in Norwegian fjords

Seasonal cycles of primary production and freshwater run-off contribute to elevated particulate matter fluxes of marine and terrestrial origin in fjords. In Norwegian fjords, aquaculture operations and jellyfish carcasses may further enhance these particulate matter fluxes. In this study, sediment traps were deployed in four Norwegian fjords (Lurefjorden, Masfjorden, Hardangerfjorden and Kaldfjorden) to quantify seasonal variations in downward particle fluxes and to investigate the contribution of aquaculture operations to these fluxes. Sediment traps were deployed in Lurefjorden, a fjord heavily populated by the deep-sea coronate medusae Periphylla periphylla, in Masfjorden, a nearby fjord without mass occurrence of P. periphylla, in Hardangerfjorden, a fjord with high density of salmon farms, and in Kaldfjorden, a northern fjord also hosting aquaculture activities. Measurements of total particulate matter (TPM), particulate organic carbon (POC), chlorophyll a (chl a), and diatom fluxes indicated the export of a diatom bloom starting in March or April and a large input of land-derived inorganic matter during rain and snowmelt events in all fjords sampled. The highest annual POC flux was recorded in the nearly landlocked Lurefjorden. In Hardangerfjorden, export fluxes suggested a local impact of aquaculture operations but freshwater run-off and water exchange had a larger influence on export fluxes than the release of aquaculture waste. In Kaldfjorden, nearly absent TPM, POC, chl a, and diatom fluxes in late spring-early summer suggested that strong stratification prevented the export of particulate matter to depth. Overall, sediment trap-derived fluxes reflected the spatial and temporal variations in the sources of particulate matter in Norwegian fjords.

Influence of aquaculture waste on fatty acid profiles and gonad maturation of wild fish aggregations at fish farms

Wild fish belonging to four species belonging to different trophic groups were captured at three distances from fish farm facilities: long distance (>5 Km), medium distance (1.5 Km) and close to sea-cages. Flesh, brain, liver and gonads were sampled for fatty acid analysis. Fish aggregated near sea-cages showed accumulation of fatty acids of vegetable origin in the studied tissues, due to surplus feed consumption or via predation of fish that consumed the feed. Gonads accumulated vegetable fatty acids in different manner in the different species, and the species least and most influenced by fish-feeds were selected for gonad histological examination. Results showed an acceleration of the final stages of the oocyte development in fish aggregated near fish farms compared to fish captured at long distance. Differences in oocyte development were more acute in the species which incorporated higher quantities of vegetable fatty acids.

Occurrence and transfer of heavy metals in sediments and plants of Aegiceras corniculatum community in the Qinzhou Bay, southwestern China

Mangrove wetlands can reduce heavy metal pollution by trapping heavy metals. In this study, the concentration, transport and bioaccumulation of Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb in the sediments and different parts of Aegiceras corniculatum at four different sites in the Qinzhou Bay in southwestern China were investigated. The results showed that although the potential ecological risk of all five heavy metals was slight, the concentration of Cr was at a moderate pollution level due to the emissions of industries and aquaculture waste water. Core sediment records indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals at the depth of 0–20 cm were relatively high, showing an increasing trend of heavy metals over the past 20–30 years. Cr, Cu, Pb and Cd accumulated mainly in the roots of A. corniculatum, while Zn accumulated mainly in the stems. Aegiceras corniculatum showed the strongest transport capacity for Zn and Cu and the strongest bioaccumulation ability for Cd. Compared with other mangrove communities, A. corniculatum can be chosen as a restoration species in tropical and subtropical coastal zones polluted by Zn, Cu and Cd.

