Growth Of Aquaculture Research Articles

PEMANFAATAN SILASE KERING AMPAS TAHU UNTUK PAKAN IKAN NILA MERAH (Oreochromis niloticus)

Upaya pemanfaatan pakan agar efisien dalam penggunaannya pada usaha budidaya adalah dengan menyediakan pakan berkualitas dalam jumlah yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan untuk kelangsungan hidup dan pertumbuhan ikan yang dipelihara. Jumlah pemberian pakan yang optimum adalah jumlah pemberian pakan yang paling efisien untuk meningkatkan pertumbuhan ikan dan paling efisien rasio konversi pakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk : (1) mengetahui respon pertumbuhan ikan Nila merah yang diberi pakan dengan jumlah yang berbeda, dan (2) mengetahui jumlah pemberian pakan yang optimum untuk ikan Nila merah (Oreochromis niloticus). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan jumlah pemberian pakan yang berbeda yaitu : A = 3% dari biomassa/hari; B = 5% dari biomassa/hari; C = 7% dari biomassa/hari; dan D = 9% dari biomassa/hari. Masing-masing perlakuan diulang sebanyak 3 ulangan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan jumlah pemberian pakan yang berbeda memberikan pengaruh yang sangat nyata terhadap laju pertumbuhan pesat ikan Nila merah dan konversi pakan. Jumlah pakan yang memberikan laju pertumbuhan optimum dan konversi pakan yang terbaik adalah 4,47% dari biomassa/hari (44,7g/1 kg ikan/hari), (Perlakuan B).

A review on the potential of aquaculture development in Kenya for poverty alleviation and food security

On the global scene, aquaculture accounts for about 50% of total fish production amounting to about 80 million metric tonnes. It is estimated that another 40 million metric tonnes of aquatic food will be required by the year 2030. Today, fish farming represents the fastest growing sector of food production. Moreover, aquaculture has a major role to play in the achievement of the first three Sustainable Development Goals on poverty, hunger, food security and healthy lives of people from developing countries. This is significant especially in the developing countries where poverty and malnutrition are a reality. However, in sub-Saharan Africa, per capita fish production from aquaculture is still below world production levels. In Kenya, inland capture fisheries accounted for over 90% of the total national fish production while marine capture fisheries contributed about 5% in the last decade. Kenya has one of the fastest growing human populations in the world indicating that the demand for fish and fish products will continue to rise, increasing the gap between supply and demand. Currently, aquaculture only produces about 24,000 metric tonnes of fish annually compared to an annual average of 178,000 metric tonnes from natural fisheries. The dominant cultured species include: Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis niloticus ), African catfish ( Clarias gariepinus ), rainbow trout ( Onchorhynchus mykis ) and common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ). Culture systems commonly used are static ponds and raceway systems. In addition, the country is endowed with numerous aquaculture resources ranging from favorable climatic conditions to vast water resources. In the year 2009, the Kenyan government took steps to enhance aquaculture production through an Economic Stimulus Programme. This has increased the contribution of aquaculture in Kenya to 11.0% of the total fish production. This paper discusses the growth and development of aquaculture in Kenya during the last 50 years and the impact of government support to the sub-sector. The paper also proposes strategies for ensuring that Kenya becomes one of the leading producers of fish from aquaculture in Africa. Key words : Fish production, capture fisheries, culture systems, Economic Stimulus Programme, aquaculture

Unpacking the objectives and assumptions underpinning European aquaculture

ABSTRACTIncreasing demand for seafood and the lack of growth of capture fisheries have boosted aquaculture growth worldwide. However, European aquaculture has been stagnating over the past decade, and European public authorities have been developing policies and strategies in efforts to reverse this. Aquaculture discourses in the European Union, based on 34 policy, planning, and strategy documents, are examined and a discourse analysis conducted following Bacchi’s WPR (What is the Problem Represented to be?) approach. How the problems in these discourses are represented, the tensions among main objectives, and the implicit assumptions are unveiled, and discussed employing a Polanyian theoretical framework. Taking these assumptions for granted leads to a disembedded understanding of aquaculture, and facilitates the privatization of aquatic space and resources. The analysis contributes to the literature establishing the link between the expansion of aquaculture and the enclosure of aquatic resources and enriches environmental and political debates on European aquaculture.