Growth, survival and fatty acids profile of Polychaete, Nereis diversicolor (Müller, 1776) cultured using waste water of great sturgeon, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758), culture at different densities in an integrated farming system

Growth and survival of Polychaete, Nereis diversicolor fed on waste water of great sturgeon, Huso huso at different densities were studied. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of feeding of N. diversicolor with waste water derived from different densities of great sturgeon culture as well as to find a balance between fish density and growth of the worm. The worms (0.2-0.3 kg m-2) with an initial mean weight of 0.05 g were fed for 55 days with waste water of great sturgeon at densities of 2-3, 3-4 and 4-5 kg m-2 fish. A group of worms fed with fish feed was considered as the control. The obtained results showed that the biomass and average weight of the harvested worms were significantly higher at the density of 3-4 kg m-2 fish than in the other two treatments (p<0.05). Also, worms fed with fish feed (control group) showed higher survival rate and biomass production than the treatments. Some fatty acids were abundant in worms from the treatments, specifically 14:0, 16:0, C18:1n9c, 20:1, 22:1n-9, 18:3n-3, 20:2, 20:5n-3 (EPA) and 22:6n-3 (DHA), but were significantly lower than the control worms. The results demonstrate that production of N. diversicolor using fish waste water was highly efficient and can offer a sustainable solution to remove organic load in the aquaculture waste waters. Also, production of N. diversicolor via this method as an alternative source of fatty acids and protein for H. huso production could achieve multiple aims such as retention of valuable lipids from the H. huso waste water.

Assessing the efficiency of a recirculating fluidized bed biofilter in white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) broodstock aquaculture

This paper shows the results of the efficiency of a circulating fluidized bed biofiltration system using polyethelene as a filtering material. Changes in water quality parameters and the growth rates of shrimp (broodstock and commercial production) were used to assess the efficiency of water treatment system. The concentration of NH4+ in waste water from the broodstock tanks decreased 61% after three months of treatment. The final concentration of NH4+ after treatment was 0.07 mg/ml which meet the Vietnamese regulations for discard of aquaculture waste into coastal waters. Biological oxygen demand decreased 48%. The corresponding figures for treating waste water from commercial shrimp tanks were decreases of NH4+ by up to 61% with outlet concentration 0.07 mg/ml accepted to discard according to Vietnamese Standard and biological oxygen demand by 55%. Outlet water providing from broodstock and commercial shrimp tanks were treated with COD concentration decreased from 3.12 down to 2.62 mg/ml and 4.62 down to 2.68 mg/ml, or 16% and 41.9% of COD removal, respectively.

A method for reclaiming nutrients from aquacultural waste for use in soilless growth systems.

The aim of this work was to develop a method that allows the recovery of nutrients from aquaculture sludge, not only to alleviate the disposal problem, but also to address the future scarcity of non-renewable fertilizers. This method includes two steps: Nutrient mobilization using aerobic digestion followed by solids precipitation using chitosan as the flocculant. The aerobic digestion experiments were conducted in aerated batch reactors, while a jar test apparatus was used to assess the capacity of chitosan to remove total suspended solids (TSS) and turbidity. During aerobic digestion, the concentration of soluble N (sum of NH4-N, NO2-N, NO3-N) increased from 181 mg/L at the start to 890 mg/L after three weeks, and to 903 mg/L after four weeks and solids removal by chitosan flocculation. The corresponding concentrations for soluble P were 8.2 mg/L at start, 110 mg/L after three weeks of aerobic digestion, and 160 mg/L after four weeks of aerobic digestion and chitosan flocculation. Other macronutrients (K, Ca, Mg, S) and micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Cu, Mo) were mobilized to concentrations close to or higher than levels recommended for hydroponic growth of vegetables. Chitosan flocculation and precipitation using a dose of 15 mg/L resulted in a reduction of the turbidity by 96% from 156 to 6.5 FNU. After chitosan precipitation, 80% of the sludge could be reclaimed as a nutrient-rich clear phase, low in TSS and turbidity.