A bead based multiplex immunoassay detects Piscine orthoreovirus specific antibodies in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Future growth in aquaculture relies strongly on the control of diseases and pathogens. Vaccination has been a successful strategy for obtaining control of bacterial diseases in fish, but for viral diseases, vaccine development has been more challenging. Effective long-term protection against viral infections is not yet fully understood for fish, and in addition, optimal tools to monitor adaptive immunity are limited. Assays that can detect specific antibodies produced in response to viral infection in fish are still in their early development.Multiplex bead based assays have many advantages over traditional assays, since they are more sensitive and allow detection of multiple antigen-specific antibodies simultaneously in very small amounts of plasma or serum.In the present study, a bead based assay have been developed for detection of plasma IgM directed against Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV), the virus associated with the disease Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI) in farmed Atlantic salmon. Using recombinant PRV proteins coated on beads, antibodies targeting the structural outer capsid protein μ1 and the non-structural protein μNS were detected. Results from a PRV cohabitation challenge trial indicated that the antibody production was initiated approximately two weeks after the peak phase of PRV infection, coinciding with typical HSMI pathology. Thereafter, the antibody production increased while the epicardial inflammation became less prominent.In conclusion, the novel assay can detect PRV-specific antibodies that may play a role in viral defence. The bead-based immunoassay represents a valuable tool for studies on HSMI and possibly other diseases in aquaculture.

The rise of fish oil: From feed to human nutritional supplement

ABSTRACTThis article tells the story of how fish oil has gone from an inferior to a premium oil product. With the growth of aquaculture, fish oil became a valuable feed component. Its value increased further as the belief in the health benefit of Omega-3 opened the market for direct human consumption through nutritional supplements. Strong demand, limited supply growth and weaker substitution between Omega-3 and Omega-6 has led to diverging trends between fish oil and vegetable oil prices, with fish oil now a premium oil product. We also investigated how the salmon aquaculture industry has responded to the challenge of rising fish oil prices. Concerted effort in nutrition and feed research is shown to have allowed a reduction in the share of fish oil in feed from around 25% in the early 2000s to around 12% today. This substitution effort has allowed salmon production to grow without using substantially more fish oil.

Indonesian aquaculture futures: An analysis of fish supply and demand in Indonesia to 2030 and role of aquaculture using the AsiaFish model

This paper explores the seafood sector in Indonesia, using fish supply-demand modeling, with special focus on the growing role of aquaculture in the country's food portfolio. The paper describes six scenarios for future fish supply–demand dynamics and examines the role of aquaculture growth in fish supply in Indonesia. A business as usual scenario (BAU) assumed exogenous variables of our supply-demand model following historical trends. Five alternative scenarios explored the implications of stagnant capture fisheries; export-oriented growth of aquaculture; domestic-oriented aquaculture growth; slow growth of aquaculture sector; and disease outbreaks to key aquaculture species. The BAU scenario projected that fish supply and demand in Indonesia continues to increase over time and strong aquaculture growth is critical to meet increasing demand for fish. Stagnant capture fisheries resulted in increasing fish prices and decreasing fish consumption. Export-oriented aquaculture growth benefitted fish supply and exports, but also helped lower domestic prices and thus increase consumption. An emphasis on domestic aquaculture commodities increased fish supply, providing best domestic consumption outcomes and lower consumer prices. Slow aquaculture growth reduced fish supply and led to undesirable increases in domestic prices and decreasing domestic consumption as a consequence. Disease outbreaks in shrimp and carp aquaculture resulted in a short-term reduction in aquaculture output and increasing fish prices, lowering fish consumption.