Analisis Spasial Beban Limbah Budidaya Tambak Terhadap Lingkungan Perairan Pesisir Holtekamp Kota Jayapura, Provinsi Papua

This study was conducted to determine water quality conditions and the carrying capacity of Holtekamp coastal, to identify the aquaculture activities that contribute waste on coastal and impact of aquaculture waste load. Water and plankton samples were collected from fish ponds (tambak), Kali Buaya channel and sea. Questionnaires were administered to 25 farmers. Results of water quality analyses showed that Holtekamp coastal water is characterized with higher concentration of BOD5 (Biological oxygen demand), N-total, COD (chemical oxygen demand) and TOM (total organic matter) 4.96 mg/l, 4.19 mg/l, 33.53 mg/l, and 22.18 mg/l, turbidity (7.02 NTU) and TSS (total suspended solids) 201.67 mg/l were higher in Kali Buaya chanal and PO4-P (2.08) in fishpond. The carrying capacity of coastal water is 10.452.915 m3 and a maximum of effluents 104.529 m3, respectively.Key Words: Ponds; Effluents; Water quality; Carrying capacity; Holtekamp

Silvofishery as an alternative system of sustainable aquaculture in mororejo village, kendal regency

Mororejo village is a village located in a coastal area located in Kaliwungu District, Kendal Regency. Mororejo village has a population of around 4,258 people with 60% of the population working as fish farmers who use and utilize land near the sea by establishing ponds that are their daily livelihood. Silvofishery is a traditional technology aquaculture model that combines fishery business with mangrove planting, which can increase pond productivity. The purpose of this paper is to find out the silvofishery model that has been applied by coastal communities in Kendal Regency. The application of silvofishery system in Mororejo village is traditional ditch pond, with a range of 80% : 20 % mangrove. n. Types of mangrove plants planted areRhizophora sp and Avicennia sp. Mangroves can function as shrimp aquaculture waste filters (nitrate reduction 44,5 % , ammonia 46,6% and nitrite 59,0%) and increase the productivity of shrimp culture (average growth weight 49,833 gr). Socialization and research activities about the benefits of silvofishery for communities in the Kendal regency coast have not been done much but all stakeholders already have a good perception and agreed to apply silvofishery as an alternative system for sustainable aquaculture.

Using Hermetia illucens larvae to process biowaste from aquaculture production

Abstract Aquaculture is a fast-growing activity that is generating increasing volumes of organic waste such as fish carcasses, which must be managed. In a study evaluating black soldier fly (BSF) larvae composting of this waste stream, we tested 21 combinations of reclaimed bread waste and aquaculture waste (with replacement increments of 5%). The best treatments were validated in a second experiment. Within 11–12 days of treatment, inclusion of 15% aquaculture waste increased larvae size by 35% and body protein content by 60% (45%DM) compared with larvae fed only bread waste. Bioconversion of materials was favored by the addition of aquaculture waste, reaching 18%DM. However, as revealed by a principal component analysis, 50.5% of the data variance was weighted by the addition of aquaculture waste in the treatments, negatively correlating to larvae survival, which declined as more of this waste stream was added. Nevertheless, the nitrogen content of the final compost increased as more aquaculture waste was added, while nitrogen volatilization varied slightly (max. 33% of total nitrogen). Overall, addition of small amounts (

Potential of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor fed on aquaculture and biogas side streams as an aquaculture food source

AEI Aquaculture Environment Interactions Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections AEI 11:551-562 (2019) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00331 Potential of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor fed on aquaculture and biogas side streams as an aquaculture food source Haiqing Wang1,2,*, Andreas Hagemann2, Kjell Inge Reitan1, Jørgen Ejlertsson3, Håvard Wollan4, Aleksander Handå2, Arne M. Malzahn2 1Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway 2SINTEF Ocean, 7465 Trondheim, Norway 3Scandinavian Biogas, 58273 Linköping, Sweden 4Biokraft AS, 7042 Trondheim, Norway *Corresponding author: haiqing.wang@ntnu.no ABSTRACT: We evaluated the potential of the marine bristleworm Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta) to recycle side streams from aquaculture and biogas production. Polychaetes were fed along a gradient from pure aquaculture sludge (SS) to pure solid biogas digestate (SBD) in 33% steps, with a positive control reared on fish feed (FF). Worms fed with FF showed the highest specific growth rate; there were no significant differences in growth rates among worms fed pure SS, pure SBD or their mixtures. While the diets differed significantly in protein concentrations, the worms showed comparable protein concentrations at the end of the 30 d rearing period (42-47% of dry weight). Lipid content in the worms was positively correlated with that in their diets. The worms on mixtures of SS and SBD with different ratios showed similar amino acid profiles. Fatty acid (FA) composition in the polychaetes reflected diet, where increased fractions of SBD resulted in an increase in long-chain polyunsaturated FAs, such as arachidonic (C20:4 n-6) and eicosapentaenoic (C20:5 n-3) acids, whereas increased ratios of SS increased docosapentaenoic (C22:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic (C22:6 n-3) acids. These results suggest that polychaetes can recycle organic nutrients from aquaculture and biogas side streams into high-quality proteins and lipids, and can potentially serve as ingredients for aquafeeds. KEY WORDS: Recycling · Salmon culture · Aquaculture waste · Solid biogas digestate · Aquafeed Full text in pdf format Supplementary material PreviousNextCite this article as: Wang H, Hagemann A, Reitan KI, Ejlertsson J, Wollan H, Handå A, Malzahn AM (2019) Potential of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor fed on aquaculture and biogas side streams as an aquaculture food source. Aquacult Environ Interact 11:551-562. https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00331 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AEI Vol. 11. Online publication date: November 14, 2019 Print ISSN: 1869-215X; Online ISSN: 1869-7534 Copyright © 2019 Inter-Research.

Temporal change in the spatial distribution of visual organic enrichment indicators at aquaculture sites in Newfoundland, Canada

Growing salmon in sea cages results in the deposition of uneaten feed and wastes which can smother organisms, increase biological oxygen demand, and alter seafloor communities. At some sites with mainly hard-bottom substrates, opportunistic annelids and mat-forming bacteria are used as visual indicators of aquaculture waste and are monitored via drop camera imaging. Additionally, high organic matter sedimentation rates can result in the proliferation of microbes that release gas; this offgassing could also serve as a useful visual enrichment indicator. Little is known of how the distribution of opportunistic annelids, microbial mats, and offgassing might change over time and space, although coverage has important repercussions in some regulatory schemes. Here, we explore spatiotemporal distributions of offgassing, bacterial mats, annelids, and epibenthic taxon richness based on existing video-monitoring data collected along transects at four Newfoundland aquaculture sites in 2011–2012. A high degree of spatial and temporal patchiness was observed at both fallow and production sites, and combinations of time, transect, and distance to cage explained the distribution of bacterial mats, annelids, and taxon richness. Expected successional patterns resulting from organic enrichment or remediation were evident in some patches. Offgassing was observed only at fallow sites and may signal a distinct and persistent phase in organic matter degradation. Results highlight the spatial heterogeneity of benthic organic enrichment indicators across transects at Newfoundland aquaculture sites, with indicators appearing to form a mosaic of patches undergoing different stages of enrichment or recovery.

Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) and sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra): Assessing bioremediation and life-cycle impacts