Dynamic Interactions among Boundaries and the Expansion of Sustainable Aquaculture

Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production system in the world, generating more than half of the global seafood harvested today. These type of activities are crucial to provide key nutritional components for humanity in the future as populations worldwide are increasing and the demands for securing food resources are imperative. Multiple socio-ecological factors such as weak regulations and focus on maximizing production limit production and threaten the sustainable growth of aquaculture. We present a novel policy framework to evaluate and pursue growth in aquaculture considering four boundaries: biological productivity, environmental constraints to that productivity, policy that inhibits or promotes different kinds of aquaculture, and social preferences that determine aquaculture markets. Using a range of scenarios, we have shown that sustainable growth in aquaculture requires simultaneous consideration of all four boundaries and the potential interactions between all of these options. Our proposed conceptual framework shows that to further expand the boundaries of aquaculture production, the policy focus must remain flexible to enable the adaptation of from single-boundary approaches. Our approach takes account of the current boundaries, helping to consider the adaptive policy, which is deemed as a necessary tool for considering the dynamic interactions among boundaries, thus addressing the problem of defining the evolving limits of sustainable aquaculture.

Debaryomyces hansenii up regulates superoxide dismutase gene expression and enhances the immune response and survival in Pacific red snapper (Lutjanus peru) leukocytes after Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection

Application of yeast is increasing to improve welfare and promotes growth in aquaculture. The halotolerant yeast Debaryomyces hansenii is normally a non-pathogenic yeast with probiotic properties and potential source of antioxidant enzymes as superoxide dismutase. Here, first, we characterized the sequence features of MnSOD and icCu/ZnSOD from Pacific red snapper, and second, we evaluated the potential antioxidant immune responses of the marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii strain CBS004 in leukocytes which were then subjected to Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. In silico analysis revealed that LpMnSOD consisted of 1186 bp, with an ORF of 678 bp encoding a 225 amino acid protein and LpicCu/ZnSOD consisted of 1090 bp in length with an ORF of 465 bp encoding a 154 amino acid protein. Multiple alignment analyzes revealed many conserved regions and active sites among its orthologs. In vitro assays using head-kidney and spleen leukocytes immunostimulated with D. hansenii and zymosan in response to V. parahaemolyticus infection reveled that D. hansenii strain CBS004 significantly increased transcriptions of MnSOD and icCu/ZnSOD genes. Flow cytometry assay showed that D. hansenii was able to inhibit apoptosis caused by V. parahaemolyticus in the Pacific red snapper leukocytes and enhanced the phagocytic capacity in head-kidney leukocytes. Immunological assays reveled an increased in superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities, as well as, in nitric oxide production and reactive oxygen species production (respiratory burst) in fish stimulated with D. hansenii. Finally, our results. These results strongly support the idea that marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii strain CBS004 can stimulate the antioxidant immune mechanism in head-kidney and spleen leukocytes.

Economic challenges to the generalization of integrated multi-trophic aquaculture: An empirical comparative study on kelp monoculture and kelp-mollusk polyculture in Weihai, China

With the rapid growth of aquaculture, some negative factors of extensive monoculture accumulated, causing integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) to draw increasing attention worldwide for its ecological and economic advantages. However, the development of IMTA in open water systems may not go as smoothly as anticipated—at least in Weihai, China, some producers who have adopted it would prefer to return to monoculture. This paper explores the problem from the angle of the economic performance by providing an in-depth analysis of costs and revenues generated by kelp monoculture and kelp-mollusk polyculture (IMTA). We find that the monoculture generates higher profits during the same production cycle. Besides inherent defects in system design, the rapidly growing labor cost and depressing selling price of the mollusk conspire to aggravate the economic failure of IMTA. Due to positive environmental externalities, the social benefits associated with IMTA are higher than the private benefits. This implies that there is a role for the government to generalize IMTA to achieve more total benefits. But single policy such as subsidies may backfire, a combination of policies designed to promote IMTA could be effective. Statement of relevanceTo study practical problems in aquaculture.