Environmental sustainability of aquaculture is a complex issue involving effects at local (e.g. benthic deterioration), regional (e.g. eutrophication) and global (e.g. catches for feed production) scales as a consequence of farming operations (e.g. waste emissions) and industrial processes involved in the product value chain. Integrating these effects using a holistic and multi-scale framework is essential to assess the environmental sustainability of innovative production systems such as Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), in which organisms of different trophic levels are co-cultured on the same farm to minimize aquaculture waste. The environmental performances of theoretical production scenarios of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) sea cage monoculture and an open-water IMTA co-culturing of red drum and sea cucumber (Holothuria scabra) were assessed with mathematical models at local and global scales. First, the particulate waste bioremediation potential of sea cucumber production was estimated using an individual-based bioenergetic model. Second, environmental impacts of the monoculture and the IMTA systems were estimated and compared using life cycle assessment (LCA), calculated per kg of edible protein and t of product, including uncertainty analysis. Given the current limits to stocking density observed for sea cucumbers, its co-culture in sea cages suspended beneath finfish nets may decrease slightly (by 0.73%) farm net particulate waste load and benthic impact. The monoculture and IMTA showed little difference in impact because of the large difference in production scales of finfish and sea cucumber species. Removing 100% of finfish feces particulate waste requires cultivating sea cucumber at scale similar to that of finfish (1.3 kg of sea cucumber per kg of finfish). Nonetheless, LCA showed trends in IMTA performance: lower eutrophication impact and net primary production use but higher cumulative energy demand and climate change impacts, generating an impact transfer between categories. Intensification of sea cucumber culture could increase local and global environmental benefits, but further research is necessary to design rearing units that can optimize production and/or bioremediation and that can be practically integrated into existing finfish monoculture units. The methodology defined here can be a powerful tool to predict the magnitude of environmental benefits that can be expected from new and complex production systems and to show potential impact transfer between spatial scales. We recommend applying it to other IMTA systems and species associations and including socio-economic criteria to fully assess the sustainability of future seafood production systems.

Methanogenic and fertilizing potential of aquaculture waste: towards freshwater farms energy self‐sufficiency in the framework of blue growth

AbstractThe fisheries sector, particularly aquaculture, is a fundamental source of nutrition for humans, particularly in developing countries. The modern development of fish farming requires energy for production systems. This study investigates the potential of using organic wastes derived from fish fattening to produce on‐farm energy through the process of methanization. Oreochromis niloticus faeces methanogen potential was determined with (IFF) and without (UIFF) methanizer microbial inoculum. At the end of the manure methanation trials, the resulting digestates were tested as organic fertilizers for agriculture. The tests showed that inoculated fish faeces had faster biogas kinetics production compared with uninoculated fish faeces. In both cases, the produced biogas contained more than 60% methane (CH4) from the second week of incubation, indicating that it was of good quality. Furthermore, the total CH4 volume was twice as larger in IFF compared with UIFF. Biofertilizer tests showed no significant differences for most of the growth parameters in onion and tomato when compared to the unfertilized control, except in one case for tomato plants, which significantly increased its aboveground biomass. The results show that fish faeces are good methanogenic substrates conducive to energy recovery that could facilitate farm autonomy; however, valorization of the digestates as biofertilizer still requires extensive agronomic optimization. Based on our results, we estimate that equivalents of energy need of almost ten millions of people could be covered using the aquaculture potential in freshwater fish faeces biogas worldwide or that at least aquaculture farm energy self‐sufficiency could be fostered.

Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic characterization and tracing nutrient sources of Ulva blooms around Jeju coastal areas

The present investigation was aimed to characterize the Ulva blooms and to identify the probable sources for Ulva blooms along the Jeju Island coast for pertinent control measures. Algal isotope signatures (δ13C, δ15N and δ18O) and tissue nitrogen and carbon were analyzed to map nutrient sources around the Jeju coastal areas. The algal δ13C values were ranged from −20.52 to −4.39‰, while δ15N and δ18O values ranged from 4.26 to 8.29‰ and 12.80–17.34‰, respectively. Moreover, site-specific significant differences were observed in algal stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N and δ18O) values. The bi-plot (δ15N vs δ18O) diagram indicated four dominant nitrogen sources along the Jeju coast, with 1) soil organic nitrogen mixed with livestock wastes (spring water samples and E), the 2) synthetic fertilizer input (A3 and B2), 3) sewage discharge (D1, D2 and I3) and 4) aquaculture waste (fish farm samples, A4, A5, B1, G and I2). Present findings revealed the different potential nitrogen sources for localized increase of algal growth along the Jeju coast. Finally, the present findings could be used as baseline data for efficient nutrient management to remediate Ulva blooms along Jeju coastal environment.

Use of Probiotics to Fight Bacterial Populations of Vibrio sp. on Vaname Shrimp Cultivation (Litopenaeus vannamei)

The consequence of super intensive shrimp farming is an increase in aquaculture waste and disease transmission. Vibrio sp. Bacteria is a disease-causing agent in shrimp larvae when the shrimp is in a state of stress and weakness, and can cause death. The application of probiotics, namely beneficial microorganisms can degrade organic matter, reduce disease, and help accelerate the process of nutrient cycles as a consequence of super intensive shrimp farming. Commercial probiotics currently available are a mixture of several types of beneficial microorganisms, namely Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Nitrosomonas sp., Aerobacter sp., and Nitrobacter sp. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of probiotics with different time intervals to produce a decrease in the population of Vibrio sp. The research method applied was the treatment of commercial probiotics at different intervals of three, five, and seven days and without the administration of probiotics as controls. Furthermore, the bacterial population was calculated by total plate count (TPC). The results showed that the administration of probiotics had a significant effect on the decrease in the population of Vibrio sp. Provision of probiotics three days apart showed a decrease in the number of bacterial populations that were significantly different from the controls, but the same as the administration of intervals of five and seven days. The decrease in the number of bacterial populations in the treatment interval of three, five, and seven days in a row is 0.05 x , 0.41 x , and 0.61 x CFU / ml. This study recommends that the use of commercial probiotics intervals of seven days for super intensive vaname shrimp farming. The use of probiotics for three days indicates an impact on the increase in expenditure costs for probiotics. Commercial probiotic studies modified with natural microorganisms are thought to be able to streamline the operational costs of shrimp farming.Keywords: Vibrio sp. bacteria, probiotics, vaname shrimp, super intensive cultivation

Biocoagulant of blood based on chitosan nanoparticle from crustacea

Chitosan is a chitin derivative natural polymer compound isolated from aquaculture waste, such as a crab shell that is the most chitosan source. Nanocitosan as a drug delivery offers delivery with non-harmful routes such as oral, nose, eye, and absorption. Nanokitosan can be absorbed by human organs that have nano-sized membrane penetration capabilities such as the kidneys, liver, and lungs where nanoparticles are 1-1,000 nm in size. Chitosan nanoparticles are prepared by ionic gelation techniques. The mechanism of this method is the formation of chitosan nanoparticles based on the electrostatic interaction between the positive amine groups on chitosan (-NH2) with the negative charge group of polyanion tripolyphospate (TPP). The first step is the preparation of chitosan, crab shell waste which is smoothed to 60 mesh, after subsequent smrubination to be smoothed to remove the protein content by dissolved in 3 N NaOH, then crude chitin demineralized to eliminate the mineral content contained in the crab shell with the addition of HCl 1 N and the presence of heating and stirring. The chitin obtained then enters the deacetylation stage to remove the acetyl group present in the crab shell by adding 50% NaOH and carried out by heating and stirring. The chitosan obtained was then dissolved in 3% lactic acid to obtain liquid chitosan, then added NaTPP to reduce the chitosan particle size to nano size. The obtained nitrocitosan size is 688 nm distribution with variation of NaTPP addition of 0.1% concentration and stirring 60 minutes. The resulting nitocytosan is tested to increase the rate of blood clotting that has been shown to shorten blood clotting time by up to 30 seconds.

Availability of marine collagen from Newfoundland fisheries and aquaculture waste resources

Atlantic salmon and Atlantic cod are two main finfish species harvested from Newfoundland aquaculture and wild capture fisheries, respectively. During processing, a large amount of by-products containing many valuable components are disposed of or used for low value. Lumpfish, a cleaner fish, is also not utilized at the end of the season. The proximate composition and available collagen content were investigated for Atlantic salmon and wild cod by-products and lumpfish. The highest moisture content was found in whole lumpfish (91.08%). The ash level (dry basis) was highest in fins of cod (38.14%), followed by salmon (32.19%) and lumpfish (19.06%). Salmon frames showed higher lipid content (44.81% on dry basis). The protein content (dry basis) was highest in skin of cod (96.72%), followed by salmon (71.51%) and lumpfish (77.32%). The highest collagen content was found in salmon scales and skin (51.11% and 27.45% of dry matter, respectively).