Prospects and sustainability of aquaculture development in Ghana, West Africa

Fish is the most preferred and widely consumed animal protein in Ghana, with annual per capita consumption estimated at 26 kg compared with the global average of 20 kg. The fisheries sector of Ghana provides livelihood support to 2.4 million people and contribute 1.5% to the nation’s gross domestic product. Recent increase in fish production is attributed to aquaculture and culture-based fisheries. However, the aquaculture sector is facing a challenge of sustainability. This study was aimed at identifying and examing the prospects of sustainable aquaculture development in Ghana using the Sunyani Fisheries Zone as a case study. Specifically, the following questions were asked: what are the important factors for aquaculture development for both the operational and non-operational farmer? What are the climatological and environmental factors that pose threat to aquaculture development? To what extent does water, human and financial resources affect the sustainability of aquaculture development in Ghana? The methods employed for data collection were; farm survey and interviews with aquafarmers, document analysis, and fish farm observation. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results indicate that market establishment, affordability of feed and funding for farmers are the important areas for aquaculture growth. Changing weather patterns and related disasters like floods, droughts, and erosions have negatively impacted on the aquaculture industry and, have reduced its production and profitability. Poor pond effluent management also poses an ecological threat through introduction of non-native species. It is recommended that Policy makers, Fisheries Commission, Environmental Protection Agency and other relevant stakeholders should give urgent attention to the constraints in order to sustain the industry of Ghana.

Potentials of Leaf Meal and their Protein Concentrate in Aquafeed

The quest to sustain current aquaculture growth trend has necessitated the search for alternative feed ingredients in the light of conventional ones whose supply have dwindled and have become prohibitive. A major group of under-utilized, renewable, abundant and cheap unconventional source is leaf meal. They can be derived from the vast array of terrestrial and aquatic plants; most of which are nutrient-rich with little or no direct relevance in human nutrition. The nutritional composition of leaf meals usually varies widely; depending on plant cultivars from which they are derived, soil and climatic conditions, richness of medium in which they grow in case of aquatic plants, age and maturity of plants among other factors. Their limitation in fish nutrition is usually improperly balanced amino acid profile with methionine and lysine often limiting; nutritional-stress factors such as tannins, phytic acid, protease inhibitors among others; high fibre and palatability. The significance of these limitations is evident in impaired growth and reduced digestibility. Several efforts such as soaking, sundrying, fermentation, enzyme or amino acid supplementation have proven to be useful in improving the nutritional composition of leaf meals such that they are incorporated in aquafeed at higher inclusion levels relative to their raw state. Production of proteins from green leaves provide means of reducing antinutrients and high fibre contents associated with leaf meals while also providing a rational and sustainable strategy of sharing leaf resources among ruminants and non-ruminants. The technology of leaf protein extraction from green leaves may be increasingly relevant in future aquafeed if the drawbacks associated with its production are addressed. Further empirical information through intensified and co-ordinated research on the utilization of available leaf meals, either as protein or energy source, is needed to ensure feed security in aquaculture production.

Marine reserve creation and interactions between fisheries and capture‐based aquaculture: A bio‐economic model analysis

AbstractThe rapid growth of aquaculture affects wild fisheries in several ways. We present a bioeconomic model of the interaction between a commercial wild fishery and capture‐based aquaculture that depends on harvest of wild juveniles. We assume that aquaculture reduces the intrinsic growth rate of the wild fish stock due to wild caught juveniles used as seeds, influencing wild stock size and commercial harvest. This may increase the economic conflicts between fishers and farmers. Introducing a marine protected area is expected to reduce these conflicts. The model considers both open access and economically optimal management regimes outside the marine protected area using numerical simulation. The numerical results show that a marine protected area of a certain size may increase economic benefits of both fishers and farmers in the case of optimal management, and enhance wild catch outside the reserve when there is open access.

Mapping QTL for Sex and Growth Traits in Salt-Tolerant Tilapia (Oreochromis spp. X O. mossambicus).

In aquaculture, growth and sex are economically important traits. To accelerate genetic improvement in increasing growth in salt-tolerant tilapia, we conducted QTL mapping for growth traits and sex with an F2 family, including 522 offspring and two parents. We used 144 polymorphic microsatellites evenly covering the genome of tilapia to genotype the family. QTL analyses were carried out using interval mapping for all individuals, males and females in the family, respectively. Using all individuals, three suggestive QTL for body weight, body length and body thickness respectively were detected in LG20, LG22 and LG12 and explained 2.4% to 3.1% of phenotypic variance (PV). When considering only males, five QTL for body weight were detected on five LGs, and explained 4.1 to 6.3% of PV. Using only females from the F2 family, three QTL for body weight were detected on LG1, LG6 and LG8, and explained 7.9–14.3% of PV. The QTL for body weight in males and females were located in different LGs, suggesting that in salt-tolerant tilapia, different set of genes ‘switches’ control the growth in males and females. QTL for sex were mapped on LG1 and LG22, indicating multigene sex determination in the salt-tolerant tilapia. This study provides new insights on the locations and effects of QTL for growth traits and sex, and sets the foundation for fine mapping for future marker-assisted selection for growth and sex in salt-tolerant tilapia aquaculture.

The development of large scale aquaculture production: A comparison of the supply chains for chicken and salmon

The supply chain for salmon is, in many respects, the world's most efficient seafood supply chain. Adopting new technologies and expanding the scale of production have improved competitiveness leading to increased production and industry growth. The transfer of knowledge and processes from other food producing industries has facilitated growth in salmon aquaculture in particular, and in aquaculture in general. As such, the maturity of the salmon industry relative to other food producing industries can provide indications of further growth potential. We argue that the salmon industry still has much to learn from similar processes in other food-growing industries. Notably, the production and processing of poultry has experienced significant increases since the 1940s, becoming the fastest growing and most rapidly changing highly-intensive livestock farming segment, with often fully-automated processing environments. Although farmed salmon has a production history closely following that of poultry, it remains semi-automated with less control over production processes and a more limited product specter than poultry. While this gives important avenues of growth for salmon, it holds even more potential for other aquaculture species with even less control over the production processes and supply chain.Statement of relevanceInnovations leading to productivity growth and improved competitiveness throughout the supply chain have been key to the development of successful aquaculture industries. To a large extent, innovations have built on knowledge from the agrosciences. In this paper we compare the development of salmon aquaculture, one of the most sophisticated aquaculture industries with chicken, one of the most sophisticated terrestrial animal production industries. This sheds new light on the development of salmon aquaculture and it show that there is s large knowledge potential still to be tapped form chicken production, giving substantial promise of further development.

Identification and characterization of miRNAs transcriptome in the South African abalone, Haliotis midae

Aquatic animal diseases are one of the most important limitations to the growth of aquaculture. miRNAs represent an important class of small ncRNAs able to modulate host immune and stress responses. In Mollusca, a large phylum of invertebrates, miRNAs have been identified in several species. The current preliminary study identified known miRNAs from the South African abalone, Haliotis midae. The economic and ecological importance of abalone makes this species a suitable model for studying and understanding stress response in marine gastropods. Furthermore, the identification of miRNA, represents an alternative and powerful tool to combat infectious disease.

The beneficial effects of multispecies Bacillus as probiotics in enhancing culture performance for mud crab Scylla paramamosain larval culture

Mud crabs (Scylla) are promising aquaculture crustaceans due to their fast growth and good market demand. High rates of larval mortalities associated with bacterial diseases in hatcheries are one of the major obstacles to the growth of Scylla aquaculture. Currently, antibiotics are used extensively in Scylla larval culture to improve survival rate, but its use poses numerous risks. The aim of this study was to determine the culture performance of Scylla paramamosain larvae with the use of a probiotic, namely a multispecies Bacillus, at various concentrations. In this study, the effects of Bacillus spp. were tested in three trials. There were higher average larval survivals in treatments with a multispecies Bacillus probiotics added compared with the control, especially at concentrations of 1.00 × 104 (12.33–18.33 ± 1.76–3.76 % compared to 1.67–3.67 ± 1.67–1.76 %; P < 0.05) and 2.00 × 104 cfu/ml. This was significantly lower than the control (1.33 ± 1.33 cfu/ml compared to 32.67 ± 11.05 cfu/ml) during the later days post-hatching. Green colonies Vibrios are known to be pathogenic to Scylla larvae, and thus lower numbers are desirable in culture. The recommended concentration of the multispecies Bacillus to be added into S. paramamosain larvae was therefore 1.00 × 104 and 2.00 × 104 cfu/ml (0.50 and 1.00 g/50 l, respectively). The use of Bacillus as a probiotic is an ideal alternative to antibiotics in Scylla hatcheries to provide a consistent, commercially feasible production of seedlings.

Economic feasibility of high Omega-3 soybean oil in mariculture diets: A sustainable replacement for fish oil

ABSTRACTThe growth of global aquaculture has put intense pressure on sources of fish oil and fishmeal for aquafeeds. The nutraceuticals industry has added further pressure on fish oils with high Omega-3 fatty acids. GM soybeans could provide substitutes in high Omega-3 soybean oil (STA oil), as well as soy protein concentrate (SPC). This article examines the technological and economic feasibility of substituting STA oil for one-half the fish oil in the diet of Seriola rivoliana, a species often destined for sushi markets. Previous studies have shown that the substitution results in no change in flesh quality or consumer acceptance. We find that the two feed technologies result in essentially identical growth pattern and feed consumption. Economic feasibility depends upon the price of STA oil being lower than the price of fish oil. Based on our market analysis, we estimate that STA oil will enter the market at a price about two-thirds of the fish oil price. The estimated cost savings at these prices are small, a 2.8% reduction in feed costs and 0.9% reduction in total costs. However, the potential global market for STA oil could be as much as 252 thousand metric tons annually, which would require soybean production equivalent to that from 1.63% of current U.S. soybean area.

Beyond Impact Factors: Research that Contributes to the Growth and Development of Aquaculture

Beyond Impact Factors: Research that Contributes to the Growth and Development of Aquaculture

Growth and survival of a diallel cross for five strains of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus Bloch, 1792) in Thailand

A complete diallel cross experiment was conducted with five strains of climbing perch (Anabas testudineus) representing three wild populations collected from main river basins in Thailand and two farm populations in southern Thailand. Growth performance was recorded from 794 individually tagged progeny of the 24 different strain combinations after a grow-out period of about 130 d in an earthen pond. Least squares means of body weight at harvest and absolute growth rates were computed for each strain combination. The Chumphon strain showed the highest growth performance (81.1 ± 1.1 g). The Surat Thani × Chumphon (the first strain represents the sire) showed the highest survival (65.4± 25.50%) among the purebreds and the crossbreds. The domesticated gene pool had much better growth in aquaculture than the wild gene pool. The correlation between the least squares means of body weight and the survival rates in the 24 strain combinations was 0.51 (p < 0.05). The mean heterosis of all crossbreds across traits was negative (−10.2± 22.7%). Heterosis appeared to decrease when different gene pools were crossed. This suggests that there may be outbreeding depression. The advantage of crossbred performance was clearly not shown in the study.

Inclusive governance of aquaculture value-chains: Co-producing sustainability standards for Bangladeshi shrimp and prawns

The rapid global growth in aquaculture, described as a ‘blue revolution’, has demanded new modes of market governance along long international value-chains. In large part this governance has been built on an expanding framework of voluntary industry-led standards, though latterly these standards have drawn some criticism. Such criticism has largely centred on (i) a crisis of trust, related to (ii) the closed development of these standards by a powerful few, and (iii) a relatively narrow framing of sustainability according to techno-scientific, best-practice criteria. This article introduces the SEAT research project, which sought to address these criticisms by co-producing indices of sustainable aquaculture indicators according to ‘top-down’ inputs from scientific, government and industry experts, and ‘bottom-up’ inputs from aquaculture stakeholders along the value-chains. It particularly focuses on how the project elicited these ‘bottom-up’ indicators through inclusive workshops with aquaculture stakeholders, drawing on concepts and approaches from practical ethics. It describes and evaluates the approach in one particular workshop with Bangladeshi shrimp and prawn stakeholders, and in so doing seeks to make methodological contributions to on-going debates on how to affect participatory aquaculture governance. The experience highlighted the potential difficulty in assembling a truly diverse group of stakeholders, but did demonstrate the potential of value-ranking and scenario exercises for mobilising a rich store of knowledge for the bottom-up construction of standards, as an important compliment to expert-led top-down initiatives. Workshop participants themselves emphasised the workshops as a unique opportunity for learning about the different framings of sustainability along the value-chain, and urged facilitators to emulate the workshops more widely, from the farm-scale to the global scale.